Studies On The Effectiveness of Mixed Diet of Garden Egg, Groundnut And Garlic With Rat Chow On The Haematological Parameters of Anaemia Induced Adult Wistar Rats.
The use of medicinal plants as food supplements and in the treatment of specific diseases dates back to antiquity. Age old anecdotal reports from many cultures strongly suggests a role for diet of plant origin in preventive and therapeutic medicine. Anaemia remains a major public-health problem especially in developing countries. This study aimed at investigating the antianaemic potentials of combined diet of garlic (Allium sativum), garden egg (Solanum melongena) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea).Twenty five wistar rats of both sexes weighing 160-200g were divided equally into five groups. Group 1 served as the non-anaemic control and fed with normal rat chow. Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were induced with anaemia by oral administration of phenylhydrazine (PHZ) given at 50mg/kgBW. Group 2 served as anaemic control, fed with normal rat chow; Group 3 were fed with 20g (75%ww) of garlic, garden egg and groundnut in the ratio of 1:1:1 with normal rat chow; Group 4 fed with 10g of garden egg (50%ww) in the ratio 1:1 with normal rat chow and Group 5 fed with 10g of ground, nut (50%ww) in the ratio 1:1 with normal rat chow. Animals were sacrificed at the end of fourteen days of dietary feeding using chloroform vapour with blood collected at the left ventricle to test for haematological parameters such as red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV). Results showed that RBC, WBC, Hb and PCV values increased in all the experimental as compared to anaemic control with a significant (P<0.05) in WBC values of groups 3 and 4 as compared to the anaemic control. This suggests a consumption of garlic, garden egg and groundnut will moderately improve anaemic condition.
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin, fenbendazole and albendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected goats of government goat development farm, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The study included 50 black Bengal breed of which 30 were naturally infected and randomly selected 20 on the basis of their weight and egg count. Twenty black Bengal goats of 13-15 month old irrespective of sex infested with gastrointestinal nematodes were selected for this experiment and randomly divided into four equal groups (group A, B, C and D) where each group consisted of 5 goats and goats of group D were kept as control group. One injectable ivermectin (200μgkg-1 body weight, S/C) preparations (Techno Drugs Limited, Bangladesh) and two solid fenbendazole, albendazole (7.5 mgkg-1 body weight, orally) preparations (Techno Drugs Limited and Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Bangladesh) were used for positive control of gastrointestinal nematodes as group A, B and C. Goats of group D was kept as control without giving any treatment. Before trials (day 0), total egg count, blood samples and initial body weight were recorded. During the study period the faecal and blood samples were collected directly from rectum and examined on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day using McMaster fecal egg counting method. Body weight were recorded on day 28 following the treatments. The results of the comparative efficacies of different anthelmintic of ivermectin was 100%, followed by fenbendazole 95.33% and albendazole 90.11%. McMaster fecal egg counting method disclose the percentage of Haemonchus spp. (15.38%), with Trichostrongylus spp, Strongyloides spp., and Cooperia spp. also present. The body weight of the treated animals were slightly increased which were significant (p<0.05). After treatment with ivermectin, fenbendazole and albendazole, Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Hemoglobin (Hb) content and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were increased significantly (p>0.05 and p<0.01) in goats but Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) were decreased significantly (p>0.05) in all treated goat and body weight was increased significantly (p<0.01) on day 28. The farm management practices along with results of the present study revealed the efficacy of multiple anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Additional detailed studies are required to clarify the current status of the efficacy of the anthelmintics widely used in different agro ecologies, animal species, and livestock management systems in Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
Background:The main objective of the study is to determine the anti-arthritic effect of whole plant ethanolic extract of Polygonum glabrum
belonging to the family Polygonaceae in Female wistar rats using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) model . Methods:The plants areal
parts were collected near Tirupathi hills, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Phytoconstituents were identified through the
chemical tests. Ethanol (95%) was used to obtain the whole plant extraction through Soxhlet extractor. Female SD rats were used for antiarthritic
screening. Arthritis was induced using FCA, and the anti-arthritic effect of the ethanolic extract of P.glabrum was studied at doses
of 250 and500 mg/kg. The effects were compared with those of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At the end of the study, theliver enzyme levels were
determined and a radiological examination was carried out. Results and Discussion:The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic
extract of Polygonum glabrum showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. P. glabrum at 250 and 500 mg/kg
significantly inhibited the FCA-induced arthritis in the rats. This was manifested by as a decrease in the paw volume. The arthritic control
animals exhibited a significant decrease in body weight compared with control animals without arthritis. P. glabrum treated animals showed
dose dependent reduction in decrease in body weight and arthritis.At the same time, P.glabrum significantly altered the biochemical and
haematological changes induced by FCA (P < 0.05). The anti-arthritic effect of P.glabrum was comparable with that of Indomethacin.
Conclusion:The whole plant extract of P.glabrum showed significant anti-arthritic activity against FCA-induced arthritis in female Wistar
rats.
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin, fenbendazole and albendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected goats of government goat development farm, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The study included 50 black Bengal breed of which 30 were naturally infected and randomly selected 20 on the basis of their weight and egg count. Twenty black Bengal goats of 13-15 month old irrespective of sex infested with gastrointestinal nematodes were selected for this experiment and randomly divided into four equal groups (group A, B, C and D) where each group consisted of 5 goats and goats of group D were kept as control group. One injectable ivermectin (200μgkg-1 body weight, S/C) preparations (Techno Drugs Limited, Bangladesh) and two solid fenbendazole, albendazole (7.5 mgkg-1 body weight, orally) preparations (Techno Drugs Limited and Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Bangladesh) were used for positive control of gastrointestinal nematodes as group A, B and C. Goats of group D was kept as control without giving any treatment. Before trials (day 0), total egg count, blood samples and initial body weight were recorded. During the study period the faecal and blood samples were collected directly from rectum and examined on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day using McMaster fecal egg counting method. Body weight were recorded on day 28 following the treatments. The results of the comparative efficacies of different anthelmintic of ivermectin was 100%, followed by fenbendazole 95.33% and albendazole 90.11%. McMaster fecal egg counting method disclose the percentage of Haemonchus spp. (15.38%), with Trichostrongylus spp, Strongyloides spp., and Cooperia spp. also present. The body weight of the treated animals were slightly increased which were significant (p<0.05). After treatment with ivermectin, fenbendazole and albendazole, Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Hemoglobin (Hb) content and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were increased significantly (p>0.05 and p<0.01) in goats but Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) were decreased significantly (p>0.05) in all treated goat and body weight was increased significantly (p<0.01) on day 28. The farm management practices along with results of the present study revealed the efficacy of multiple anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Additional detailed studies are required to clarify the current status of the efficacy of the anthelmintics widely used in different agro ecologies, animal species, and livestock management systems in Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
Background:The main objective of the study is to determine the anti-arthritic effect of whole plant ethanolic extract of Polygonum glabrum
belonging to the family Polygonaceae in Female wistar rats using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) model . Methods:The plants areal
parts were collected near Tirupathi hills, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Phytoconstituents were identified through the
chemical tests. Ethanol (95%) was used to obtain the whole plant extraction through Soxhlet extractor. Female SD rats were used for antiarthritic
screening. Arthritis was induced using FCA, and the anti-arthritic effect of the ethanolic extract of P.glabrum was studied at doses
of 250 and500 mg/kg. The effects were compared with those of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At the end of the study, theliver enzyme levels were
determined and a radiological examination was carried out. Results and Discussion:The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic
extract of Polygonum glabrum showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. P. glabrum at 250 and 500 mg/kg
significantly inhibited the FCA-induced arthritis in the rats. This was manifested by as a decrease in the paw volume. The arthritic control
animals exhibited a significant decrease in body weight compared with control animals without arthritis. P. glabrum treated animals showed
dose dependent reduction in decrease in body weight and arthritis.At the same time, P.glabrum significantly altered the biochemical and
haematological changes induced by FCA (P < 0.05). The anti-arthritic effect of P.glabrum was comparable with that of Indomethacin.
Conclusion:The whole plant extract of P.glabrum showed significant anti-arthritic activity against FCA-induced arthritis in female Wistar
rats.
Red meat, ancestral diet and environment are not to be solved with prohibitions. I describe in this opinion the biases of observational studies and the mistakes in environment issues.
Anthelmintic activity of Punica granatum ethanol extract against paramphis...researchanimalsciences
Parasitic diseases remain a major threat to livestock production around the
world, particularly in India. Paramphistomosis caused by paramphistomes are one of
the most common and economically important diseases of livestock. The high
incidence of resistance to chemotherapeutics, toxicity and side effects has urged the
necessity of finding alternative plant
-
based anthelmintics against helminth parasites.
Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to assess the anthelmintic effect of
the rind of
Punica granatum
Ethanol Extract (
Pg
EE) against paramphistomes in
infected sheep. Infected sheep were treated orally with 30 and 50 mg/ml
concentrations of
Pg
EE. Eggs Per Gram (EPG) count on faeces, haematological and
biochemical parameters of sheep were investigated. In
Pg
EE
-
treated sheep, the egg
count reduced significantly in the faeces and the reduction was proportional to
dosage and duration after treatment. The maximum reduction (97.95 %) was
observed on day 21 post
-
treatment with 50 mg/ml concentration of
Pg
EE. In infected
sheep, the haemoglobin and protein content were below standard physiological
values. Improvement of haematobiochemical profile was observed in sheep after
treatment with
Pg
EE.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Homeopathy as replacement to antibiotics in the case of Escherichia coli diar...home
The use of antibiotics in the livestock sector is increasing to such an extent
that it threatens negative consequences for human health, animal health and the environment.
Homeopathy might be an alternative to antibiotics. It has therefore been tested in
a randomised placebo-controlled trial to prevent Escherichia coli diarrhoea in neonatal
piglets.
Hepato Protective Assessment of Pawpaw Leaves, Neem, Lemon Grass and Acts on ...ijtsrd
Malaria is a major concern in Nigeria, and stands as the second leading cause of death from all infectious disease in Africa. Several studies have reported the damaging effect of the parasite to various body organs especially the liver. Reports over time has shown the benefits of various plants extracts in ethno medicine. However, not much have been done on the effects of some of these extracts in combined form on its hepato protective assessment in comparison with any known ACT based anti malaria. The focus of this study was to explore the hepato protective properties of ethanoic extract of Carica papaya Linn, AzadirachtaIndica, CymbopogonCitratusagainst ACT based antimalarial therapy on plasmodium berghei parasitized wistar rats. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts were done according to the method described by Treaseand Evans. Hepato protective assessment were done using the liver function tests and assay of the liver histology respectively. One hundred and ten 110 rats distributed into 11 groups, each group having 10rats were used for the experiment. Negative control received just feed and water, Positive control were induced with the malaria parasite and given feed and water only. The tests groups were induced with malaria, received feed and water and treated with 500mg kg, 250mg kg and 165mg kg doses of the extracts, both individually and in combined forms, as well as the standard ACT anti malaria. Phytochemical screening showed that the plant extracts possessed high concentration of Tannins, Flavonoids, Saponins and Alkaloids. Plasmodium berghei increased the activities of ALP, ASP and ALT when compared with the positive control group. This may be attributed to increase in functional capacity of the liver as a result of the presence of the infection for the tests groups. Treatment with the plant extracts decreased ALP and ALT levels significantly P 0.05 , as well as AST levels except for the Neem extract. Histological examination of the liver of test animals showed no extensive damage to the tissue by the individual extracts when compared to the negative control group. Nnyaha Anthonia E. | Igbokwe Ugochukwu V. | Okonkwo Onyeka Chukwudi | Ajeka Prisca O. | Nwaissac Ikechukwu S. | Okpa Precious N. "Hepato-Protective Assessment of Pawpaw Leaves, Neem, Lemon Grass and Acts on Plasmodium Berghei Parasitized Wistar Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46292.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/physiology/46292/hepatoprotective-assessment-of-pawpaw-leaves-neem-lemon-grass-and-acts-on-plasmodium-berghei-parasitized-wistar-rats/nnyaha-anthonia-e
Microbiological Assessment and Storage Quality of Expressed Breast MilkAI Publications
The microbiological and storage quality of expressed human breast milk was studied between July and December, 2016. One hundred and twenty working class lactating mothers and thirty lactating mothers visiting Imo State University teaching Hospital Orlu for various health challenges were recruited for the study. They were requested to express 60ml of their breast milk into sterile containers. The milk sample collected from each mother was distributed 10ml into each of 3 sterile containers. One set was heated at 100OC for 1hour in a water bath, 1 set was stored in a refrigerator at – 4OC for 5 days and 1 set was stored on the bench at ambient temperature without any treatment. 0.1ml of each sample was inoculated on laboratory culture media before commencement of storage and 2hours, 6hours, 12 hours, 24 hours and 5days post storage. Eight genera of bacteria: Stapylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridians, Diphtheroides, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Lactobacillus species, Pseudomonas species and Salmonella species, were isolated from expressed human breast milk samples. The most prevalent bacterium in the milk samples was Staphylococcus epidernidis, followed by Escherichia coli. The least prevalent bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella species and Diphtheroides. No bacterium was isolated from milk samples heated at 100OC and stored in a refrigerator. The total heterotrophic bacterial counts of the milk samples collected from healthy working mothers ranged from 3.2 x 103 to 8.2 x 103cfu/ml, while that of health challenged mothers ranged from 4.3 x 103 to 1.6 x 104cfu/ml. As shown, the bacterial counts of the samples. Out of 30 samples collected from health – challenged mothers, 9 (30%) had total heterotrophic bacteria count ranging from 1.2 x 104 to 1.6 x 104cfu/ml, 21 (70%) had total bacteria count ranging from 4.3 x 103 to 8.6 x 103cfu/ml. Analysis of the data using chi square showed significant difference (p < 0.05) in the total heterotrophic bacterial count of breast milk between healthy working mothers and health challenged mother.
Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Mature Harco Cocks Treated...IJEAB
Twenty sexually matured (24 weeks old) healthy Harco cocks were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on haematology and serum biochemistry. The cocks were divided into 4 treatment groups of 5 cocks per group identified as T1 (control) administered with 1ml physiological saline, T2, administered with 6.75i.u Diclair® and T4, administered with 20.25i.u Diclair®, with one cock per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were dividedinto three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. One week after Diclair® treatments, five birds from each group were bled from the wing veins for haematology and serum biochemistry. Results of this study showed significant differences (P<0.05)>0.05) among the treatment groups. Basophils were not detected among the treatment groups. The results further showed significant differences (P<0.05)>0.05) among the treatment groups. However, the values were within the normal ranges, indicating that Diclair® had no deleterious effect on these parameters.
Red meat, ancestral diet and environment are not to be solved with prohibitions. I describe in this opinion the biases of observational studies and the mistakes in environment issues.
Anthelmintic activity of Punica granatum ethanol extract against paramphis...researchanimalsciences
Parasitic diseases remain a major threat to livestock production around the
world, particularly in India. Paramphistomosis caused by paramphistomes are one of
the most common and economically important diseases of livestock. The high
incidence of resistance to chemotherapeutics, toxicity and side effects has urged the
necessity of finding alternative plant
-
based anthelmintics against helminth parasites.
Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to assess the anthelmintic effect of
the rind of
Punica granatum
Ethanol Extract (
Pg
EE) against paramphistomes in
infected sheep. Infected sheep were treated orally with 30 and 50 mg/ml
concentrations of
Pg
EE. Eggs Per Gram (EPG) count on faeces, haematological and
biochemical parameters of sheep were investigated. In
Pg
EE
-
treated sheep, the egg
count reduced significantly in the faeces and the reduction was proportional to
dosage and duration after treatment. The maximum reduction (97.95 %) was
observed on day 21 post
-
treatment with 50 mg/ml concentration of
Pg
EE. In infected
sheep, the haemoglobin and protein content were below standard physiological
values. Improvement of haematobiochemical profile was observed in sheep after
treatment with
Pg
EE.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Homeopathy as replacement to antibiotics in the case of Escherichia coli diar...home
The use of antibiotics in the livestock sector is increasing to such an extent
that it threatens negative consequences for human health, animal health and the environment.
Homeopathy might be an alternative to antibiotics. It has therefore been tested in
a randomised placebo-controlled trial to prevent Escherichia coli diarrhoea in neonatal
piglets.
Hepato Protective Assessment of Pawpaw Leaves, Neem, Lemon Grass and Acts on ...ijtsrd
Malaria is a major concern in Nigeria, and stands as the second leading cause of death from all infectious disease in Africa. Several studies have reported the damaging effect of the parasite to various body organs especially the liver. Reports over time has shown the benefits of various plants extracts in ethno medicine. However, not much have been done on the effects of some of these extracts in combined form on its hepato protective assessment in comparison with any known ACT based anti malaria. The focus of this study was to explore the hepato protective properties of ethanoic extract of Carica papaya Linn, AzadirachtaIndica, CymbopogonCitratusagainst ACT based antimalarial therapy on plasmodium berghei parasitized wistar rats. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts were done according to the method described by Treaseand Evans. Hepato protective assessment were done using the liver function tests and assay of the liver histology respectively. One hundred and ten 110 rats distributed into 11 groups, each group having 10rats were used for the experiment. Negative control received just feed and water, Positive control were induced with the malaria parasite and given feed and water only. The tests groups were induced with malaria, received feed and water and treated with 500mg kg, 250mg kg and 165mg kg doses of the extracts, both individually and in combined forms, as well as the standard ACT anti malaria. Phytochemical screening showed that the plant extracts possessed high concentration of Tannins, Flavonoids, Saponins and Alkaloids. Plasmodium berghei increased the activities of ALP, ASP and ALT when compared with the positive control group. This may be attributed to increase in functional capacity of the liver as a result of the presence of the infection for the tests groups. Treatment with the plant extracts decreased ALP and ALT levels significantly P 0.05 , as well as AST levels except for the Neem extract. Histological examination of the liver of test animals showed no extensive damage to the tissue by the individual extracts when compared to the negative control group. Nnyaha Anthonia E. | Igbokwe Ugochukwu V. | Okonkwo Onyeka Chukwudi | Ajeka Prisca O. | Nwaissac Ikechukwu S. | Okpa Precious N. "Hepato-Protective Assessment of Pawpaw Leaves, Neem, Lemon Grass and Acts on Plasmodium Berghei Parasitized Wistar Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46292.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/physiology/46292/hepatoprotective-assessment-of-pawpaw-leaves-neem-lemon-grass-and-acts-on-plasmodium-berghei-parasitized-wistar-rats/nnyaha-anthonia-e
Microbiological Assessment and Storage Quality of Expressed Breast MilkAI Publications
The microbiological and storage quality of expressed human breast milk was studied between July and December, 2016. One hundred and twenty working class lactating mothers and thirty lactating mothers visiting Imo State University teaching Hospital Orlu for various health challenges were recruited for the study. They were requested to express 60ml of their breast milk into sterile containers. The milk sample collected from each mother was distributed 10ml into each of 3 sterile containers. One set was heated at 100OC for 1hour in a water bath, 1 set was stored in a refrigerator at – 4OC for 5 days and 1 set was stored on the bench at ambient temperature without any treatment. 0.1ml of each sample was inoculated on laboratory culture media before commencement of storage and 2hours, 6hours, 12 hours, 24 hours and 5days post storage. Eight genera of bacteria: Stapylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridians, Diphtheroides, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Lactobacillus species, Pseudomonas species and Salmonella species, were isolated from expressed human breast milk samples. The most prevalent bacterium in the milk samples was Staphylococcus epidernidis, followed by Escherichia coli. The least prevalent bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella species and Diphtheroides. No bacterium was isolated from milk samples heated at 100OC and stored in a refrigerator. The total heterotrophic bacterial counts of the milk samples collected from healthy working mothers ranged from 3.2 x 103 to 8.2 x 103cfu/ml, while that of health challenged mothers ranged from 4.3 x 103 to 1.6 x 104cfu/ml. As shown, the bacterial counts of the samples. Out of 30 samples collected from health – challenged mothers, 9 (30%) had total heterotrophic bacteria count ranging from 1.2 x 104 to 1.6 x 104cfu/ml, 21 (70%) had total bacteria count ranging from 4.3 x 103 to 8.6 x 103cfu/ml. Analysis of the data using chi square showed significant difference (p < 0.05) in the total heterotrophic bacterial count of breast milk between healthy working mothers and health challenged mother.
Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Mature Harco Cocks Treated...IJEAB
Twenty sexually matured (24 weeks old) healthy Harco cocks were used to determine the effect of Gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on haematology and serum biochemistry. The cocks were divided into 4 treatment groups of 5 cocks per group identified as T1 (control) administered with 1ml physiological saline, T2, administered with 6.75i.u Diclair® and T4, administered with 20.25i.u Diclair®, with one cock per replicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were dividedinto three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. One week after Diclair® treatments, five birds from each group were bled from the wing veins for haematology and serum biochemistry. Results of this study showed significant differences (P<0.05)>0.05) among the treatment groups. Basophils were not detected among the treatment groups. The results further showed significant differences (P<0.05)>0.05) among the treatment groups. However, the values were within the normal ranges, indicating that Diclair® had no deleterious effect on these parameters.
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Similar to Studies On The Effectiveness of Mixed Diet of Garden Egg, Groundnut And Garlic With Rat Chow On The Haematological Parameters of Anaemia Induced Adult Wistar Rats.
Effect of Herbal Medicine Supplementations (Arsilvon Super, Bedgen40 and Hepa-cure Herbal Medicines) on Growth Performance, Immunity and Haematological Profile in Broilers
The effects of co-administration of Azadirachta indica and Gongronema latifolium on the liver of Plasmodium beighei infected Swiss albino mice was evaluated. Thirty mice divided into 6 groups of 5 animals each were used for this study. Healthy control group was not infected with. Other group was infected by intraperitoneal injection of P. beighei. Once parasitaemia was confirmed, treatment groups were assigned; Group A received distilled water at 10ml/kg body weight. Group B was not given any extracts. Groups C was given G.latifolium extract at 500mg/kg body weight. Groups D was given A. indica extract at 500 mg/kg body weight. Group E received both extracts at 500 mg/kg each. Group F received Artemether at 1.6mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. The extracts were administered orally for 5 days. The animals were sacrificed after blood was obtained for serum liver enzymes estimation. The liver were processed for histological study using H and E. Histology of the liver showed sinusoidal congestion and hepatocyte necrosis in the diseased control and steatosis, loss of normal sinusoidal architecture, necrosis of hepatocytes and portal tract inflammation in the A. indica only group. The groups administered G. latifolium, both singly and in combination with A. indica had normal liver histology. The liver enzyme ALT was significantly (p<0.05) raised in A. indica treated group while it was normal in the G. latifolium groups. It will thus appear that G. latifolium ameliorated the hepatotoxicity of A. indica in Plasmodium beighei infected mice.
ABSTRACT- Some Lactobacillus species (L. acidophilus, L. casei and L. plantarum) were isolated from locally fermented products (ogi, fura de Nunu and wara) and their effect on microbial infections caused by some pathogenic bacteria (E.coli, K. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphyloccoccus aureus) isolated from urine and high vaginal swab samples were studied using standard micriobiological methods.Fifiteen (15) healthy guinea pigs used for the study were divided into three (3) groups of five (5) guinea pigs each and placed in three (3) different cages. The pigs were initially fed for two (2) weeks (acclimatization period) with conventional feeds before administering the treatment. Lactobacillus species were introduced into the guinea pigs in cage 2 after the acclimatization period. Subsequently, the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were orally infected with all the clinical bacteria pathogens while the guinea pigs in cage 3 which served as control were left with no microbial treatment. Ten (10) days after treatment, the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HBC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity level were determined. Striking differences were observed from guinea pigs in the different cages. The effectiveness of Lactobacilli (probiotics) was evident when the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were compared. The guinea pigs in cage 1 which were infected with pathogens but no probiotics had lower blood level (mean PCV= 24.8%) and inferior liver condition (mean ALT=58.18µl; mean AST=51.91µl). Higher blood level (Mean PCV=45%) and superior liver conditions (Mean ALT=9.51µl; mean AST=9.7µl) were obtained for guinea pigs in cage 2 which were infected with the same pathogens and fed with probiotics. The control (cage 3) had the highest PCV level and best liver conditions (mean PCV=46.6%, means ALT= 7.65µl; mean AST=11.83µl).Th .This might be attributed to the fact that they were not infected with pathogenic organisms. Lactobacillus species administered are promising probiotics against the tested bacterial pathogens.
Keywords: Lactobacillus species, Guinea pig, Bacteria pathogen, Enzymes assay, Haematological Parameters, Probiotics
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON THE KIDNE...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
THE KIDNEY OF WISTAR RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, ZUBAIRU SA3, MUSA T3, OYEPATA PJ2,
Effect of Administration Ethanol Leaf Extract of Terminalia Chebula on Liver ...oyepata
Effect of Administration Ethanol Leaf Extract of
Terminalia Chebula on Liver of Wister Rat
Joseph Oyepata Simeon1*, Modupe Builders2, Wazis Chama Haruna3, Joseph Opeyemi Tosin4, Sabastine Aliyu
Zubairu5, Musa Tabitha Lubo6, Moh’d A. Sadiq
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
The Effects of Rauwolfia Vomitoria Extract on the Liver Enzymes of Carbon Tet...IOSR Journals
Rauwolfia vomitoria is a natural medicinal plant which has been used over the years for the treatment of various ailments. The effects of extract of rauwolfia vomitoria on liver enzymes of carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity were observed in adult wistar rats weighing between 120g and 190g. They were divided into four groups A,B, C and D of six rats each. Group A served as the control and received 0.41ml of distilled water. The experimental groups B, C and D received different doses of drugs as follows : group B received 0.50ml of rauwolfia vomitoria extract, group C received 0.5ml of carbon tetrachloride and group D received 0.41ml of carbon tetrachloride + 0.4ml of rauwolfia vomitoria extract. The drugs were administered once in a day using intubation method for a period of twenty one days. Twenty four hours after the last administration, the animals were anaesthetized under chloroform vapour and dissected . liver tissues were removed and weighed. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture and Serum samples were separated from clot by centrifugation using bench top centrifuge. Activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were determined using randox kit method. The relative liver weight for carbon tetrachloride treated group were significantly higher (p<0.001)><0.001) than the control. The extract exhibited a liver protective effect against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity
Effect of Gonadotrophin (Pergonal®) on Haematological and Serum Biochemical P...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Twelve Ouda rams aged 2 – 2.6 years and weighed between 40.21 – 40.32kg were randomly distributed into 3 groups of 4 animals with one ram per replicate in a completely randomized design and used to determine the effect of Pergonal® on haematology and serum biochemistry. These groups were assigned to 3 levels of Pergonal® injection as treatments. The injections were 0.00i.u, 49.50i.u, and 99.00i.u Pergonal® represented as T1 (control), T2, and T3, respectively. All the treatments were administered by intramuscular injections. The injections were divided into three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. The results of the study showed that apart from Alanine transaminase and eosinophils, the haematological and serum biochemical parameters and immune status of ouda rams may be affected when 49.50i.u or more of Pergonal are used for induction of spermatogenesis. These parameters should be constantly monitored during pergonal administration in ouda rams.
Comparative Analysis of the Different Brassica OleraceaVarieties Grown on Jos...IOSR Journals
This study was carried out to determine and compare the phytochemical, anti-nutrients, proximate composition and the effects of Brassica oleracea varieties on hepatic and erythropoietic parameters such as liver enzymes and packed cell volume (PCV) respectively. Fresh samples of the different varieties of Brassica oleracea namely: Brassica oleracearepa(Chinese cabbage), Brassica oleracearupetris(red cabbage) and Brassica oleraceapeviridis(green cabbage) were collected from Kasa in Plateau state, Nigeria, and were identified. After the authentication of these samples, the effect of gastric inturbation (oral administration) of the aqueous extracts on Male White Albino rats was observed for 14days. Each of the three (3) varieties were analysed for proximate composition, phytochemicals and anti-nutrients. It was observed that Brassica olereceais an important source of nutrients, particularly minerals. However, the high content of anti-nutritional factors such as cyanides, tannins, oxalates and phytic acids make these minerals bio-unavailable due to the process of chelation. It was also observed that the 3 varieties could have possible effects in the reduction of packed cell volume (PCV)/ Haemoglobin (Hb) levels and in the elevation of liver enzymes activity (Alkaline phosphate, ALT and AST). One could therefore conclude that there is a change in PCV/Hb levels and liver enzymes activity of extract-fed subjects from Brassica oleraceavarieties to the control subjects from normal diet
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON THE KIDNE...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
THE KIDNEY OF WISTAR RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ2
Dynamics of Combined Oral Contraceptive: A Study of Some Haematological Param...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON BRAIN, LU...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, ZUBAIRU SA3, MUSA T3, OYEPATA PJ2
Similar to Studies On The Effectiveness of Mixed Diet of Garden Egg, Groundnut And Garlic With Rat Chow On The Haematological Parameters of Anaemia Induced Adult Wistar Rats. (20)
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway
Studies On The Effectiveness of Mixed Diet of Garden Egg, Groundnut And Garlic With Rat Chow On The Haematological Parameters of Anaemia Induced Adult Wistar Rats.
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 6, Issue 4 (May. – Jun. 2013), PP 26-30
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 26 | Page
Studies On The Effectiveness of Mixed Diet of Garden Egg,
Groundnut And Garlic With Rat Chow On The Haematological
Parameters of Anaemia Induced Adult Wistar Rats.
T. E. Isamoh1*, M. A. Eluwa1, A. O. Akpantah1, T. B. Ekanem1
1 Anatomy Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, P.M.B.1115, Calabar,
Nigeria
Abstract:The use of medicinal plants as food supplements and in the treatment of specific diseases dates back
to antiquity. Age old anecdotal reports from many cultures strongly suggests a role for diet of plant origin in
preventive and therapeutic medicine. Anaemia remains a major public-health problem especially in developing
countries. This study aimed at investigating the antianaemic potentials of combined diet of garlic (Allium
sativum), garden egg (Solanum melongena) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea).Twenty five wistar rats of both
sexes weighing 160-200g were divided equally into five groups. Group 1 served as the non-anaemic control and
fed with normal rat chow. Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were induced with anaemia by oral administration of
phenylhydrazine (PHZ) given at 50mg/kgBW. Group 2 served as anaemic control, fed with normal rat chow;
Group 3 were fed with 20g (75%ww) of garlic, garden egg and groundnut in the ratio of 1:1:1 with normal rat
chow; Group 4 fed with 10g of garden egg (50%ww) in the ratio 1:1 with normal rat chow and Group 5 fed with
10g of ground, nut (50%ww) in the ratio 1:1 with normal rat chow. Animals were sacrificed at the end of
fourteen days of dietary feeding using chloroform vapour with blood collected at the left ventricle to test for
haematological parameters such as red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin
concentration (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV). Results showed that RBC, WBC, Hb and PCV values
increased in all the experimental as compared to anaemic control with a significant (P<0.05) in WBC values of
groups 3 and 4 as compared to the anaemic control. This suggests a consumption of garlic, garden egg and
groundnut will moderately improve anaemic condition.
Keywords: anaemia, garlic, garden egg, groundnut, phenylhydrazine, diet
I. Introduction
Age-old anedoctal reports from many cultures strongly suggest a role for diet in both preventive and
therapeutic medicine (Vaidya and Devasagayam, 2007; Tapsell et al, 2006). Around 60% of the world’s
population depends on herbal medicine, a broad term including dietary plants, for primary health care (Modak et
al., 2007). Ethnopharmacoligical information has shown that the use of various herbal plants for the treatment of
anaemia is common (Akah et al., 2010).
Anaemia is a common blood disorder that is characterised by a reduction from the normal quantity of
circulating haemoglobin in the blood, less than 13g/dl for male and less than 12g/dl for female adults (Okochi et
al., 2003). Anaemia affects people of all ages, although the people at greater risk are the elderly, young women
of child bearing age and the infants. The incidence of anaemia is higher in the third world than in developed
countries due to the presence of many aggravating factors such as poor nutrition, low socio-economic status,
high prevalence of blood parasites such as Plasmodium and Trypanosomes and helminthic infections. Presently,
more than half of the world’s population would experience some form of anaemia in their lifetime (Duff, 2008).
Also over 50% of pregnant women and over 40% of infants worldwide are anaemic with a prevailing significant
morbidity and mortality rates particularly in the developing world (Holden and Acomb, 2007). Hence, anaemia
is one of the leading health disorders posing a great threat to global healthcare.
Medicinal and dietary plants are currently being used in various parts of the world especially in the
tropics for the treatment of various forms of anaemia. Methanol leaf extracts of the leaves of Brillantasia nitens
have been shown to improve anaemic condition (Akah et al., 2010). Studies have also shown that M. indica and
T. occidentalis leave extracts have antianaemic potential (Ogbe et al., 2010).
Garlic (allium sativum), garden egg (Solanum melongena) and groundnut(Arachis hypogaea) are very
common food items in daily Nigerian cuisines as they are cheap and available throughout the year. These plants
have been shown to alleviate certain ailments attributed to the various Phytochemical present in them, but no
data is available on the combined usage of garlic, garden egg and groundnut diet on anaemia. Thus the need of
the present research.
2. Studies On The Effectiveness Of Mixed Diet Of Garden Egg, Groundnut And Garlic With Rat Chow
www.iosrjournals.org 27 | Page
II. Materials and Methods
Breeding of animals
Twenty five adult wister rats of both sexes weighing between 150-200g were used. They were
purchased from the animal house of Department of Physiology, University of Calabar. They were kept in the
animal room of the department of Human Anatomy for a period of two weeks under standard conditions of
temperature 27˚C - 30˚C, photo period of 12-hour natural light cycle and 12-hour dark to acclimatize. They were
fed with pelleted chick mash manufactured by Agro Feed Mill Nigeria Ltd and drinking water given ad libitum.
After the acclimatization period, they were randomly divided into five groups of five rats each; two controls and
three experimental groups.
Preparation of the diet
Garlic, garden egg and groundnut were bought randomly from Watt Market located in Calabar, Cross
River State, Nigeria and were identified by the botanist in the botanical garden of the University of Calabar, the
plants were washed with water to remove impurities and samples certified as spoiled or attacked by infections
were removed. Garlic was defoliated then minced while the garden egg was chopped. The garlic, garden egg
and groundnuts were dried in carbolite moisture extraction drying oven (Grant Instruments, Cambridge
England) at 50˚c. The groundnut was dried for an hour while the garden egg and garlic were dried for three
hours. The now dried samples were blended into coarse powdered form using a kitchen Blender and kept in
glass containers with plastic cover to keep them airtight. (Group B-anemic without treatment, C- Feroglobin
0.15 mg/kg, D, E and F- 37.5, 75, and 150 mg/kg of Solanum torvum extract (STE) respectively daily). The
RBC number and hemoglobin concentration were determined using the CELL-DYN 1800 auto analyzer every
three days for 24 days.
Experimental protocol
After the two weeks of acclimatization, the rats were divided into five groups of five rats each and
placed of a feeding regimen as follows: (Group 1-non-anaemic control, animals fed with normal rat chow;
Group 2-anaemic control, anaemic and fed with normal rat chow; Group 3- anaemic, fed with 20g (75%ww) of
garlic, garden egg and groundnut in the ratio of 1:1:1 with normal rat chow; Group 4-anaemic, fed with 10g of
garden egg (50%ww) in the ratio 1:1 with normal rat chow and group 5-anaemic, fed with 10g of groundnut
(50%ww) in the ratio 1:1 with normal rat chow). Each of these groups was fed for a period of fourteen days.
Induction of anaemia
Anaemia was induced by oral administration of phenylhydrazine (PHZ) given at 50mg/kgBW for the
first two days and then at an interval of three days as maintenance dose. Anaemia was confirmed by test of
haemoglobin(Hb) level using haemoglobemeter (Hemocue Hb 201+
, Ängelholm, Sweden). Pheylhydrazine is a
known haemolysing drug (Goldberg and Stern, 2003).
Collection of blood samples
The blood samples from the experimental rats were collected by nipping of the rats tails during the
course of the experiment and at the end of the fourteenth day of dietary regimen by puncturing the heart at the
left ventricle and withdrawing blood using syringe and needle.
Haematological studies
The blood samples collected served to determine the following haematological parameters: red blood
cell (RBC) counts, white blood cell (WBC) count, Hb and packed cell volume (PCV) count using the auto
haematology analyser. (Sysmex K21, Auto Hematology Analyser. Tokyo, Japan), (Dacie and Lewis, 1991.). Hb
was measured during the course of the experiment by using haemoglobemeter. Blood collected by nipping the
rat tail was dropped into the strip. The strip was then inserted into the haemoglobemeter and the Hb value read
off the screen.
Statistical analysis
This was done using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc test. All values is expressed as mean
± standard error of mean (SEM) and values are statistically significant at p < 0.05.
3. Studies On The Effectiveness Of Mixed Diet Of Garden Egg, Groundnut And Garlic With Rat Chow
www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page
III. Result
The drop in Hb in all the phz treated groups at day 4 indicate onset of anaemia (Table 1, Figure 1). A
persistent lowered value of Hb and PCV in the anaemic control is an indication of anaemia throughout the
duration of experiment. Diet fed animals showed a non-significant (p<0.05) increase in Hb, PCV and RBC as
compared to both anaemic and non anaemic controls (Table 2, Figure 2).
The WBC of animals in group 3 show a significant (p<0.05) decrease as compared to non-anaemic control and
significant (p<0.05) decrease in animals in group 4 as compared to both anaemic and non anaemic controls.
TABLE 1: Haemoglobin levels on day 1, day 4 of inducing anaemia and termination of experiment.
Groups of rats Hb (g/dl)
Initial Day 4 Final day
(1) Non anaemic control
(2) Anaemic control
(3) Fed garlic, garden egg and groundnut
(4) Fed garden egg
(5) Fed groundnut
12.86±0.49
14.2±0.77
11.44±1.40
13.34±1.40
13.56±1.33
12.9±0.51
10.6±0.53
10.53±0.87
10.47±1.03
10.22±0.88
13.6±0.70
13.44±0.91
13.96±0.21
14.74±0.82
13.66±0.63
Values are mean±SEM, n=5.
TABLE 2: Effect of diet consumption on some haematological parameters of phenylhydrazine induced anaemic
rats
Groups of rats Hb
(g/dl)
PCV
(%)
RBC
(×106
μl)
WBC
(×103
μl)
(1) Non anaemic control
(2) Anaemic control
(3) Fed garlic, garden egg and groundnut
(4) Fed garden egg
(5) Fed groundnut
13.6±0.70
13.44±0.91
13.96±0.21
14.94±0.67
14.26±0.41
47.6±2.92
44.18±3.05
48.72±1.13
49.24±1.76
49.14±1.79
7.84±0.43
7.14±0.49
7.70±0.31
7.33±0.53
7.07±0.40
15.84±2.73
16.34±2.04
10.4±1.26 a
8.92±1.74* a
12.26±1.93
Values are mean±SEM, n=5.
*p<0.05 vs control; a=p<0.05 vs grp 2
FIGURE 1: Haemoglobin levels on day 1, day 4 of inducing anaemia and termination of experiment.
Values are mean±SEM, n=5.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5
Initial Hb
Day 4 Hb
Final Hb
4. Studies On The Effectiveness Of Mixed Diet Of Garden Egg, Groundnut And Garlic With Rat Chow
www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page
FIGURE 2: Effect of diet consumption on some haematological parameters of phenylhydrazine induced
anaemic rats
Values are mean±SEM, n=5.
*p<0.05 vs control; a=p<0.05 vs grp 2
IV. Discussion
Phenylhydrazine has been documented to have the ability of inducing haemolytic anaemia in rats both
when administered peritoneally and orally by decreasing the concentrations of blood parameters such as HB,
PCV, RBC and WBC (Criswell et al., 2002; O’Riorda et al., 1995). The decrease in concentration of Hb of
animals after day 3 of administration of phenylhydrazine at a dose of 50mg/kgBW is an indication of anaemia.
There seems to be a recovery from anaemia at the end of the experiment by the animal in anaemic control. This
could be attributed to a decreasing effect of the drug as the animals went two days without the maintenance
dosage (Ogbe et al, 2010).
The slight increase in concentrations of Hb and PCV and RBC (Table 2) in animals fed with the
various dietary feed (grps 3, 4 and 5) as compared to the anaemic and non anaemic controls may be an
indication to a mild antianaeamic potentials of garlic, garden egg and groundnut. The antianaemic potential of
garlic has been previously reported (Iranloye, 2002).
Garlic, garden egg and groundnut have been documented to contain reasonable amounts of Vitamin
B12, folate and other minerals such as Iron and vitamin c (Ayoola and Adeyeye, 2010; Verna et al, 2008; Chen
and Li, 2005 and Perry, 1980). These constituents may have contributed in the reversal of the PHZ-induced
haemolytic anaemia in the treated groups).
Phenylhydrazine has been reported to cause oxidative damage to red cells by increasing the formation
of reactive oxygen species (Clemens et al., 1984; Hill and Thornalley, 1982). Certain Phytochemical including
alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins act as antioxidant protecting cells against damage by free radicals. Garlic,
garden egg and groundnut has been shown to contain flavonoid, sapponins, phenolics and tannins (Shad et al,
2009; Verna. 2008; Hanson et al., 2006 ; Igwe et al., 2003; Perry, 1980,). This Phytochemical did reverse the
adverse effect of phenylhydrazine. The antioxidant property of garlic (Amagase, 2006; Orekhov and Grunwald,
1997; Efendyl et al., 1997), garden egg (Igwe et al., 2003) and groundnut (Shad et al, 2009; Chang, 2006) has
been previous reported.
The administration of Phenylhydrazine stimulated increased production of white blood cell in the
anaemic control rats (Table 2). This could be a possible stimulation of the immune defence system (Kashinath,
1990; Abdulraham, 2004) as occurred in the anaemic rats. The decrease in values of white blood cell in rats in
groups 3, 4 and 5 may be as a result of the antioxidant properties of garlic and garden egg and groundnut as they
may act by scavenging the free radicals released by the Phenylhydrazine. Garlic, garden egg and groundnut
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5
Hb (g/dl)
PCV (%)
RBC (×106)
WBC (×103)
* a
a
5. Studies On The Effectiveness Of Mixed Diet Of Garden Egg, Groundnut And Garlic With Rat Chow
www.iosrjournals.org 30 | Page
contain vitamin C and Vitamin B complex which are known to boost the body’s immune system (Koffuor et al.,
2011).
V. Conclusion
Result observed in this study indicates that the consumption of garlic, garden egg and groundnut is
nutritionally therapeutic and beneficial to anaemic individuals.
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