An unconscious person requires immediate first aid attention. Check their breathing, provide CPR if needed, prevent shock by keeping them warm and comfortable, and call for emergency help. Specific causes of unconsciousness like choking, electric shock, burns or bleeding each require customized first aid procedures to stabilize the person until emergency medical assistance arrives.
This document provides information on various first aid procedures. It begins by defining first aid as the initial care given to an injured or ill person. It then lists the contents of a typical first aid kit and outlines steps to take before providing first aid such as introducing yourself and getting consent. The document provides detailed procedures for treating cuts, bleeding, nosebleeds, head injuries, burns, fractures, sprains, bites, stings, snake bites, choking, fainting, dog bites, and heat-related issues.
First aid is the immediate assistance given to any person suffering from either a sudden illness or an injury with the goal of preventing any further worsening of their condition until they can receive full medical care. It involves assessing the situation, providing appropriate care like stopping blood loss, treating for shock, immobilizing fractures, and making the individual comfortable while arranging for their transfer to the emergency room if needed. Key priorities include checking for breathing issues, blood loss, and treating shock before addressing less severe injuries or ailments. Proper first aid requires remaining calm, thinking clearly, and knowing how to handle common medical emergencies through basic techniques.
Burns and scalds can be caused by either dry heat from fire, hot objects, or electricity which cause burns, or wet heat from hot liquids, steam which cause scalds. Signs include redness, swelling, blisters and charred skin. If someone has a burn or scald, remove any jewellery, apply a sterile dressing or cling film, treat for shock if needed, and seek medical help if serious. Minor burns should be cooled under cold running water for at least 10 minutes.
1) First aid involves providing immediate care to an injured or ill person until emergency medical help arrives. It aims to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery.
2) When providing first aid, one should protect, examine, and alert in that order. Protect yourself and the victim, examine for severe bleeding, responsiveness, breathing, and circulation, then alert emergency services.
3) For an unconscious non-breathing victim, provide artificial ventilation through mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose and external chest compressions at a rate of 100 per minute as part of CPR to keep blood circulating until emergency help arrives.
The document provides information on first aid, including definitions, aims, responsibilities of first aiders, priority of casualties, recovery position, and treatments for various injuries and medical conditions. It defines first aid and describes treating casualties in order of priority based on breathing, bleeding, and bones (3 B's). It also details how to place someone in the recovery position and treatments for hyperventilation, fainting, shock, bee stings, cramps, choking, burns, electric shocks, fractures, and dislocations.
Basic first aid is the immediate care given to injured or ill people until medical assistance arrives. It aims to alleviate suffering, prevent further injury, and prolong life. The key principles of emergency action are to survey the scene, check for vital body functions like breathing and circulation, and activate medical assistance. Common conditions addressed include fainting, shock, wounds, bleeding, and choking. For fainting, the goals are to restore blood flow to the brain by elevating the legs. For shock, signs include pale skin and weak pulse; treatment involves lying down and keeping warm. For wounds, guidelines are to stop bleeding, clean the wound, apply antibiotic cream, cover it, and watch for infection.
The document provides information about basic first aid, including how to treat minor injuries and medical emergencies. It explains that first aid aims to preserve life, prevent further injury, and promote recovery. It also gives guidance on treating specific injuries and medical conditions like nosebleeds, burns, shock, seizures, and more. Key first aid principles discussed are REST for sprains, RICE treatment for injuries, and when to call emergency services.
This document provides information on various first aid procedures. It begins by defining first aid as the initial care given to an injured or ill person. It then lists the contents of a typical first aid kit and outlines steps to take before providing first aid such as introducing yourself and getting consent. The document provides detailed procedures for treating cuts, bleeding, nosebleeds, head injuries, burns, fractures, sprains, bites, stings, snake bites, choking, fainting, dog bites, and heat-related issues.
First aid is the immediate assistance given to any person suffering from either a sudden illness or an injury with the goal of preventing any further worsening of their condition until they can receive full medical care. It involves assessing the situation, providing appropriate care like stopping blood loss, treating for shock, immobilizing fractures, and making the individual comfortable while arranging for their transfer to the emergency room if needed. Key priorities include checking for breathing issues, blood loss, and treating shock before addressing less severe injuries or ailments. Proper first aid requires remaining calm, thinking clearly, and knowing how to handle common medical emergencies through basic techniques.
Burns and scalds can be caused by either dry heat from fire, hot objects, or electricity which cause burns, or wet heat from hot liquids, steam which cause scalds. Signs include redness, swelling, blisters and charred skin. If someone has a burn or scald, remove any jewellery, apply a sterile dressing or cling film, treat for shock if needed, and seek medical help if serious. Minor burns should be cooled under cold running water for at least 10 minutes.
1) First aid involves providing immediate care to an injured or ill person until emergency medical help arrives. It aims to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery.
2) When providing first aid, one should protect, examine, and alert in that order. Protect yourself and the victim, examine for severe bleeding, responsiveness, breathing, and circulation, then alert emergency services.
3) For an unconscious non-breathing victim, provide artificial ventilation through mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose and external chest compressions at a rate of 100 per minute as part of CPR to keep blood circulating until emergency help arrives.
The document provides information on first aid, including definitions, aims, responsibilities of first aiders, priority of casualties, recovery position, and treatments for various injuries and medical conditions. It defines first aid and describes treating casualties in order of priority based on breathing, bleeding, and bones (3 B's). It also details how to place someone in the recovery position and treatments for hyperventilation, fainting, shock, bee stings, cramps, choking, burns, electric shocks, fractures, and dislocations.
Basic first aid is the immediate care given to injured or ill people until medical assistance arrives. It aims to alleviate suffering, prevent further injury, and prolong life. The key principles of emergency action are to survey the scene, check for vital body functions like breathing and circulation, and activate medical assistance. Common conditions addressed include fainting, shock, wounds, bleeding, and choking. For fainting, the goals are to restore blood flow to the brain by elevating the legs. For shock, signs include pale skin and weak pulse; treatment involves lying down and keeping warm. For wounds, guidelines are to stop bleeding, clean the wound, apply antibiotic cream, cover it, and watch for infection.
The document provides information about basic first aid, including how to treat minor injuries and medical emergencies. It explains that first aid aims to preserve life, prevent further injury, and promote recovery. It also gives guidance on treating specific injuries and medical conditions like nosebleeds, burns, shock, seizures, and more. Key first aid principles discussed are REST for sprains, RICE treatment for injuries, and when to call emergency services.
This document provides a summary of basic first aid procedures. It outlines the qualities of a first aider, including being calm, confident, willing to help, and patient. It describes how to preserve life by controlling bleeding, treating shock, and performing CPR if needed. It also explains how to prevent a condition from worsening by dressing wounds, providing comfort, and positioning the casualty. Finally, it discusses promoting recovery by relieving anxiety, encouraging trust, and handling the casualty gently.
This document provides information on various first aid procedures. It defines first aid as emergency medical care for injured or sick persons until full medical help arrives. As a first aider, one must act within their limits of ability, maintain privacy of casualties, control the first aid kit, and file incident reports. Priorities in emergencies include assessing safety, calling for help, and treating airway, breathing and circulation issues first. Specific treatments are outlined for conditions like abdominal pain, bleeding, broken bones, burns, choking, cuts, dizziness and eye injuries.
This document provides an overview of first aid techniques for various common medical emergencies. It covers assessing consciousness, examining a casualty, treating wounds like cuts, abrasions and puncture wounds. It also outlines first aid protocols for bleeding, fractures, burns, performing CPR, treating shock, and assisting someone during an asthma attack. The key steps for conditions like bleeding and fractures involve not moving the casualty, splinting fractures, applying pressure to wounds and treating for shock. CPR involves tilting the head, pinching the nose, giving rescue breaths and chest compressions.
First Aid is the initial care provided to an injured or ill person until full medical treatment is available. It involves assessing the situation, preserving life, preventing further injury, and promoting recovery through techniques like CPR, controlling bleeding, and treating shock. The key steps in providing first aid are checking for safety, assessing the individual's condition, providing care like rescue breathing, and seeking further medical help.
1. Basic first aid involves assessing safety hazards, activating emergency services, and following the ABCs of airway, breathing, circulation.
2. Universal precautions like gloves and masks should be used to prevent disease transmission when treating injuries. Signs, symptoms, and patient history should be noted.
3. First aid for various injuries and emergencies includes controlling bleeding, treating shock, applying dressings, immobilizing fractures, and calling for emergency help.
The document provides information on various topics related to first aid. It begins by defining first aid and outlining the initial responsibilities of a first aid provider, which include recognizing emergencies, ensuring safety, activating emergency services, and providing basic care. It also discusses legal considerations, personal safety, disease transmission precautions, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, foreign body obstruction, injuries, burns, seizures, and other emergency situations. The document aims to educate first aid providers on how to assess emergencies and appropriately respond to and treat various medical issues until further emergency help arrives.
This document provides information on basic first-aid trainings, including objectives, definitions, importance, and treatment procedures for various injuries and emergencies. It details first-aid for burns, bleeding, fractures, and performing CPR. Burns are classified and cooling/covering procedures described. For bleeding, direct pressure and elevation are emphasized. Fractures should be immobilized. CPR involves checking for response, calling for help, giving 30 chest compressions and 2 breaths with each cycle until emergency services arrive.
This document provides an introduction to basic first aid, including how to treat minor injuries and medical emergencies. It explains that first aid aims to preserve life, prevent further injury, and promote recovery for a person in need of assistance. The document then gives guidance on treating specific first aid situations like nosebleeds, heart attacks, burns, and more. It also provides information on first aid training courses and resources in Singapore.
The document provides an overview of basic first aid procedures including the primary survey (DRABC), chest compressions, notes on basic life support, choking procedures for adults and children, causes of unconsciousness (mnemonic FISH SHAPED), and conditions like burns, diabetes, and more. Key steps outlined are assessing danger, calling for help, performing chest compressions at a rate of 100 per minute, rescue breaths in a 30:2 ratio for adults, and back blows and chest thrusts for choking infants under 1 year old.
This document provides an overview of first aid. It begins with a brief history, noting that the first recorded first aid was in the 11th century by religious knights. It then defines first aid as the immediate assistance given to a casualty before medical treatment. The principles and goals of first aid are described, including saving life, relieving pain, and preventing further injury. The document outlines the DR ABC approach to first aid assessment and treatment, covering danger, response, airway, breathing, and circulation. Specific treatments for bleeding, wounds, burns, fractures, and pain are explained. Finally, it discusses bandaging, transportation techniques, and calling for emergency help.
First aid is the initial care provided for an illness or injury until expert help arrives. It involves protecting the victim, calling for help, and providing assistance. When evaluating a victim, the first aider checks for consciousness, breathing, and pulse. If not breathing or pulse is absent, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is performed which includes opening the airway, giving rescue breaths, and chest compressions. Common injuries requiring first aid include choking, blackouts, bleeding, burns, fractures, eye injuries, and bites/stings. The document outlines procedures for treating each of these, such as using the Heimlich maneuver for choking or applying pressure and elevation for bleeding.
This document provides instructions for first aid techniques including how to stop bleeding, treat fractures, care for burns, treat shock, and care for hypothermia. It details that to stop bleeding, apply direct pressure to the wound until it stops. To make a splint, immobilize the broken area with a rigid support like a piece of wood and bandages above and below the break. Minor burns should be cooled with water while major burns require immediate medical help. Shock can result from trauma, infection or other causes, with symptoms like pale skin and rapid pulse, and should be treated by lying down with feet raised and keeping the person warm. For hypothermia, signs are shivering and slurred speech, and treatment involves removing
This document provides guidelines for first aid management of common injuries and medical emergencies. It outlines steps for controlling bleeding, treating burns, responding to choking, dealing with fractures, fainting, sprains, minor injuries, shock, and when to seek emergency help. Key actions include applying direct pressure to wounds, cooling burns with water, giving back blows and chest thrusts for choking, splinting fractures, raising legs for fainting, using RICE treatment for sprains, and calling for emergency help if someone is unconscious. Contact information is provided at the end for the organization providing first aid training.
First aid is defined as any emergency care given to an injured or sick person prior to professional medical treatment. The purpose of first aid is to preserve life, stabilize the patient, prevent contamination, aid recovery, and safely transport the patient for further care. It is important for first aiders to understand they are not doctors and should only provide care to keep the patient alive until emergency help arrives. Proper first aid kits, universal precautions like gloves and masks, and understanding conditions like shock, bleeding, burns and more are essential for effectively responding to common injuries and emergencies until advanced medical care can take over.
This document provides instructions for treating bleeding wounds and internal bleeding. It outlines steps to stop severe bleeding such as applying direct pressure to the wound and elevating the wound above heart level. Signs of internal bleeding include vomiting blood, blood in urine or stools. The document advises seeking immediate medical help for internal bleeding or if the person is unconscious or bleeding from the mouth.
This document discusses different types of wounds, including their classification, characteristics, and management. It describes closed wounds that occur with blunt trauma, like contusions, and open wounds from penetrating trauma, like abrasions, lacerations, incisions, punctures, and gunshot wounds. It outlines dangers of wounds like bleeding and infection. First aid aims to stop bleeding and minimize germ entry. Bleeding can be external or internal, and types include arterial, venous, and capillary. Direct pressure, elevation, pressure points, and tourniquets can control bleeding. Internal bleeding signs include pain and tenderness over injured areas and signs of shock. Management involves controlling external bleeding, positioning, and promptly transporting to the hospital
Poisoning can occur through ingestion, inhalation, absorption, or injection of toxic substances. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, abdominal pain, unconsciousness, seizures, or breathing issues depending on the poison and route of exposure. The first aid procedure for poisoning involves checking the safety of the situation, noting details of the exposure, checking the victim's consciousness, clearing their airway if unconscious, wiping the mouth if burned, and seeking medical help.
Electrical shock in first aid emergency.pptxanjalatchi
The document provides information on treating electrical shocks and injuries. It states that electrical shocks can cause burns, internal damage, cardiac arrest or other injuries. The first steps of treatment are to turn off the power source if possible, call for emergency help, begin CPR if needed, prevent chilling, and cover burns with sterile gauze. Fractures are bone breaks or cracks that should be immobilized, and burns range from minor to major depending on size, depth and location - major burns require emergency medical care.
first aid emergency total content 8.4.22.pptxanjalatchi
- First aid is immediate assistance given before professional medical help arrives. It aims to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery.
- Universal precautions like gloves and proper handwashing are important to prevent disease transmission when providing first aid.
- Proper first aid procedures are described for common situations like burns, cuts, choking, convulsions, heatstroke, frostbite, drowning, and electrical shock. Chest compressions and rescue breathing (CPR) may be needed if someone is unresponsive and not breathing normally.
This document provides a summary of basic first aid procedures. It outlines the qualities of a first aider, including being calm, confident, willing to help, and patient. It describes how to preserve life by controlling bleeding, treating shock, and performing CPR if needed. It also explains how to prevent a condition from worsening by dressing wounds, providing comfort, and positioning the casualty. Finally, it discusses promoting recovery by relieving anxiety, encouraging trust, and handling the casualty gently.
This document provides information on various first aid procedures. It defines first aid as emergency medical care for injured or sick persons until full medical help arrives. As a first aider, one must act within their limits of ability, maintain privacy of casualties, control the first aid kit, and file incident reports. Priorities in emergencies include assessing safety, calling for help, and treating airway, breathing and circulation issues first. Specific treatments are outlined for conditions like abdominal pain, bleeding, broken bones, burns, choking, cuts, dizziness and eye injuries.
This document provides an overview of first aid techniques for various common medical emergencies. It covers assessing consciousness, examining a casualty, treating wounds like cuts, abrasions and puncture wounds. It also outlines first aid protocols for bleeding, fractures, burns, performing CPR, treating shock, and assisting someone during an asthma attack. The key steps for conditions like bleeding and fractures involve not moving the casualty, splinting fractures, applying pressure to wounds and treating for shock. CPR involves tilting the head, pinching the nose, giving rescue breaths and chest compressions.
First Aid is the initial care provided to an injured or ill person until full medical treatment is available. It involves assessing the situation, preserving life, preventing further injury, and promoting recovery through techniques like CPR, controlling bleeding, and treating shock. The key steps in providing first aid are checking for safety, assessing the individual's condition, providing care like rescue breathing, and seeking further medical help.
1. Basic first aid involves assessing safety hazards, activating emergency services, and following the ABCs of airway, breathing, circulation.
2. Universal precautions like gloves and masks should be used to prevent disease transmission when treating injuries. Signs, symptoms, and patient history should be noted.
3. First aid for various injuries and emergencies includes controlling bleeding, treating shock, applying dressings, immobilizing fractures, and calling for emergency help.
The document provides information on various topics related to first aid. It begins by defining first aid and outlining the initial responsibilities of a first aid provider, which include recognizing emergencies, ensuring safety, activating emergency services, and providing basic care. It also discusses legal considerations, personal safety, disease transmission precautions, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, foreign body obstruction, injuries, burns, seizures, and other emergency situations. The document aims to educate first aid providers on how to assess emergencies and appropriately respond to and treat various medical issues until further emergency help arrives.
This document provides information on basic first-aid trainings, including objectives, definitions, importance, and treatment procedures for various injuries and emergencies. It details first-aid for burns, bleeding, fractures, and performing CPR. Burns are classified and cooling/covering procedures described. For bleeding, direct pressure and elevation are emphasized. Fractures should be immobilized. CPR involves checking for response, calling for help, giving 30 chest compressions and 2 breaths with each cycle until emergency services arrive.
This document provides an introduction to basic first aid, including how to treat minor injuries and medical emergencies. It explains that first aid aims to preserve life, prevent further injury, and promote recovery for a person in need of assistance. The document then gives guidance on treating specific first aid situations like nosebleeds, heart attacks, burns, and more. It also provides information on first aid training courses and resources in Singapore.
The document provides an overview of basic first aid procedures including the primary survey (DRABC), chest compressions, notes on basic life support, choking procedures for adults and children, causes of unconsciousness (mnemonic FISH SHAPED), and conditions like burns, diabetes, and more. Key steps outlined are assessing danger, calling for help, performing chest compressions at a rate of 100 per minute, rescue breaths in a 30:2 ratio for adults, and back blows and chest thrusts for choking infants under 1 year old.
This document provides an overview of first aid. It begins with a brief history, noting that the first recorded first aid was in the 11th century by religious knights. It then defines first aid as the immediate assistance given to a casualty before medical treatment. The principles and goals of first aid are described, including saving life, relieving pain, and preventing further injury. The document outlines the DR ABC approach to first aid assessment and treatment, covering danger, response, airway, breathing, and circulation. Specific treatments for bleeding, wounds, burns, fractures, and pain are explained. Finally, it discusses bandaging, transportation techniques, and calling for emergency help.
First aid is the initial care provided for an illness or injury until expert help arrives. It involves protecting the victim, calling for help, and providing assistance. When evaluating a victim, the first aider checks for consciousness, breathing, and pulse. If not breathing or pulse is absent, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is performed which includes opening the airway, giving rescue breaths, and chest compressions. Common injuries requiring first aid include choking, blackouts, bleeding, burns, fractures, eye injuries, and bites/stings. The document outlines procedures for treating each of these, such as using the Heimlich maneuver for choking or applying pressure and elevation for bleeding.
This document provides instructions for first aid techniques including how to stop bleeding, treat fractures, care for burns, treat shock, and care for hypothermia. It details that to stop bleeding, apply direct pressure to the wound until it stops. To make a splint, immobilize the broken area with a rigid support like a piece of wood and bandages above and below the break. Minor burns should be cooled with water while major burns require immediate medical help. Shock can result from trauma, infection or other causes, with symptoms like pale skin and rapid pulse, and should be treated by lying down with feet raised and keeping the person warm. For hypothermia, signs are shivering and slurred speech, and treatment involves removing
This document provides guidelines for first aid management of common injuries and medical emergencies. It outlines steps for controlling bleeding, treating burns, responding to choking, dealing with fractures, fainting, sprains, minor injuries, shock, and when to seek emergency help. Key actions include applying direct pressure to wounds, cooling burns with water, giving back blows and chest thrusts for choking, splinting fractures, raising legs for fainting, using RICE treatment for sprains, and calling for emergency help if someone is unconscious. Contact information is provided at the end for the organization providing first aid training.
First aid is defined as any emergency care given to an injured or sick person prior to professional medical treatment. The purpose of first aid is to preserve life, stabilize the patient, prevent contamination, aid recovery, and safely transport the patient for further care. It is important for first aiders to understand they are not doctors and should only provide care to keep the patient alive until emergency help arrives. Proper first aid kits, universal precautions like gloves and masks, and understanding conditions like shock, bleeding, burns and more are essential for effectively responding to common injuries and emergencies until advanced medical care can take over.
This document provides instructions for treating bleeding wounds and internal bleeding. It outlines steps to stop severe bleeding such as applying direct pressure to the wound and elevating the wound above heart level. Signs of internal bleeding include vomiting blood, blood in urine or stools. The document advises seeking immediate medical help for internal bleeding or if the person is unconscious or bleeding from the mouth.
This document discusses different types of wounds, including their classification, characteristics, and management. It describes closed wounds that occur with blunt trauma, like contusions, and open wounds from penetrating trauma, like abrasions, lacerations, incisions, punctures, and gunshot wounds. It outlines dangers of wounds like bleeding and infection. First aid aims to stop bleeding and minimize germ entry. Bleeding can be external or internal, and types include arterial, venous, and capillary. Direct pressure, elevation, pressure points, and tourniquets can control bleeding. Internal bleeding signs include pain and tenderness over injured areas and signs of shock. Management involves controlling external bleeding, positioning, and promptly transporting to the hospital
Poisoning can occur through ingestion, inhalation, absorption, or injection of toxic substances. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, abdominal pain, unconsciousness, seizures, or breathing issues depending on the poison and route of exposure. The first aid procedure for poisoning involves checking the safety of the situation, noting details of the exposure, checking the victim's consciousness, clearing their airway if unconscious, wiping the mouth if burned, and seeking medical help.
Electrical shock in first aid emergency.pptxanjalatchi
The document provides information on treating electrical shocks and injuries. It states that electrical shocks can cause burns, internal damage, cardiac arrest or other injuries. The first steps of treatment are to turn off the power source if possible, call for emergency help, begin CPR if needed, prevent chilling, and cover burns with sterile gauze. Fractures are bone breaks or cracks that should be immobilized, and burns range from minor to major depending on size, depth and location - major burns require emergency medical care.
first aid emergency total content 8.4.22.pptxanjalatchi
- First aid is immediate assistance given before professional medical help arrives. It aims to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery.
- Universal precautions like gloves and proper handwashing are important to prevent disease transmission when providing first aid.
- Proper first aid procedures are described for common situations like burns, cuts, choking, convulsions, heatstroke, frostbite, drowning, and electrical shock. Chest compressions and rescue breathing (CPR) may be needed if someone is unresponsive and not breathing normally.
First Aid in Disaster Management provides guidelines on providing first aid in various emergency situations:
1. The ABCs of basic life support - Airway, Breathing, and Circulation - are the top priorities and must be addressed immediately to prevent further harm.
2. Specific first aid procedures are outlined for situations like burns, bleeding, fractures, snake bites, heat stroke, and more. Steps are provided for assessing casualties and treating injuries.
3. CPR involves restoring breathing through rescue breaths and restoring circulation through chest compressions. It is a lifesaving measure done when someone is unconscious and not breathing until emergency help arrives.
This document provides information on first aid procedures. It defines first aid as initial treatment for injuries or illnesses prior to emergency help. The aims of first aid are to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery. Responsibilities of first aiders include assessing situations safely, protecting casualties, identifying injuries, treating the most serious conditions first, arranging further care, and providing assistance until help arrives. Priorities for treating casualties are based on breathing, bleeding, and broken bones. Procedures for conditions like hyperventilation, fainting, shock, burns, fractures, and dislocations are described.
Community First-aid and Basic Life SupportAme Mehadi
The document provides information on first aid, including definitions, aims, responsibilities of first aiders, priority of casualties, recovery position, hyperventilation, fainting, shock, bee/hornet stings, cramps, choking, burns, fractures, dislocations, strains, sprains, foreign bodies in wounds, bandaging, transportation of casualties, and emergency casualty movement methods. It details symptoms, causes, and treatments for various medical conditions and injuries that may be encountered when providing first aid.
The document provides information on first aid, including definitions, aims, responsibilities of first aiders, priority of casualties, recovery position, hyperventilation, fainting, shock, bee/hornet stings, cramps, choking, burns, fractures, dislocations, strains, sprains, foreign bodies in wounds, bandaging, transportation of casualties, and emergency casualty movement methods. It details symptoms, causes, and treatments for various medical conditions and injuries that may require first aid.
The document provides information on first aid, including definitions, aims, responsibilities of first aiders, priority of casualties, recovery position, hyperventilation, fainting, shock, bee/hornet stings, cramps, choking, burns, fractures, dislocations, strains, sprains, foreign bodies in wounds, bandaging, transportation of casualties, and emergency casualty movement methods. It details symptoms, causes, and treatments for various medical conditions and injuries that may be encountered when providing first aid.
This document provides information on different types of wounds and how to treat them. It describes abrasions, incisions, lacerations, puncture wounds, avulsions, amputations and more. For each wound type, it explains the cause and potential bleeding and infection risks. The document also gives instructions for controlling bleeding through direct pressure, elevation, pressure bandages and pressure points. It stresses the importance of preventing infection in all wounds and watching for symptoms. Tetanus protection and treatment for embedded objects is also covered. The summary concludes by noting the importance of treating for shock while providing first aid for wounds.
first-aid CPR Training to save someone life in cardiac arrestgemergencycare
First aid is initial treatment for injuries or illnesses until medical help arrives. It aims to preserve life, prevent worsening, and promote recovery. A first aider should assess situations safely, protect casualties, identify issues, treat the most serious first, arrange removal to medical care, and report to caregivers. Casualties are prioritized by breathing, bleeding, and bones. Common injuries and illnesses covered include breathing problems, choking, allergic reactions, fainting, seizures, shock, burns, fractures, and more. Appropriate first aid treatment is described for each.
Burns are injuries to the skin or deeper tissues caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, light, radiation, or friction. Burns can range from minor injuries only affecting the epidermis to more severe burns penetrating deeper tissues. Proper treatment of burns is important to prevent complications like infection, organ dysfunction, or death in severe cases. Treatment may include removing dead skin, applying dressings, providing fluids, administering antibiotics, and skin grafting. For minor burns, the affected area should be placed under cool running water and covered with a sterile dressing. More severe burns require specialized treatment at a burn center.
The document provides information on basic first aid for medical emergencies. It discusses what first aid is, its aims to preserve life, prevent further injury and promote recovery. It then covers several specific medical emergencies including choking, bleeding, heart attack, burns, electrocution, heat-related illnesses, frostbite, seizures and fractures. For each emergency, it describes signs and symptoms and outlines steps to take including calling for emergency help, providing care, and seeking additional medical treatment when needed.
The document provides information on first aid duties and procedures. It outlines how to attend an emergency scene safely, treat common injuries like burns, bleeding, fractures, and how to properly lift and move a patient. The duties of a first aider include responding to emergencies within their training limits and rendering first aid until further medical care is available. First aid procedures explained include treating minor burns, applying direct pressure to stop bleeding, immobilizing fractures, and techniques for safely lifting patients in emergency situations.
The document provides information on first aid, including how to assess medical emergencies, the contents of a first aid kit, and how to treat common injuries and emergencies such as bleeding, snake bites, dog bites, heart attacks, burns, electrical shock, and heat stroke. It emphasizes remaining calm, calling emergency services for serious injuries, and the importance of being trained in first aid and CPR to properly assist those in need before medical help arrives.
Wounds can be either closed or open. Closed wounds do not break the skin while open wounds do. Open wounds include abrasions, incisions, lacerations, and punctures. For minor cuts and scrapes, wash hands and the wound, apply pressure to stop bleeding, clean the wound, apply antibiotic ointment and a bandage, and watch for signs of infection. More severe bleeding requires direct and sustained pressure on the wound. Deep or dirty wounds may require medical treatment like stitches to close the wound and prevent infection.
First aid for burns, fractures, wounds, frostbites, solar, heat, sun strokesMohammedAbdulRafe
This document provides guidance on first aid for various common injuries and medical emergencies:
- For bleeding, apply direct pressure with a bandage until bleeding stops. Raise the injured limb if possible.
- Fractures require medical attention; immobilize the injured area and apply ice to reduce swelling.
- Minor wounds should be rinsed and have pressure applied with bandages.
- For minor burns, cool the burn with water and apply moist bandages. For severe burns, seek immediate emergency help.
- Frostbite should be warmed in warm water for 30 minutes, then loosely bandaged to prevent refreezing.
- Suspected heat stroke requires immediate cooling by moving to
The document discusses the classification and treatment of burns. It describes the three layers of skin and classifies burns as first, second, or third degree based on the depth of damage. First degree burns only damage the outer epidermis, while second degree burns pass through the epidermis into the dermis. Third degree burns extend through all layers of skin and into fat, muscle or bone. Treatment depends on the severity and size of the burn, with minor first and second degree burns treated at home through cooling, covering and pain relief, while more severe burns require immediate medical attention.
FIRST AID
First aid is the provision of immediate care to a victim with an injury or illness, usually effected by a lay person, and performed within a limited skill range.
•First aid is normally performed until the injury or illness is satisfactorily dealt with (such as in the case of small cuts, minor bruises, and blisters) or until the next level of care, such as a paramedic or doctor, arrives.
•First aid is an emergency aid or treatment given to someone injured, suddenly ill, etc., before regular medical services arrive or can be reached.
This document provides guidance on first aid techniques for various medical emergencies. It discusses assessing life-threatening injuries, preventing further harm, and seeking prompt medical care. Key points covered include first aid aims, burn treatment, trauma response, controlling bleeding, fracture splinting, poisoning response, and following universal precautions to avoid infection. The overall message is that first aid sustains life and prevents worsening until emergency medical services arrive.
First aid is the initial assistance or treatment provided to someone who is injured or ill until full medical treatment is available. It involves basic techniques that can be performed by a non-medical person using minimal equipment. The key principles of first aid are to prevent further injury, preserve life, and promote recovery. Proper first aid is important as it provides immediate care until professional help arrives and ensures the appropriate medical assistance is administered.
Handling the emergencies in radiology and first aid in the x ray departmentAnupam Niraula
1) Emergency departments are designed to treat acute medical issues without appointments and are staffed by trauma physicians. They classify patients into non-urgent, urgent, and acute categories to prioritize care.
2) For trauma patients, MDCT is often the preferred imaging method and should be located near the emergency room along with radiography. Interventional radiology may perform procedures like embolization to stop hemorrhaging.
3) In reaction emergencies, treatments vary based on symptoms but may include oxygen, antihistamines, epinephrine, saline, and moving the patient to stabilize their condition. Staff are trained to recognize and respond to different types and severities of reactions.
This document provides information on first aid procedures for various medical emergencies including electric shock, hemorrhage, burns, asphyxia, fracture, and loss of consciousness. It details symptoms, potential causes, and steps to take until emergency medical help arrives such as calling for help, stopping bleeding, cooling burns, providing CPR, and immobilizing fractures. The document emphasizes the importance of immediately seeking emergency care for severe or prolonged symptoms from any of these medical issues.
This document discusses infection control concepts, including the cycle of infection and how microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa can be transmitted. It explains that hospitals are sites for disease transmission due to gathering sick patients. Proper infection control practices like following established policies are important for healthcare worker and patient safety. Microorganisms can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact via fomites, vectors, vehicles, droplets or airborne routes. The body has natural and acquired defenses against infections that can be supported by vaccines and immunoglobulins.
Mobile radiography units are used for bedside radiography in special conditions and environments. There are two main types - mobile radiographic units and C-arm mobile image intensifiers. Bedside radiography is advantageous for patients in special care units, under orthopedic traction, or in isolation. Special precautions must be taken for patients with tracheostomies, mechanical ventilation, feeding or drainage tubes, pacemakers, or central lines to avoid dislodging or disturbing these devices during a portable x-ray. Patient positioning and equipment must be handled carefully to ensure the safety of the patient and quality of the radiographic image.
The document discusses various interactions between radiation and matter, including excitation, ionization, and radiative losses. It describes the processes of excitation, ionization, specific ionization, linear energy transfer, scattering, bremsstrahlung, and the four main interactions of x-rays and gamma rays with matter: Rayleigh scattering, Compton scattering, photoelectric absorption, and pair production. The probability and characteristics of each interaction depends on factors like the atomic number of the absorbing material and the energy of the incident radiation. These interactions are important in diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy.
Vital signs are key medical measurements that indicate the status of vital body functions. The four main vital signs routinely monitored are body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure. Body temperature is normally between 97.8-99F. Pulse rate measures heart rate and is usually 60-100 beats per minute. Respiration rate counts breaths per minute and is typically 12-16 breaths. Blood pressure includes systolic and diastolic measurements. Vital signs provide important health information and are useful for detecting medical issues.
This document discusses quality control and quality assurance for x-ray machines. It outlines various tests that should be conducted, including central beam alignment, focal spot size, tube voltage, and timer checks. These tests help ensure the machine is functioning properly and producing high quality images. Acceptable tolerances and testing frequencies are provided. The roles of the quality assurance committee, including the medical physicist, radiologist, biomedical engineer, and technicians are described.
This document discusses MRI safety, providing a brief history and overview of MRI components. It outlines the different MRI safety zones and the use of Faraday cages for shielding. Major accidents that have occurred are described, such as one caused by a metal oxygen tank. The document stresses preventing accidents through patient screening, warning signs, and informed consent regarding any metallic implants.
Lead aprons were first introduced in 1906 by French doctor Antoine Béclère to shield against radiation. While effective, lead aprons are heavy, inflexible, and toxic. Alternatives use materials like PVC and synthetic rubber. Lead-free aprons are now preferable as they are lighter, more flexible, protect against all radiation, and avoid toxic waste from disposal. The type of apron used depends on the length of the medical procedure, with lead-free being best for longer exposures.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. First Aid in case of electric shock,
haemorrhage,burns,asphyxia,
fracture ,loss of consciousness
2. First Aid
• First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person
suffering from either a minor or serious illness or injury, with care
provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to
promote recovery.
3. First aid in electric shock
• The danger from an electrical shock depends on the type of current,
how high the voltage is, how the current traveled through the body,
the person's overall health and how quickly the person is treated.
• An electrical shock may cause burns, or it may leave no visible mark
on the skin. In either case, an electrical current passing through the
body can cause internal damage, cardiac arrest or other injury. Under
certain circumstances, even a small amount of electricity can be fatal.
4. Caution
• Don't touch the injured person if he or she is still in contact with the
electrical current.
• Unplug an appliance if plug is undamaged or shut off power via circuit
breaker, fuse box, or outside switch
• Stand on something dry and non-conductive, such as dry newspapers,
telephone book, or wooden board.
• Try to separate the person from current using non-conductive object such
as wooden or plastic broom handle, chair, or rubber doormat.
If high voltage lines are involved:
• The local power company must shut them off.
5. When to seek emergency care
• Call 104/108 or your local emergency number if the injured person
experiences:
• Severe burns
• Confusion
• Difficulty breathing
• Heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias)
• Cardiac arrest
• Muscle pain and contractions
• Seizures
• Loss of consciousness
6. Take these actions immediately while waiting for
medical help:
•Turn off the source of electricity, if possible. If not, move the source away from you
and the person, using a dry, no conducting object made of cardboard, plastic or wood.
•Begin CPR if the person shows no signs of circulation, such as breathing, coughing or
movement.
•Try to prevent the injured person from becoming chilled.
•Apply a bandage. Cover any burned areas with a sterile gauze bandage, if available, or
a clean cloth. Don't use a blanket or towel, because loose fibers can stick to the burns.
•Hydration
7. First aid in hemorrhage:
• An escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel is hemorrhage.
• Very minor hemorrhages, such as small, ruptured blood vessels near
the surface of the skin, are common and usually only produce tiny red
specks on the skin or minor bruising.
• But large, uncontrolled hemorrhages are life-threatening and are one
of the leading causes of death worldwide.
• Hemorrhaging is not a condition in itself, meaning it always has an
underlying cause. The most common reason for a hemorrhage is a
traumatic injury.
8. Symptoms of moderate to severe internal bleeding include:
• light-headedness or dizziness
• a headache, often severe
• diarrhea, often a dark, brown or black color
• general weakness
• unexplained exhaustion
• muscle and joint pain, aching, and weakness
• lower blood pressure than normal
• confusion, memory loss, or disorientation
• numbness
• vision problems, often blurred, patchy, or double vision
• abdominal pain, often severe enough to cause nausea and vomiting
• chest pain
• shortness of breath or shallow breathing
• blood in the urine
• bruising, usually around the site of the hemorrhage
9. Signs of very severe hemorrhaging include:
• very low blood pressure
• rapid heart rate
• sweaty, wet skin that often feels cool to the touch
• little or no urine
• vomiting blood
• loss of consciousness
• leakage of blood from the eyes, ears, or nose
• organ failure
• seizure
• coma
10. Potential causes and risk factors
• minor injury
• chronic or long-term high blood pressure
• blood-thinning medications
• genetic clotting conditions
• corticosteroids
• antibiotics
• antidepressants
• diabetes or uncontrolled blood sugar levels
• long-term dehydration
• smoking
• excessive or chronic alcohol use
• use of illegal drugs
• stimulant medications, such as diet pills
• anti-clotting medications
• stroke or heart attack
• liver, kidney, or spleen conditions
• cancer
• deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
• gastrointestinal conditions
11. Types of bleeding :
• Arterial bleeding
• Venous bleeding
• Capillary bleeding
• How to stop bleeding?
• 99% of bleeding cases are stopped by pressing the bleeding site using
absorbent pads.
12. Cont..
• What is an absorbent pad?
• An absorbent pad is a piece of any material put on the wound to stop
bleeding. The ideal absorbent pad is made of medical gauze known
for absorbing liquids and not sticking to wounds.
• Yet, this type of pad is not available all the time at the incident site. If
medical gauze is not available, use any alternate material provided
that it clean and non-sticky.
• As a paramedic, you can use cloth, towels and bed sheets as pads to
bleeding wounds. Paper towels and toilet paper are not a good option
since they crumble when in water. They also stick to wounds, which
may contaminate injuries and result in untold complications later.
13. How to stop bleeding?
• Put on latex gloves if any to prevent bacterial and viral infection.
• Lay the victim down to prevent loss of consciousness.
• Try to an absorbent non-sticky material to pad the bleeding wound.
• If possible, hold the injured part a bit higher than the rest of the body.
• Put a thick cloth on the wound pad and press firmly to stop bleeding, this
usually takes less than (5) minutes.
• If saturated with blood, make sure to press directly on the bleeding wound.
Add more cloth and press harder on the wound.
• When bleeding stops, bandage the pad on the wound using a dressing.
• Apply Tourniquets
• Immobilize the injured body part as much as possible
14. • If bleeding persisted for long period, call the ambulance. The
ambulance team will give oxygen, along with many other things to
stop the bleeding if direct pressing fails to stop it.
15. How to stop Epistaxis (nosebleed)?
• Get the victim sit down and lean his body and head slightly forward.
• Pinch together the outer soft parts of the nose using clean cloth.
• Keep pinching for 3-5 minutes.
• Take the victim immediately to the hospital in the following two cases:
• If epistaxis is not stopped.
• If the victim suffers from hypertension.
16. How to stop Ear Bleeding:
• If due to incident, this type of ear bleeding is very serious as it could
be caused by skull fracture.
• Do not try to stop ear bleeding. Immediately call the ambulance.
17. Seek medical consultation on the following cases:
• If bleeding is not stopped.
• If wound is more than 1 inch long.
• If wound is more than 2cm deep.
• If wound if forked and wide-open.
• If wound is dirty or with a foreign object inside.
• A paramedic can wash the wound with water and soap, then apply a
dressing. Keep the dressing on the wound till it heals completely, as
the dressing helps keep the wound hydrated to expedite its healing.
18. First Aid during Burn:
• A burn is a type of injury to skin, or other tissues, caused by heat,
cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation. Most burns are due
to heat from hot liquids, solids, or fire. While rates are similar for
males and females the underlying causes often differ.
• First-degree burns are considered mild compared to other burns.
They result in pain and reddening of the epidermis (outer layer of
the skin).
• Second-degree burns (partial thickness burns) affect the epidermis
and the dermis (lower layer of skin). They cause pain, redness,
swelling, and blistering.
• Third-degree burns (full thickness burns) go through the dermis and
affect deeper tissues. They result in white or blackened, charred skin
that may be numb.
19. What Are the Symptoms of Burns
• The symptoms of burns depend on the cause and type of burn. They
can include:
• Blisters
• Pain (The degree of pain is not related to the severity of the burn, as
the most serious burns can be painless.)
• Peeling skin
• Red skin
• Shock (Symptoms of shock may include pale and clammy
skin, weakness, bluish lips and fingernails, and a drop in alertness.)
• Swelling
• White or charred skin
20. • A minor burn that doesn't require emergency care may involve:
• Superficial redness similar to a sunburn
• Pain
• Blisters
• An area no larger than 3 inches (about 8 centimeters) in diameter
21. Treating major burns:
Until emergency help arrives:
• Protect the burned person from further harm.
• Make certain that the person burned is breathing.
• Remove jewelry, belts and other restrictive items
• Cover the area of the burn(Use a cool, moist bandage or a clean
cloth.)
• Don't immerse large severe burns in water
• Elevate the burned area
• Watch for signs of shock
22. Treating minor burns:
• Cool the burn. Hold the burned area under cool (not cold) running water
or apply a cool, wet compress until the pain eases.
• Remove rings or other tight items from the burned area. Try to do this
quickly and gently, before the area swells.
• Don't break blisters. Fluid-filled blisters protect against infection. If a
blister breaks, clean the area with water (mild soap is optional). Apply an
antibiotic ointment. But if a rash appears, stop using the ointment.
• Apply lotion. Once a burn is completely cooled, apply a lotion, such as one
that contains aloe vera or a moisturizer. This helps prevent drying and
provides relief.
Bandage the burn. Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage (not fluffy
cotton). Wrap it loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging
keeps air off the area, reduces pain and protects blistered skin.
If needed, take an over-the-counter pain reliever, such as ibuprofen (Advil,
Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol,
others).
23. First aid for asphyxia:
• A condition arising when the body is deprived of oxygen, causing
unconsciousness or death; suffocation.
• Physical Asphyxia:
a)Choking
b) Aspiration
c)Suffocation (smothering)
d) Strangulation
e)Drug overdose (Narcotic)
• Birth asphyxia(because of a lack of oxygen in the mother's blood, or
problems with the placenta)
• Seizure.
24. • Chemical Asphyxia
a)Carbon monoxide(If you breathe in too much of it, the gas builds up
in your body and replaces the oxygen in your blood.)
b) Cyanide ( You're at risk of cyanide poisoning if you breathe smoke
during a fire, have contact with certain industrial chemicals, or work in
jobs like mining or metalworking.)
c) Hydrogen sulfide.(This gas smells like a rotten egg. It can come from
sewage, liquid manure, sulfur hot springs, and natural gas. If you
breathe in too much, it can prevent oxygen from entering your cells,
much like cyanide does.)
26. First aid for Suffocation:
• Firstly ensure a patent airway.
• Check for the respiratory rate.
• Check for the level of cyanosis.
• In case of drowning, tilt the client to one side with head down.
• If strangulation is the cause then remove the band that is constricting the
throat.
• Asphyxia caused due to swelling of the throat or asthma make the victim
sit upright and ensure fresh air.
• In case of suffocation by gases remove the victim as soon as possible to
fresh air.
• For all the victims loosen the clothing surrounding the neck.
• If breathing gets restored give sips of cold water.
• If breathing does not restore then start artificial respiration.
27. The artificial respiration followed is mouth-to-
mouth respiration. Follow the procedure given
below:
• Firstly place the victim on his/her back.
• Tilt his head at the back.
• Pinch the nostrils.
• Cover the mouth of the causality.
• Blow into his lungs until his chest expands.
• Repeat it 15-20 times.
• Blowing of air should be done with an open mouth, covering both the
mouth and nose.
28. • On the other hand, ensure medical help.
• If you cannot give two effective breaths, start chest compressions.
• The first-aider should give 15chest compressions, then give 2
inflations to the lungs and then again start 15 chest compressions.
• The cycle should be continued until the patient recovers or till
medical aid is called for.
• If the patient recovers , let the victim rest for sometime and if he does
not recover then call for the medical aid immediately.
29. First Aid for fracture.
• What are the symptoms of a broken bone?
• intense pain in the injured area that gets worse when you move it
• numbness in the injured area
• bluish color, swelling, or visible deformity in the injured area
• bone protruding through the skin
• heavy bleeding at the injury site
30. How can you provide first-aid care for a broken
bone?
• Stop any bleeding: If they’re bleeding, elevate and apply pressure to the
wound using a sterile bandage, a clean cloth, or a clean piece of clothing.
• Immobilize the injured area: If you suspect they’ve broken a bone in their
neck or back, help them stay as still as possible. If you suspect they’ve
broken a bone in one of their limbs, immobilize the area using a splint or
sling.
• Apply cold to the area: Wrap an ice pack or bag of ice cubes in a piece of
cloth and apply it to the injured area for up to 10 minutes at a time.
• Treat them for shock: Help them get into a comfortable position,
encourage them to rest, and reassure them. Cover them with a blanket or
clothing to keep them warm.
• Get professional help: Call or help them get to the emergency department
for professional care.
31. • You should also call helpline if:
• you suspect they’ve broken a bone in their head, neck, or back
• the fractured bone has pushed through their skin
• they’re bleeding heavily
32. Loss of consciousness:
• The person will be unresponsive (does not respond to activity, touch, sound, or
other stimulation).
• The following symptoms may occur after a person has been unconscious:
• Amnesia for (not remembering) events before, during, and even after the period
of unconsciousness
• Confusion
• Drowsiness
• Headache
• Inability to speak or move parts of the body (stroke symptoms)
• Lightheadedness
• Loss of bowel or bladder control (incontinence)
• Rapid heartbeat (palpitations)
• Slow heartbeat
• Stupor (severe confusion and weakness)
33. If the person is unconscious from choking,
symptoms may include:
• Inability to speak
• Difficulty breathing
• Noisy breathing or high-pitched sounds while inhaling
• Weak, ineffective coughing
• Bluish skin color
Being asleep is not the same as being unconscious. A sleeping person
will respond to loud noises or gentle shaking. An unconscious person
will not.
34. First Aid
• If someone is awake but less alert than usual, ask a few simple
questions, such as:
• What is your name?
• What is the date?
• How old are you?
• Wrong answers or not being able to answer the question suggest a
change in mental status.
35. If a person is unconscious or has a change in
mental status, follow these first aid steps:
• Call or tell someone to call helpline.
• Check the person's airway, breathing, and pulse frequently. If necessary,
begin CPR.
• If the person is breathing and lying on their back, and you do not think
there is a spinal injury, carefully roll the person toward you onto their side.
Bend the top leg so both hip and knee are at right angles. Gently tilt their
head back to keep the airway open. If breathing or pulse stops at any time,
roll the person onto their back and begin CPR.
• If you think there is a spinal injury, leave the person where you found them
(as long as breathing continues). If the person vomits, roll the entire body
at one time to their side. Support their neck and back to keep the head and
body in the same position while you roll.
36. • Keep the person warm until medical help arrives.
• If you see a person fainting, try to prevent a fall. Lay the person flat on
the floor and raise their feet about 12 inches (30 centimeters).
• If fainting is likely due to low blood sugar, give the person something
sweet to eat or drink only when they become conscious.
37. • If the person is unconscious from choking:
• Begin CPR. Chest compressions may help dislodge the object.
• If you see something blocking the airway and it is loose, try to remove
it. If the object is lodged in the person's throat, DO NOT try to grasp
it. This can push the object farther into the airway.
• Continue CPR and keep checking to see if the object is dislodged until
medical help arrives.
•
38. • DO NOT
• DO NOT give an unconscious person any food or drink.
• DO NOT leave the person alone.
• DO NOT place a pillow under the head of an unconscious person.
• DO NOT slap an unconscious person's face or splash water on their
face to try to revive them.