This document discusses MRI safety, providing a brief history and overview of MRI components. It outlines the different MRI safety zones and the use of Faraday cages for shielding. Major accidents that have occurred are described, such as one caused by a metal oxygen tank. The document stresses preventing accidents through patient screening, warning signs, and informed consent regarding any metallic implants.
this power-point slide presentation includes lots of information like how MRI coil works. what is shimming, magnet, fringe, and design of mri coil and also magnet. this will help a lot for radiologist and technician radiographers.. thanks.
this power-point slide presentation includes lots of information like how MRI coil works. what is shimming, magnet, fringe, and design of mri coil and also magnet. this will help a lot for radiologist and technician radiographers.. thanks.
basic and brief but informative knowledge about how MRI works and what are its components ... easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
IEEE presentation based on Spintronics & its semiconductor application specifically.
In the conclusion there is a hyperlink of a video which i'm unable to put here and hence i will give you the address of the video so that you can use the video and make the same hyperlink as i had made here.
TEDxCaltech-David Awschalom - Spintronics ( On YouTube)
video : 6:21- 7:13 (in video)
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING QUESTION AND ANSWER 3 MARKS.pdfGanesan Yogananthem
Dear B.Sc MIT Students,
Attached is an essential document featuring comprehensive Questions & Answers for MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. We encourage you to utilize this resource to deepen your understanding and excel in your studies. Wishing you all the success in your academic endeavors and future careers.
Best regards,
basic and brief but informative knowledge about how MRI works and what are its components ... easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
IEEE presentation based on Spintronics & its semiconductor application specifically.
In the conclusion there is a hyperlink of a video which i'm unable to put here and hence i will give you the address of the video so that you can use the video and make the same hyperlink as i had made here.
TEDxCaltech-David Awschalom - Spintronics ( On YouTube)
video : 6:21- 7:13 (in video)
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING QUESTION AND ANSWER 3 MARKS.pdfGanesan Yogananthem
Dear B.Sc MIT Students,
Attached is an essential document featuring comprehensive Questions & Answers for MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. We encourage you to utilize this resource to deepen your understanding and excel in your studies. Wishing you all the success in your academic endeavors and future careers.
Best regards,
In our conventional electronic devices we use semi conducting materials for logical operation and magnetic materials for storage, but spintronics uses magnetic materials for both purposes. These spintronic devices are more versatile and faster than the present one. One such device is Spin Valve Transistors (SVT).
Spin valve transistor is different from conventional transistor. In this for conduction we use spin polarization of electrons. Only electrons with correct spin polarization can travel successfully through the device. These transistors are used in data storage, signal processing, automation and robotics with less power consumption and results in less heat. This also finds its application in Quantum computing, in which we use Qubits instead of bits.
In this presentation you will know what is magnetism and types of magnetism like Para magnetism, diamagnetism and ferromagnetism with their examples also what are requirements of magnets with their types like permanent magnets , resistive and superconducting magnets with their advantage and disadvantages
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
3. Introduction:
MRI stands for “Magnetic Resonance Imaging”.
Originally know as “Nuclear Magnetic Resonance”(NMR)
Used in medical field to produce image of internal
structures of living organism.
4. HISTORY:
Isidor Isaac Rabi an American physicist – First described NMR phenomenon in 1938.
A Swiss-American physicist Felix Bloch and an American physicist Edward Purcell
independently discovered the magnetic resonance phenomenon during the year (1946
AD)
In 1970 AD, another American physician and medical practitioner Raymond Vahan
Damadian used NMR for malignant tissues and found difference in NMR parameters.
Damadian and his team invented the first NMR scanner named as Indomitable in which
the first image of human body was acquired. The first person to undergo NMR was Larry
Minkoff who was an assistant of Damadian.
Paul Christian Lauterbur an American chemist and Sir Peter Mansfield an English
physicist were also working in the same field and were the persons responsible for
introducing MRI into the clinical set-up.
6. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF MRI:
BORE:
Magnet
Coils (gradient coils , RF coils , Shimming coils)
MRI table
Chelates
Console:
Computer hardware
Operating system
7.
8. MAGNET:
A piece of iron or other material which has its component atoms so ordered that
the material exhibits properties of magnetism, such as attracting other iron-
containing objects or aligning itself in an external magnetic field.
Discovery: shepherd named Magnes, in an area of Northern Greece called
Magnesia, about 4,000 years ago.
Lodestones contain magnetite, a natural magnetic material Fe3O4. This type of
rock was subsequently named magnetite, after either Magnesia or Magnes himself.
The most significant difference between the magnetic field and the magnetic flux
is that the magnetic field is the region around the magnet where the moving
charge experiences a force, whereas the magnetic flux shows the quantity or
strength of magnetic lines produced by the magnet.
Magnetic flux density is measured in Tesla.
One Tesla = 10000 gauss
10. TYPES OF MAGNET:
Permanent Magnet – 0.064 T to 0.3 T
Resistive Magnet – up to 0.3 T
Super conductive Magnet- up to 12 T
11. SUPER CONDUCTIVE MAGNATE:
Utilize the property of Zero electrical resistance exhibited by certain
materials like (Niobium Titanium)
Loop of wire is surrounded with coolant, such as liquid Helium , liquid
nitrogen (cryogen), to reduce the electric resistance of the wire .
At 4 degree kelvin (-269 degree c) wire loses its resistance.
High current (760 A) at low voltage is required to convert them into
superconductive – Ramping
Super conductivity under low temperature was first observed by
Argentinean Alex Muller and German George Bednorz.
12. MRI SAFETY
a) MRI ZONES
b) FARADEY CAGE
c) PATIENT SAFETY
d) MAJOR ACCIDENTS
e) PREVENTATION OF ACCIDENT
16. FARADAY CAGE :
A Faraday cage or Faraday shield is an enclosure used to block
electromagnetic fields. A Faraday shield may be formed by a continuous
covering of conductive material or in the case of a Faraday cage, by a
mesh of such materials.
Faraday cages come in all shapes and sizes, but all of them use a metal
screen that conducts electricity, creating a shielding effect.
17. HOW FARADAY CAGE WORKS?
Faraday cage distributes charge or radiation around the cage's exterior, it
cancels out electric charges or radiation within the cage's interior. In short, a
Faraday cage is a hollow conductor, in which the charge remains on the external
surface of the cage.
18. NOTE:
IN MRI FARADAY CAGE IS BUILD FOR RF SHIELDING
RF shielding is important because:
a) To prevent extraneous electromagnetic field (RF) from contaminating the MR signal.
a) To prevent electromagnetic radiation generated by MR machine from causing interference in
nearby medical devices.
19. The ideal room consist of nested components:
1)An outer shell for structural support
2) A middle metallic RF-shield
3)An interior layer made of finish materials.
The floor is generally made of monolithic copper covered
over with solid material.
Door must not allow any RF leakage, being shield by a set of
electrical contact strips or continuous metallic pneumatic
tube.
Window are laminated with blackened copper mesh between
two pieces of glass.
Virtually any metal can be used including aluminum and steel
but copper is generally used because it is more conductive
metal.
21. RF BURNS
RISK DUE TO METALLIC BODY IMPLANTS AND LOOSE METALLIC
BODIES
22.
23. MRI ACCIDENT :
1st MRI accident occurred in New-York area hospital in 2001 July .
A six year old boy , Michael Colombini lost his life when the machine's
powerful magnetic field jerked a metal oxygen tank across the room,
crushing the child's head.
In India latest MRI accident that took a life of a person named Rajesh
Maru happened in 2018 in Nair hospital Mumbai.
24. MRI Machine At Lohiya Hospital Pulls UP
textile Min Satyadev Pachauri's guard’s
Pistol When He Came For MRI
Accident at Nair Hospital ,Mumbai
MISSILE EFFECT
25.
26. WHAT TO DO IF ACCIDENT HAPPENS ?
a) Inform authority or higher level officer ASAP.
b) Switch off system and all electronic but remember switching system doesn't mean
magnate is off.
c) Find alternate of Quenching.
d) Do not quench machine in hurry unless its life threatening situation.
Ramp –down of machine is often done by service engineer. In a controlled manner,
current can be brought down from conductor to bring field zero. Ramping takes approx.
20 min for every 0.5 T.
27. QUENCH
A quench is an event that occurs only in superconducting magnates and
results in a loss of magnetic field of the MRI magnet.
It is caused by a loss of superconductivity , a rapid increase in the
resistivity of the magnet coil windings, which generates heat that results in
rapid evaporation, or boil-off of the magnet coolant.
There are two situation in which quench may occur:
a) Spontaneously due to some force or disruption to the magnate
system.
b) The emergency “Magnet Stop” button is pressed during emergency
situation.
28. EMERGENCY STOP BUTTON:
Emergency Magnet Rundown Unit: This initiates a
controlled quench and turns off the magnetic field.
It is typically a big red button located on the wall
of the magnet room near the door.
This button should only be used in a life threating
situation.
Pressing this button makes the scanner out of
service costing heavily for replacing lost liquid
helium.
29. Emergency shutdown : Does not quench the
magnet but turns off most electrical power in the
scanner room and operator area, including the
console ,computers , patient table , ups etc.
It may be simple red button labeled or unlabeled
This switch should b used when there is serious
equipment fault or hazard ,such as fire , water in the
vicinity of the MR scanner
30.
31. PREVENTATION OF ACCIDENT
PATIENT MUST BE SCREENED THROUGH METAL
DETECTOR
OR PASS THROUGH GATE BEFORE ENTERING 4TH
ZONE
INFORMED CONSENT SHOULD BE TAKEN REGARDING HISTORY
OF ANY PREVIOUS SURGERY AND METALLIC IMPLANTS
WARNING SIGNS SHOULD BE PLACED ON 3RD ZONE
DISPLAYING THE RESTRICTED ITEMS THAT CAN’T BE
TAKEN INSIDE MRI ROOM
32. “MRI CAN BE ACCIDENT PRONE FOLLOW RULES OF SAFETY ZONE”
“MRI CAN TURN INTO MONSTER ,IT IS IN OUR HAND TO STOP
DISASTER”