Review Paper on Airborne Internet Access through Submarine Optical Fiber CablesEECJOURNAL
Today is the era of high technology and information exchange world. Everyone is in need of sending or downloading a huge amount of data. Further being connected on the go and all the time is what people want today. Broadband and wireless connectivity in homes and offices is what being used by users that keep them wire free and make the accessibility easy and fast. Further to this providing a robust, fast and reliable connectivity network to the people on the go in vehicles and even aircraft is a challenge. In this paper we explore such a technology that talks about connectivity in aviation and aircrafts i.e. Airborne Internet. The idea is to take all the facilities and implementation of the ground networks and provide a high speed network connecting aircraft and ground.
Review Paper on Airborne Internet Access through Submarine Optical Fiber CablesEECJOURNAL
Today is the era of high technology and information exchange world. Everyone is in need of sending or downloading a huge amount of data. Further being connected on the go and all the time is what people want today. Broadband and wireless connectivity in homes and offices is what being used by users that keep them wire free and make the accessibility easy and fast. Further to this providing a robust, fast and reliable connectivity network to the people on the go in vehicles and even aircraft is a challenge. In this paper we explore such a technology that talks about connectivity in aviation and aircrafts i.e. Airborne Internet. The idea is to take all the facilities and implementation of the ground networks and provide a high speed network connecting aircraft and ground.
The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) has invited me to speak at “Regional Expert Consultation on Connecting Asia-Pacific’s Digital Society for Resilient Development” in Colombo during 5-6 September.
There I presented that Asia’s wholesale prices of Internet bandwidth remains six-times expensive compared to the Europe and USA. Participating experts have overwhelmingly endorsed my proposal of laying fiber along the Asian Highway to build an open-access transcontinental terrestrial network.
Topics covered in this presentation:
Radio & Microwave Communication.
2. Spectrum Management.
3. Digital Microwave Systems.
4. Fading and measures to counter Fading effect.
5. Digital Microwave link – Performance Objectives.
6. Modulation Methods.
7. A word about BWA
8. Other wireless communication Applications
A compact UWB monopole antenna with penta band notched characteristicsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A modified rectangular monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with penta notched frequency bands is presented. An inverted U shaped and slanted U-shaped on the radiating patch are inserted to achieve WiMAX and ARN bands rejection respectively, two mirrored summation Σ-shaped and four mirrored 5-shaped slots are inserted on the partial ground to achieve WLAN and X-band bands rejection respectively, finally rectangular shaped slot with partially open on the feed is inserted to achieve ITU-8 band rejection. The proposed antenna which was simulated has a compact size 30×35×1.6 m3. It is operated with impedance bandwidth 2.8-10.6 GHz at |S11| < −10 dB, that supported UWB bandwidth with filtering the five narrowbands that avoid the possible interference with them. The simulated resonant frequency for notched filters received 3.55, 4.55, 5.53, 7.45, 8.16 GHZ, for WiMAX, ARN, WLAN, X-Band, ITU-8 respectively. The proposed antenna is suitable for wireless communication such as mobile communication and internet of everything (IoE). Throughout this paper, CST-EM software package was used for the design implementation. Surface current distributions for all notched filters were investigated and shown that it is concentrated around the feeding point and the inserted notched slots proving that there is no radiation to the space due to maximum stored electromagnetic energy around each investigated notch slot, proving that the slots play a role of a quarter wavelength transformer which generates for each notched band, maximum gain, and radiation pattern are also investigated.
This presentation covers:
Concepts of optical fiber communication in detail
Total internal reflection
inter-modulation, dispersion effects in OFC
Impairments in OFC
Advantages in OFC
Different types of optical cables
OFC network elements : splitters, splices, connectors, lasers
optical sources and optical detectors
Optical Link Budget
The High Altitude Long Operation (HALO) network is a broadband wireless Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) consisting of HALO aircraft operating at high altitude and carrying an airborne communications network hub, with network elements on the ground.. It will provide broadband services to businesses and to small offices home offices in an area containing a typical large city and its neighboring towns. To each end user, it will offer an unobstructed line of sight and a free-space like channel with short propagation delay, and it will allow the use of low power low-cost user terminals.
Over view of Transmission Technologies & Optical Fiber Communication Naveen Jakhar, I.T.S
Topics covered in this presentation:
GENERAL: History of Transmission Systems
Optical fiber communication,
History of OFC
Advantages
Applications
ITU-T Recommendations
Fiber optic principle
Windows of operation
Trends in OF Communication
Fiber classification
OF Cable Types
Optical Fiber transmission impairments
Optical Sources and Detectors
Optical Link Characterization and Design
Simultaneous Triple Series Equations Involving Konhauser Biorthogonal Polynom...IOSR Journals
Biorthogonal polynomials are of great interest for Physicists.Spencer and Fano [9] used the biorthogonal polynomials (for the case k = 2) in carrying out calculations involving penetration of gamma rays through matter.In the present paper an exact solution of simultaneous triple series equations involving Konhauser-biorthogonal polynomials of first kind of different indices is obtained by multiplying factor technique due to Noble.[4] This technique has been modified by Thakare [10, 11] to solve dual series equations involving orthogonal polynomials which led to disprove a possible conjecture of Askey [1] that a dual series equation involving Jacobi polynomials of different indices can not be solved. In this paper the solution of simultaneous triple series equations involving generalized Laguerre polynomials also have been discussed as a charmfull particular case.
De-Noising Corrupted ECG Signals By Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) With A...IOSR Journals
The electrocardiogram (ECG) signals which are extensively used for heart disease diagnosis and patient monitoring are usually corrupted with various sources of noise. In this paper, an algorithm is developed to de-noise ECG signals based on Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) with application of Higher Order Statistics (HOS). The algorithm is applied on several ECG signals for different levels of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The SNR improvement (SNRimp) and Percent Root mean square Difference (PRD (%)) are analyzed. The results show that the developed algorithm is a reasonable one to de-noise ECG signals.
The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) has invited me to speak at “Regional Expert Consultation on Connecting Asia-Pacific’s Digital Society for Resilient Development” in Colombo during 5-6 September.
There I presented that Asia’s wholesale prices of Internet bandwidth remains six-times expensive compared to the Europe and USA. Participating experts have overwhelmingly endorsed my proposal of laying fiber along the Asian Highway to build an open-access transcontinental terrestrial network.
Topics covered in this presentation:
Radio & Microwave Communication.
2. Spectrum Management.
3. Digital Microwave Systems.
4. Fading and measures to counter Fading effect.
5. Digital Microwave link – Performance Objectives.
6. Modulation Methods.
7. A word about BWA
8. Other wireless communication Applications
A compact UWB monopole antenna with penta band notched characteristicsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A modified rectangular monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with penta notched frequency bands is presented. An inverted U shaped and slanted U-shaped on the radiating patch are inserted to achieve WiMAX and ARN bands rejection respectively, two mirrored summation Σ-shaped and four mirrored 5-shaped slots are inserted on the partial ground to achieve WLAN and X-band bands rejection respectively, finally rectangular shaped slot with partially open on the feed is inserted to achieve ITU-8 band rejection. The proposed antenna which was simulated has a compact size 30×35×1.6 m3. It is operated with impedance bandwidth 2.8-10.6 GHz at |S11| < −10 dB, that supported UWB bandwidth with filtering the five narrowbands that avoid the possible interference with them. The simulated resonant frequency for notched filters received 3.55, 4.55, 5.53, 7.45, 8.16 GHZ, for WiMAX, ARN, WLAN, X-Band, ITU-8 respectively. The proposed antenna is suitable for wireless communication such as mobile communication and internet of everything (IoE). Throughout this paper, CST-EM software package was used for the design implementation. Surface current distributions for all notched filters were investigated and shown that it is concentrated around the feeding point and the inserted notched slots proving that there is no radiation to the space due to maximum stored electromagnetic energy around each investigated notch slot, proving that the slots play a role of a quarter wavelength transformer which generates for each notched band, maximum gain, and radiation pattern are also investigated.
This presentation covers:
Concepts of optical fiber communication in detail
Total internal reflection
inter-modulation, dispersion effects in OFC
Impairments in OFC
Advantages in OFC
Different types of optical cables
OFC network elements : splitters, splices, connectors, lasers
optical sources and optical detectors
Optical Link Budget
The High Altitude Long Operation (HALO) network is a broadband wireless Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) consisting of HALO aircraft operating at high altitude and carrying an airborne communications network hub, with network elements on the ground.. It will provide broadband services to businesses and to small offices home offices in an area containing a typical large city and its neighboring towns. To each end user, it will offer an unobstructed line of sight and a free-space like channel with short propagation delay, and it will allow the use of low power low-cost user terminals.
Over view of Transmission Technologies & Optical Fiber Communication Naveen Jakhar, I.T.S
Topics covered in this presentation:
GENERAL: History of Transmission Systems
Optical fiber communication,
History of OFC
Advantages
Applications
ITU-T Recommendations
Fiber optic principle
Windows of operation
Trends in OF Communication
Fiber classification
OF Cable Types
Optical Fiber transmission impairments
Optical Sources and Detectors
Optical Link Characterization and Design
Simultaneous Triple Series Equations Involving Konhauser Biorthogonal Polynom...IOSR Journals
Biorthogonal polynomials are of great interest for Physicists.Spencer and Fano [9] used the biorthogonal polynomials (for the case k = 2) in carrying out calculations involving penetration of gamma rays through matter.In the present paper an exact solution of simultaneous triple series equations involving Konhauser-biorthogonal polynomials of first kind of different indices is obtained by multiplying factor technique due to Noble.[4] This technique has been modified by Thakare [10, 11] to solve dual series equations involving orthogonal polynomials which led to disprove a possible conjecture of Askey [1] that a dual series equation involving Jacobi polynomials of different indices can not be solved. In this paper the solution of simultaneous triple series equations involving generalized Laguerre polynomials also have been discussed as a charmfull particular case.
De-Noising Corrupted ECG Signals By Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) With A...IOSR Journals
The electrocardiogram (ECG) signals which are extensively used for heart disease diagnosis and patient monitoring are usually corrupted with various sources of noise. In this paper, an algorithm is developed to de-noise ECG signals based on Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) with application of Higher Order Statistics (HOS). The algorithm is applied on several ECG signals for different levels of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The SNR improvement (SNRimp) and Percent Root mean square Difference (PRD (%)) are analyzed. The results show that the developed algorithm is a reasonable one to de-noise ECG signals.
Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Che...IOSR Journals
The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi
Surface Morphological and Electrical Properties of Sputtered Tio2 Thin FilmsIOSR Journals
Titanium dioxide films were formed on quartz and crystalline p-Si (100) substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering method. Pure titanium target was sputtered at a constant oxygen partial pressure of 5x10-2 Pa, and at different sputtering powers in the range 80 – 200 W. The as-deposited films were annealed in air for 1 hour at 1023 K. The deposited films were characterized by studying the surface morphology by atomic force microscopy (AFM), electrical and dielectric properties from current-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements. Atomic force micrographs of the films showed that the Rrms and Ra increased with the increase of sputter power from 80 to 200 W. The leakage current density was increased by increasing the sputtering power.
Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Some Polymeric Dyes Derived Fr...IOSR Journals
In this study, Some Monoazo disperse dyes namely, 4-arylazoaminophenols (AAPs) were synthesized via diazotization and coupling reactions and later, polycondensation of these dyes with formaldehyde in the presence of aqueous oxalic acid was carried out. The resulting polymeric dyes namely, (4-arylazoaminophenol-formaldehyde)s (PAAP-F)s as well as their low-molecular weight precursors were characterized by yield, melting point, color, solubility, viscosimetry, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy and Infra red spectroscopy. Their dyeing performance on nylon and polyester were assessed using standard methods. The products were obtained in good yield and had low melting points The dyes were found to be soluble in chloroform and acetone, some were found to dissolve in ethanol and methanol, and generally insoluble in water. The dyeing on nylon and polyester had yellow shades with moderate to good light and wash fastness. Their rubbing fastnesses on nylon and polyester were very good. Polymerizations of the monomeric dyes on dyed nylon and polyester have also been carried out. The dyeing properties of the monomeric and polymeric dyes were compared with the dyes polymerized in situ on nylon and polyester and the fastness properties were found to increase on polymerization and even better with the dyes polymerized inside the fibers
Simulation of pressure drop for combined tapered and nontapered die for polyp...IOSR Journals
Abstract: the pressure drop in combined sections tapered and circular for the flow of polypropylene were
studied both analytical and simulation under isothermal and no-slip condition in the die wall. The predicted
pressure drop values are compared with three-dimensional (3D) finite element simulation to identify effect of
contraction angles, die land and radius on pressure drop. The governing equation of pressure drop was first
derived to angle of tapered section, for circular section the pressure drop was studied using different die lands
and radii .The three parameters were varied in the ansys Polyflow at specified polymer flow rate and the results
are compared with analytical results .For the tapered section the best angle is analytically and for
the simulation. For circular section of the die the results for die lands variations are almost the same but when
varying the varying the radius the results differ at radii less than 2 cm and approach each other at 2 cm and
above. Index Terms: Tapered die, circular section, pressure drop, Polyflow.
Studies On The Effectiveness of Mixed Diet of Garden Egg, Groundnut And Garli...IOSR Journals
The use of medicinal plants as food supplements and in the treatment of specific diseases dates back to antiquity. Age old anecdotal reports from many cultures strongly suggests a role for diet of plant origin in preventive and therapeutic medicine. Anaemia remains a major public-health problem especially in developing countries. This study aimed at investigating the antianaemic potentials of combined diet of garlic (Allium sativum), garden egg (Solanum melongena) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea).Twenty five wistar rats of both sexes weighing 160-200g were divided equally into five groups. Group 1 served as the non-anaemic control and fed with normal rat chow. Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were induced with anaemia by oral administration of phenylhydrazine (PHZ) given at 50mg/kgBW. Group 2 served as anaemic control, fed with normal rat chow; Group 3 were fed with 20g (75%ww) of garlic, garden egg and groundnut in the ratio of 1:1:1 with normal rat chow; Group 4 fed with 10g of garden egg (50%ww) in the ratio 1:1 with normal rat chow and Group 5 fed with 10g of ground, nut (50%ww) in the ratio 1:1 with normal rat chow. Animals were sacrificed at the end of fourteen days of dietary feeding using chloroform vapour with blood collected at the left ventricle to test for haematological parameters such as red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV). Results showed that RBC, WBC, Hb and PCV values increased in all the experimental as compared to anaemic control with a significant (P<0.05) in WBC values of groups 3 and 4 as compared to the anaemic control. This suggests a consumption of garlic, garden egg and groundnut will moderately improve anaemic condition.
The effect of rotational speed variation on the velocity vectors in the singl...IOSR Journals
The current investigation is aimed to simulate the three-dimensional complex internal flow in a
centrifugal pump impeller with five twisted blades by using a specialized computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
software ANSYS /FLUENT 14code with a standard k-ε two-equation turbulence model.
A single blade passage will be modeled to give more accurate results for velocity vectors on (blade, hub, and
shroud). The potential consequences of velocity vectors associated with operating a centrifugal compressor in
variable rotation speed.
A numerical three-dimensional, through flow calculations to predict velocity vectors through a
centrifugal pump were presented to examined the effect of rotational speed variation on the velocity vectors of
the centrifugal pump . The contours of the velocity vectors of the blade, hub, and shroud indicates low velocity
vectors in the suction side at high rotational speed (over operation limits )and the velocity vectors increases
gradually until reach maximum value at the leading edge (2.63×10 m/s) of the blade
Stress Analysis of Automotive Chassis with Various ThicknessesIOSR Journals
Abstract : This paper presents, stress analysis of a ladder type low loader truck chassis structure consisting of
C-beams design for application of 7.5 tonne was performed by using FEM. The commercial finite element
package CATIA version 5 was used for the solution of the problem. To reduce the expenses of the chassis of the
trucks, the chassis structure design should be changed or the thickness should be decreased. Also determination
of the stresses of a truck chassis before manufacturing is important due to the design improvement. In order to
achieve a reduction in the magnitude of stress at critical point of the chassis frame, side member thickness,
cross member thickness and position of cross member from rear end were varied. Numerical results showed that
if the thickness change is not possible, changing the position of cross member may be a good alternative.
Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation, where it is found that the maximum deflection
agrees well with theoretical approximation but varies on the magnitude aspect.
Keywords - Stress analysis, fatigue life prediction and finite element method etc.
While wireless communication technology today has become part of our daily life, the
idea of wireless undersea communications may still seem far-fetched. However, research has
been active for over a decade on designing the methods for wireless information transmission
underwater. Human knowledge and understanding of the world’s oceans, which constitute
the major part of our planet, rests on our ability to collect information from remote undersea
locations.
The major discoveries of the past decades, such as the remains of Titanic, or the hydrothermal
vents at bottom of deep ocean, were made using cabled submersibles. Although such
systems remain indispensable if high-speed communication link is to exists between the
remote end and the surface, it is natural to wonder what one could accomplish without the
burden (and cost) of heavy cables.
Hence the motivation, and interest in wireless underwater communications. Together with
sensor technology and vehicular technology, wireless communications will enable new
applications ranging from environmental monitoring to gathering of oceanographic data,
marine archaeology, and search and rescue missions.
Design of Underwater wireless optical/acoustic link for reduction of back-sca...theijes
Underwater communication plays a significant role in the study of climate change through ocean monitoring and associated sensor networks. It is severely limited when compared to free space communication because water is essentially opaque to electromagnetic radiation except in the visible band. Even in the visible band, light penetrates only a few hundred meters in the clearest waters and much less in turbid waters due to the presence of suspended sediment or high concentrations of marine life. Consequently, acoustic techniques are been used for underwater communication systems which is relatively mature and robust. Acoustic systems are capable of long range communication. But traditional underwater acoustic communications cannot provide high enough data rates to enable monitoring technology. Optical wireless communications, centred around blue-green wavelengths, are being used as an alternative. Here a hybrid design is being introduced using an optical/acoustic link to reduce back scattering of transmitted light.
Abstract—Underwater wireless communication (UWC) has
become a significant technique that is used to investigate the
underwater environment. It is also noteworthy that the collected
data from underwater has to transmit to inland data fusion
centers for further investigation and operating instructions need
to transmit from the inland center to underwater autonomous
vehicles (UAVs) to operate as per the real-time requirements.
Therefore, a hybrid terrestrial and UWC setup is required in
most of the underwater military and commercial applications
An energy aware scheme for layered chain in underwater wireless sensor networ...IJECEIAES
Extending the network lifetime is a very challenging problem that needs to be taken into account during routing data in wireless sensor networks in general and particularly in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN). For this purpose, the present paper proposes a multilayer chain based on genetic algorithm routing (MCGA) for routing data from nodes to the sink. This algorithm consists to create a limited number of local chains constructed by using genetic algorithm in order to obtain the shortest path between nodes; furthermore, a leader node (LN) is elected in each chain followed by constructing a global chain containing LNs. The selection of the LN in the closest chain to the sink is as follows: Initially, the closest node to sink is elected LN in this latter because all nodes have initially the same energy value; then the future selection of the LN is based on the residual energy of the nodes. LNs in the other chains are selected based on the proximity to the previous LNs. Data transmission is performed in two steps: intra-chain transmission and inter-chain transmission. Furthermore, MCGA is simulated for different scenarios of mobility and density of nodes in the networks. The performance evaluation of the proposed technique shows a considerable reduction in terms of energy consumption and network lifespan.
Implementation of Optical wireless communication through underwater channelSANKETLKENDUR
This project is based on transformation of data like text, voice, audio and image through underwater using visible light. This is major application in military like navy and submarines, scientific community for underwater research, flood detection, climatic changes , oceanography and more . The cost of this budget around 15k to 17k.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Geographic routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks a surveyijwmn
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN), similar to the terrestrial sensor networks, have different
challenges such as limited bandwidth, low battery power, defective underwater channels, and high variable
propagation delay. A crucial problem in UWSN is finding an efficient route between a source and a
destination. Consequently, great efforts have been made for designing efficient protocols while considering
the unique characteristics of underwater communication. Several routing protocols are proposed for this
issue and can be classified into geographic and non-geographic routing protocols. In this paper we focus
on the geographic routing protocols. We introduce a review and comparison of different algorithms
proposed recently in the literature. We also presented a novel taxonomy of these routing in which the
protocols are classified into three categories (greedy, restricted directional flooding and hierarchical)
according to their forwarding strategies.
An implementation of_partial_transmit_seWaleed Raza
In this article we research about underwater
acoustics transceivers. As Underwater acoustic transceivers
consume more power than Radio frequency transceivers.
The techniques which are being utilized in radio frequency
cannot be implemented directly in underwater acoustic
system it needs to be re investigated to design new methods.
To achieve reliable acoustic data transmission new
techniques should be achieved or the traditional
Orthogonal frequency divisional multiplexing techniques
should be revised. The power consumption also relies upon
underwater acoustic signal propagation and transmission
distances. Several underwater acoustic applications require
long-term monitoring of the sea. For the battery powered
modems, it becomes very serious problem. By designing an
Energy efficient OFDM Communication system we can
solve this problem. We study about peak to average power
ratio in an Orthogonal frequency divisional multiplexing
system by reducing the major draw-back of OFDM system.
The PAPR reduction utilized in this paper is Partial
Transmit Sequences for underwater acoustic OFDM
communication system which has lesser complexity. The
results have provided better performance in underwater
acoustic OFDM communication system.
Everything You Need to Know About Underwater Submarine Fiber Optic cableSun Telecom
Underwater/Submarine fiber optic cable dominate international voice and data traffic, due largely to the advantages offered in terms of high reliability, security and capacity, and cost-effectiveness on major routes.
This paper presents a new type of wideband waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed patch antenna for millimeter wave (mmW). The antenna proposed applies to applications of 31-36 GHz Ka-band such as satellites communications. The SIW is intended with settings for particular slots. The antenna is constructed on Rogers RT5880 (lossy) with 2.2 dielectric constant, l.27 mm thickness, and 0.0009 loss tangent. It is simulated in the programming of computer simulation technology (CST) Microwave Studio. The simulated results show that the SIW antenna resonates across 31 to 36 GHz bands, which means that this new antenna covers all applications within this range. The reflection coefficients in targeting range are below 10 dB. The antenna achieves good efficiency and gain with 80% and 8.87 dBi respectively.
Similar to Feasibility of Laying Fiber-Optic Cables underwater along River Nile Basin- Sudan Study Case (20)
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Feasibility of Laying Fiber-Optic Cables underwater along River Nile Basin- Sudan Study Case
1. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-0661,p-ISSN: 2278-8727, Volume 17, Issue 1, Ver. V (Jan – Feb. 2015), PP 48-52
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17154852 www.iosrjournals.org 48 | Page
Feasibility of Laying Fiber-Optic Cables underwater along River
Nile Basin- Sudan Study Case
1
Ammar A. Saleh, 2
Dr. Amin B. A. Mustafa, 3
Dr. Ashraf A. Osman
1
(Faculty of Engineering, Al- Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan,
2
(Faculty of Engineering, Al- Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan,
3
(Computer Design Senior Engineer, Folsom, CA, USA,
Abstract: Fiber optics cables offers various advantages of over regular cables when used as data
transportation medium in today’s communication networks. The River Nile basin countries such as Sudan
enjoys vast distances that are travelled by the River Nile, offering a natural path for an underwater cable laying
areas. In this study, the potential of laying such cables is investigated with Sudan taken as a case study. The
socioeconomic impact analysis will be provided, and potential issues and obstacles will be discussed.
Keywords: Communications, Fibers, Network, Optic
I. Introduction
Several researchers have provided detailed analysis of merits and demerits of using fiber-optic in
communication network specially when long distances are involved where light suffers little attenuation
compared to electric wiring cables. Examples of fiber-optics benefits includes[1]:
Immunity to electromagnetic interference,
Usage of nonconductive materials,
No electromagnetic radiation from cables leading to high data security
No current induced sparks risks since no conducting current is used
Usage of small and lightweight materials
High operating bandwidth over long distances.
Despite these benefits, the fiber-optic cables suffers from limitations such as[1]:
o Cost where cables are expensive to install but last longer than copper cables.
o Transmission where optical fibers require repeating at distance intervals.
o Fragility where cables are prone to breakage or transmission loses when wrapped around sharp curves. This
can be avoided by encasing fibers in plastic sheath where cables will be hardened towards bending into a
small enough radius that could result in fiber breaks.
o Protection - Optical fibers require more protection around the cable compared to copper.
Several researchers have reported on submarine optical fiber cable transmission systems and networks.
Paul D. et. al. [2] provided analysis of undersea bed fiber optic cable network that is reported on several cable
networks TAT, their cost, reliability, and system considerations. Furthermore, Iwamoto, Y. and Fukinuki, H.[3]
have reported on submarine optical fiber cable transmission systems used during the 1985 in Japan. Recently,
Aditi and Preeti [4] have published a study of submarine optical cables as a key component in undersea
telecommunications. They proposed that submarine cables can also be used for purposes other than just
underwater telecommunication. These include water reservoir monitoring needs.
Considering the fiber-optic network advantages and despite their disadvantages mentioned above, the
fiber-optic cables are considered an effective alternative to use for new communication network in vast and
spacious lands such as in Africa. This is in comparison to use of either satellite for telecommunication, or laying
copper wire coaxial cables for long distances.
There are various projects that targeting linking Africa to world networks thru under water fiber-optic
cable networks as listed in Table.1 and shown pictorially in Fig.1. Data presented in Table 1. and plotted in
Fig.1 are extracted from [5]. However, it is a significant challenge to connectivity of inner towns and cities that
are located far inland away from the coastal areas. Moreover, these towns and cities are sparsely distributed over
a wide range of country lands with limited infrastructure to connect to coastal areas.
2. Feasibility of Laying Fiber-Optic Cables underwater along River Nile Basin- Sudan Study Case
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17154852 www.iosrjournals.org 49 | Page
Table 1. List of undersea cables laid along Africa coastal areas.
krowteN elbaC
Africa Coast to Europe (ACE)
Asia Africa Europe-1 (AAE-1)
Eastern Africa Submarine System (EASSy)
Middle East North Africa (MENA) Cable System/Gulf Bridge International
Saudi Arabia-Sudan-1 (SAS-1)
Saudi Arabia-Sudan-2 (SAS-2)
The East African Marine System (TEAMS)
West African Cable System (WACS)
Africa Coast to Europe (ACE)
The Sudan, a River Nile basin country, represents a typical example of such situation in Africa. The
eastern Red Sea coastal city of PortSudan (Fig.1) is linked to the undersea Eastern Africa Submarine System
(EASSy), Saudi Arabia-Sudan-1 (SAS-1), and Saudi Arabia-Sudan-(2) (SAS-(2) network systems[5] while the
majority of the Sudan cities and towns are located deep inland to the west of the coast.
There are various challenges that faces construction of fiber-optics ground cable networks within African
countries in particular. Examples of these are:
o high cost of drilling operations to link the cables to remote places
o deliberate damage to cables and equipment with intention of theft and vandalism
o Land permit costs for areas that cable network is established on or passes through
o Adequate training of workers to properly install cables and equipment to prevent operational damages.
In this study, a proposal suitable for African River Nile basin countries to lay new fiber optics cable
networks submerged under the river water level will be presented. The proposal addresses the challenges that
are faced by common ground cable networks.
II. Geography of River Nile – Sudan Case
The River Nile is an impressive 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long and pass through an 11 African countries,
namely Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo-Kinshasa, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Sudan,
and Egypt. The River Nile and its three tributaries (the white, the blue Nile, and Atbara river) when passes
through the Sudan they create a complex web that connects many cities from various parts of the country as can
be seen in map shown in Fig. 2. As seen from the map, there are several cities and towns that are located along
the River Nile banks. Table 2. demonstrates a sample list of Sudanese towns with distances less than 100Km
range that lie along the River Nile banks.
3. Feasibility of Laying Fiber-Optic Cables underwater along River Nile Basin- Sudan Study Case
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17154852 www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page
Fig. 1. Africa map with coastal undersea fiber-optic networks. Red Sea coastal city of PortSudan is encircled
Fig.2 Map of the Sudan with provinces, cities, and path of the River Nile and its tributaries.
III. Proposed Network Infrastructure
The River Nile path provides a natural and safe pathway to lay a submerged fiber optic cables and
connects into a network that would provide country wide coverage on relatively low cost premise. Table. 3.
Shows a comparison between ground and submerged cables under River water.
naduStroP
4. Feasibility of Laying Fiber-Optic Cables underwater along River Nile Basin- Sudan Study Case
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17154852 www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
Table 2. Sample list of cities/towns located along the River Nile banks and are within 100Km distances from
neighboring cities.
# City/Town # City/Town # City/Town
1 Wadi Halfa 14 AlBawga 27 Rofaa
2 Arab 15 Berber 28 Wad Madni
3 Dalgo 16 Atbara 29 Sinnar
4 Karma 17 Ad Damer 30 Singa
5 Argo 18 AlZidab 31 AlSuki
6 Dongla 19 Kaboshia 32 Ad Damazin
7 Al Dabbah 20 AlMatma 33 AlRosarus
8 Merowe 21 Shendi 34 AlGitaina
9 Karima 22 Khartoum 35 Ed Duiem
10 Korti 23 Alkhartoum
Bahri
36 Kosti
11 Abu Hamed 24 Omdurman 37 AlJablain
12 AlShraik 25 Alkamleen 38 AlRank
13 Adahm 26 AlHasaheesa 39 Algandag
40 AlFaki
Considering the aforementioned discussion, it would be beneficial to seriously consider constructing a
fiber optic cable network through the River Nile course that would bring about connectivity to inland cities and
town. Such network would enable connection of majority of river cities lies along the River Nile banks by
laying segments of fiber-optic cables submerged at the bottom of the river corridor. Infrastructure would require
construction of:
control, monitor, and repeat centers along the river path for every 100km. This distance represent longest
distance that can travelled by light thru these cables before repeating operations are required.
Such control centers can also serves as check points for other essential services such as water level monitors
during flood seasons and other public safety services.
In the case when the river path through cities that are less that 100Km apart, only minor check points
establishments will be required, resulting in large sums of infrastructure savings.
An analysis of cost, reliability, and system configurations of under river bed fiber optic cable network can be
performed in a similar fashion of that by Paul D. et.al. [2] performed on under sea bed fiber cable networks.
IV. Conclusions
An overview of current status of fiber-optic cable networks in Africa is discussed. It was noted that the
majority of the networks are established through submarine cables flowing over the coastal areas. Very little
connections are constructed to connect inland and remote towns and cities. Moreover, the River Nile basin
countries and river corridor review is also discussed. A proposal to utilize the natural pathway of the River Nile
in the Sudan taken as an example to construct a fiber-optic cable submerged under river water. This would
provide coverage to inland and remote areas that are located on or closer to river banks. A comparison chart of
benefits of using river submerged cables versus ground cables is developed and presented. It was shown that for
countries that are enjoys long river courses, this type of network can be used with significant advantages over
ground cable networks. Such networks could serve as backbone of inter-African countries networks specially
those are part of the River Nile basin.
Table 3. Comparison between ground and submerged cables under River Nile.
Factor Ground Cables Submarine Cables
General Costs High Standard
Land Cost High NA
Temperature High impact Low impact
Theft/Vandalism Frequently Hardly
Maintenance Time consuming and costly Fast and easy
Medium ground water
Human induced External effects Behavior and Frequent Negligible
Wars Direct impact NA
Security Vulnerable Immune
Monitoring Costly and difficult Cheap and easy
Repeaters Standard Power grid Station along River
Power Standard Power grid Station along River
Running cost High Standard
5. Feasibility of Laying Fiber-Optic Cables underwater along River Nile Basin- Sudan Study Case
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17154852 www.iosrjournals.org 52 | Page
Service Continuity Low High
Materials Standard Standard
Earthquakes High and direct impact Low impact
Damage vulnerable immune
References
[1]. Ankit Gambhir, Merits and demerits of optical fiber communication, International Journal of Research in Engineering & Applied
Sciences , Vol. 3, Issue 3, 2013, 99 -104 2012, 112-116.
[2]. Paul, D. ; Greene, K. ; Koepf, Gerhard A. , “Undersea fiber optic cable communications system of the future: Operational,
reliability, and systems considerations”, IEEE journal of light technology, Volume: 2 , Issue: 4 , 1984 , Page(s): 414 – 425
[3]. Iwamoto, Y., Fukinuki, H., Recent advances in submarine optical fiber cable transmission systems in Japan, IEEE Journal of
Lightwave Technology, Volume:3 , Issue: 5 , Oct 1985, pp 1005 – 1016.
[4]. Aditi, Preeti, Submarine Optical Cables as a Key Component in Undersea Telecommunications: A Review, International Journal of
Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM), Volume 1, Issue 4, December 2012, pp 79- 83
[5]. Submarine Cable Map, TeleGeography, “http://www.submarinecablemap.com/#/country/sudan”, updated Jan 27, 2015.