This document proposes laying fiber optic cables along existing railway tracks in Sudan to connect remote cities and towns. Some key points:
- Fiber optic cables have advantages over regular cables for data transmission, but are expensive to install. Railway tracks provide cleared linear routes to lay cables cost-effectively.
- The Sudan railway network spans over 5,898 km and connects many remote locations, providing an opportunity to establish a fiber optic network along the tracks.
- The proposal suggests laying fiber optic cables in pipes buried between or beside railway tracks for new and existing tracks. This would provide a secure and inexpensive way to connect remote areas of Sudan.
Review Paper on Airborne Internet Access through Submarine Optical Fiber CablesEECJOURNAL
Today is the era of high technology and information exchange world. Everyone is in need of sending or downloading a huge amount of data. Further being connected on the go and all the time is what people want today. Broadband and wireless connectivity in homes and offices is what being used by users that keep them wire free and make the accessibility easy and fast. Further to this providing a robust, fast and reliable connectivity network to the people on the go in vehicles and even aircraft is a challenge. In this paper we explore such a technology that talks about connectivity in aviation and aircrafts i.e. Airborne Internet. The idea is to take all the facilities and implementation of the ground networks and provide a high speed network connecting aircraft and ground.
Design & investigation of 10x10 gbit/s MDM over hybrid FSO link under differe...journalBEEI
In this paper, we design and investigate 10-channels of mode division multiplexer (MDM) over hybrid free-space optics (FSO) link in several weather conditions to achieve the maximum possible medium range and fiber to the home (FTTH) for high bandwidth access networks. System capacity can be effectively increased with the use of MDM over hybrid FSO-FTTH. In this study, a 10-channel MDM over FSO-FTTH system has been analyzed in different weather conditions that operate at 1550 nm wavelength. The simulated system has transmitted 100 Gbit/s up for a distance of 3200 meters FSO in superbly clear weather condition. It also transmitted 100 Gbit/s up for a distance of 650 meters FSO during heavy rain. The validation of this study is measures based on eye diagrams bit-error rates (BER) that have been analyzed.
Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution to meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Integrated Hybrid Optical Network (IHON) networks for mobile fronthaul. TransPacket AS (www.transpacket.com) develops a fusion switching that efficiently serves both Guaranteed Service Transport (GST) traffic with absolute priority and packet switched Statistical Multiplexing (SM) best effort traffic. We verified how the leftover capacity of fusion node can be used to carry the low priority packets and how the GST traffic can have deterministic characteristics on a single wavelength by delaying it with Fixed Delay Line (FDL). For example, for L1GE SM =0.3 the added SM traffic increases the 10GE wavelength utilization up to 89% without any losses and with SM PLR=1E-03 up to 92% utilization. The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of GST traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.
19 9255 nautical ad hoc network application edit septianIAESIJEECS
High data rate communication in terrestrial wireless scenarios can be accomplished by setting up Base Stations (BS) on the ground. But applying the similar technique to maritime communication may not be suitable because owing to the geographically constrained nature of the ocean, henceforth, MF/HF modems, extensive-distance transmission characteristics with low data-rate are commonly employed in maritime communiqué. Inmarsat is conservatively used in Maritime satellite communiqué in order to reimburse for low data-rate transmission of MF/HF modems, but its main negative aspect is high cost. To improve the transmission speed along with low price, in general, a network whose architecture is similar to Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET), that permits peer-to-peer transportation without BS, i.e., ad-hoc network is critical. An ad-hoc network for nautical environment named as Nautical Ad-hoc Network (NANET) was proposed. Multiple access and duplexing schemes are used to implement the nautical network for corresponding NANET scenarios.
Review Paper on Airborne Internet Access through Submarine Optical Fiber CablesEECJOURNAL
Today is the era of high technology and information exchange world. Everyone is in need of sending or downloading a huge amount of data. Further being connected on the go and all the time is what people want today. Broadband and wireless connectivity in homes and offices is what being used by users that keep them wire free and make the accessibility easy and fast. Further to this providing a robust, fast and reliable connectivity network to the people on the go in vehicles and even aircraft is a challenge. In this paper we explore such a technology that talks about connectivity in aviation and aircrafts i.e. Airborne Internet. The idea is to take all the facilities and implementation of the ground networks and provide a high speed network connecting aircraft and ground.
Design & investigation of 10x10 gbit/s MDM over hybrid FSO link under differe...journalBEEI
In this paper, we design and investigate 10-channels of mode division multiplexer (MDM) over hybrid free-space optics (FSO) link in several weather conditions to achieve the maximum possible medium range and fiber to the home (FTTH) for high bandwidth access networks. System capacity can be effectively increased with the use of MDM over hybrid FSO-FTTH. In this study, a 10-channel MDM over FSO-FTTH system has been analyzed in different weather conditions that operate at 1550 nm wavelength. The simulated system has transmitted 100 Gbit/s up for a distance of 3200 meters FSO in superbly clear weather condition. It also transmitted 100 Gbit/s up for a distance of 650 meters FSO during heavy rain. The validation of this study is measures based on eye diagrams bit-error rates (BER) that have been analyzed.
Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution to meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Integrated Hybrid Optical Network (IHON) networks for mobile fronthaul. TransPacket AS (www.transpacket.com) develops a fusion switching that efficiently serves both Guaranteed Service Transport (GST) traffic with absolute priority and packet switched Statistical Multiplexing (SM) best effort traffic. We verified how the leftover capacity of fusion node can be used to carry the low priority packets and how the GST traffic can have deterministic characteristics on a single wavelength by delaying it with Fixed Delay Line (FDL). For example, for L1GE SM =0.3 the added SM traffic increases the 10GE wavelength utilization up to 89% without any losses and with SM PLR=1E-03 up to 92% utilization. The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of GST traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.
19 9255 nautical ad hoc network application edit septianIAESIJEECS
High data rate communication in terrestrial wireless scenarios can be accomplished by setting up Base Stations (BS) on the ground. But applying the similar technique to maritime communication may not be suitable because owing to the geographically constrained nature of the ocean, henceforth, MF/HF modems, extensive-distance transmission characteristics with low data-rate are commonly employed in maritime communiqué. Inmarsat is conservatively used in Maritime satellite communiqué in order to reimburse for low data-rate transmission of MF/HF modems, but its main negative aspect is high cost. To improve the transmission speed along with low price, in general, a network whose architecture is similar to Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET), that permits peer-to-peer transportation without BS, i.e., ad-hoc network is critical. An ad-hoc network for nautical environment named as Nautical Ad-hoc Network (NANET) was proposed. Multiple access and duplexing schemes are used to implement the nautical network for corresponding NANET scenarios.
Comprehensive investigation of coherent optical OFDM-RoF employing 16QAM exte...IJECEIAES
Given the growing need for long haul transmission that requires a high rate of data, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing scheme (OFDM), is regarded as a technique with high potentials for high-capacity optical networks. OFDM transmits over both optical and wireless channels, with the data distributed over a huge amount of the subcarrier, and the data is distributed over a huge number of subcarriers. OFDM achieves RF signal for a long-haul transmitting by utilizing Radio over Fiber (RoF) system, which is known to produce higher orthogonality of the OFDM modulated signal designed for the wireless network. RoF systems comprise of heterogeneous networks designed through the use of wireless and optical links. The aim of this paper is to carry out an investigation of the performance of the external modulation in RoF links, while analyzing the shortcomings caused by the various elements of the optical system. The Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) can be applied in external modulation, and exhibits a more robust performance when implemented with the OFDM modulation technique.
A compact UWB monopole antenna with penta band notched characteristicsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A modified rectangular monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with penta notched frequency bands is presented. An inverted U shaped and slanted U-shaped on the radiating patch are inserted to achieve WiMAX and ARN bands rejection respectively, two mirrored summation Σ-shaped and four mirrored 5-shaped slots are inserted on the partial ground to achieve WLAN and X-band bands rejection respectively, finally rectangular shaped slot with partially open on the feed is inserted to achieve ITU-8 band rejection. The proposed antenna which was simulated has a compact size 30×35×1.6 m3. It is operated with impedance bandwidth 2.8-10.6 GHz at |S11| < −10 dB, that supported UWB bandwidth with filtering the five narrowbands that avoid the possible interference with them. The simulated resonant frequency for notched filters received 3.55, 4.55, 5.53, 7.45, 8.16 GHZ, for WiMAX, ARN, WLAN, X-Band, ITU-8 respectively. The proposed antenna is suitable for wireless communication such as mobile communication and internet of everything (IoE). Throughout this paper, CST-EM software package was used for the design implementation. Surface current distributions for all notched filters were investigated and shown that it is concentrated around the feeding point and the inserted notched slots proving that there is no radiation to the space due to maximum stored electromagnetic energy around each investigated notch slot, proving that the slots play a role of a quarter wavelength transformer which generates for each notched band, maximum gain, and radiation pattern are also investigated.
Physical Layer Technologies And Challenges In Mobile Satellite CommunicationsIDES Editor
The central features of the future fourth-generation
mobile communication systems are the provisioning of highspeed
data transmissions (up to 1 Gb/s) and interactive
multimedia services. For effective delivery of these services,
the network must satisfy some stringent quality-of-service
(QoS) metrics, defined typically in terms of maximum delay
and/or minimum throughput performances. Mobile satellite
systems will be fully integrated with the future terrestrial
cellular systems, playing important roles as back-bones or
access satellites, to provide ubiquitous global coverage to
diverse users. The challenges for future broadband satellite
systems, therefore, lie in the proper deployments of state-ofthe-
art satellite technologies to ensure seamless integration of
the satellite networks into the cellular systems and its QoS
frameworks, while achieving, to the extent possible, efficient
use of the precious satellite link resources. This paper presents
an overview of the future high-speed satellite mobile
communication systems, the technologies deployed or planned
for deployments, and the challenges.
RECONFIGURABLE OPTICAL ADD AND DROP MULTIPLEXERS A REVIEWecijjournal
Optical multiplexing is the key function of a WDM network and reliable method for data transport networks. WDM networks configured as rings/mesh along with Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers supports added flexibility, simplicity and augment the spectral efficiency. Further enhancement achieved with Reconfigurable OADM architectures, growing briskly along with automatic network management, let the transport network to acclimatize with dynamically varying environment and flexibly respond to the transport network changes. It permits single or many wavelengths to be added and/or dropped from a
transport fiber without optical-to-electrical-to-optical domain translation. Presently ROADM technology
has revolutionized optical networking and an inseparable part of modern optical communication offering huge bandwidth for data transport at minimum expense. In this view the article presents comprehensive study for numerous generations of ROADM and their architecture and persistent development
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CARRIER AGGREGATION FOR VARIOUS MOBILE NETWORK IMPLEM...ijwmn
Carrier Aggregation (CA) is one of the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) features that allow mobile network operators (MNO) to combine multiple component carriers (CCs) across the available spectrum to create a wider bandwidth channel for increasing the network data throughput and overall capacity. CA has a potential to enhance data rates and network performance in the downlink, uplink, or both, and it can support aggregation of frequency division duplexing (FDD) as well as time division duplexing (TDD). The technique enables the MNO to exploit fragmented spectrum allocations and can be utilized to aggregate licensed and unlicensed carrier spectrum as well. This paper analyzes the performance gains and complexity level that arises from the aggregation of three inter-band component carriers (3CC) as compared to the aggregation of 2CC using a Vienna LTE System Level simulator. The results show a considerable growth in the average cell throughput when 3CC aggregations are implemented over the 2CC aggregation, at the expense of reduction in the fairness index. The reduction in the fairness index implies that, the scheduler has an increased task in resource allocations due to the added component carrier. Compensating for such decrease in the fairness index could result into scheduler design complexity. The proposed scheme can be adopted in combining various component carriers, to increase the bandwidth and hence the data rates.
CompTIA exam study guide presentations by instructor Brian Ferrill, PACE-IT (Progressive, Accelerated Certifications for Employment in Information Technology)
"Funded by the Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Grant #TC-23745-12-60-A-53"
Learn more about the PACE-IT Online program: www.edcc.edu/pace-it
Technical Performance Analysis of AMPS vs. TDMA Wireless Cellular System Desi...zillesubhan
Telecommunication is one of the integral parts of science that has always been a focus point for
exchanging information among parties at locations. The term `mobile' has completely revolutionized the
communication by opening up innovative applications that are limited to one's imagination. Today, mobile
communication has become the backbone of the society and is spreading very fast when the government throughout
the world provided radio spectrum licenses for Personal Communication Service (PCS) in 1.8 - 2 GHz frequency
band. The first generation networks in the market were AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) deployed in
Chicago in 1983. The main technology of this first generation mobile system was AMPS. However, the second
generation networks based on Digital modulation formats that were introduced in this generation with the main
technology as TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access). In this research paper, we assume our company name as
Telecom Mobile Company has a budget of $20 million with the population of 850, 000 users that can be affording
only 33 cells where the cluster size is 7. Therefore, each cell costs about $250,000 and each user channel in the cell
site costs to $1000. The cluster having 395 voice channels, so the number of channel per cell can be 395/7=56
channels in a Hexagonal Cell Structure. The calculation work is done such as coverage area, distance, signal to
interference ratio, Receiver Sensitivity, Noise Density, Path loss, Okumura model, etc. for AMPS and TDMA design
based on Telecom Mobile Company’s budget. From this paper, TDMA is the efficient utilization of hierarchical cell
structures that allows coverage for the system to be tailored to support specific traffic and service needs whereas
AMPS is not very efficient. From cellular system designing, consequently TDMA offers a flexible air interface,
providing high performance with respect to capacity, coverage, and unlimited support of mobility and capability to
handle different types of user needs. In AMPS, each user can access a channel on a continuous time basis
according where TDMA provides the voice conversation that allows more users to carry a secured conversation on
the same channel as users were assigned different time slots. Moreover, the designing approach for AMPS and
TDMA is same except that in TDMA, each channel is shared by 3 different user in hexagonal cell on Telecom
Mobile Company budget based on our assumptions.
Cellular Connectivity: Changing the Landscape of the Cellular Backhaul Market...ST Engineering iDirect
The demand for connectivity is surging worldwide. Today more than ever, more people in more places are connecting for work, entertainment, social communications, and education. Increasingly, they’re using smartphones, tablets, and other easy-to-carry devices. And in many underdeveloped parts of the world, smartphones are often the only Internet access technology that’s both affordable and available.
As a result, mobile networks are poised to become the primary way in which we connect. According to the 2018 Ericsson Mobility Report, there will be 7.2 billion smartphone subscriptions by 2023. Total data traffic has surged by 400% from 2013 to today and is projected to explode another 500% by 2023.
Massive MIMO-Based 5G Networks: Energy Harvesting Base Stations with Minimum ...IJASRD Journal
The degree of CSI available to Transmitter and Receiver is influenced by the capacity of MIMO (Multiple Input and Multiple Output). The maximizing Energy Efficiency (EE) is to optimum transmission strategy for multiple user Massive MIMO system are to be optimized in radio frequency energy harvesting network. The grid energy permits requite for the changeability and intermittent the harvest energy. Hence, the quality of service constraint has to been solved under the problem of power grid expenditure reduction. In hybrid Massive MIMO system focuses on Energy efficient maximization where Massive MIMO employs where there are two other promising 5G technologies: assorted networks and millimeter wave. For achieving larger Energy Efficiency gains multiple opportunities open up than with conservative Massive MIMO systems. A sarcastic psychoanalysis of the Energy Efficient development approach considering combination Massive MIMO scheme permits as to verify various open research tribulation it will immensely help users in using energy-efficient 5G deployments.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Maximising system throughput in wireless powered sub-6 GHz and millimetre-wav...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Millimetre wave (mm-Wave) bands and sub-6 GHz are key technologies in solving the spectrum critical situation in the fifth generation (5G) wireless networks in achieving high throughput with low transmission power. This paper studies the performance of dense small cells that involve a millimetre wave (mm-Wave) band and sub-6 GHz that operate in high frequency to support massive multiple-input-multiple-output systems (MIMO). In this paper, we analyse the propagation path loss and wireless powered transfer for a 5G wireless cellular system from both macro cells and femtocells in the sub-6 GHz (μWave) and mm-Wave tiers. This paper also analyses the tier heterogeneous in downlink for both mm-Wave and sub-6 GHz. It further proposes a novel distributed power to mitigate the inter-beam interference directors and achieve high throughput under game theory-based power constraints across the sub-6 GHz and mm-Wave interfaces. From the simulation results, the proposed distributed powers in femtocell suppresses inter-beam interference by minimising path loss to active users (UEs) and provides substantial power saving by controlling the distributed power algorithm to achieve high throughput.
Comprehensive investigation of coherent optical OFDM-RoF employing 16QAM exte...IJECEIAES
Given the growing need for long haul transmission that requires a high rate of data, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing scheme (OFDM), is regarded as a technique with high potentials for high-capacity optical networks. OFDM transmits over both optical and wireless channels, with the data distributed over a huge amount of the subcarrier, and the data is distributed over a huge number of subcarriers. OFDM achieves RF signal for a long-haul transmitting by utilizing Radio over Fiber (RoF) system, which is known to produce higher orthogonality of the OFDM modulated signal designed for the wireless network. RoF systems comprise of heterogeneous networks designed through the use of wireless and optical links. The aim of this paper is to carry out an investigation of the performance of the external modulation in RoF links, while analyzing the shortcomings caused by the various elements of the optical system. The Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) can be applied in external modulation, and exhibits a more robust performance when implemented with the OFDM modulation technique.
A compact UWB monopole antenna with penta band notched characteristicsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A modified rectangular monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with penta notched frequency bands is presented. An inverted U shaped and slanted U-shaped on the radiating patch are inserted to achieve WiMAX and ARN bands rejection respectively, two mirrored summation Σ-shaped and four mirrored 5-shaped slots are inserted on the partial ground to achieve WLAN and X-band bands rejection respectively, finally rectangular shaped slot with partially open on the feed is inserted to achieve ITU-8 band rejection. The proposed antenna which was simulated has a compact size 30×35×1.6 m3. It is operated with impedance bandwidth 2.8-10.6 GHz at |S11| < −10 dB, that supported UWB bandwidth with filtering the five narrowbands that avoid the possible interference with them. The simulated resonant frequency for notched filters received 3.55, 4.55, 5.53, 7.45, 8.16 GHZ, for WiMAX, ARN, WLAN, X-Band, ITU-8 respectively. The proposed antenna is suitable for wireless communication such as mobile communication and internet of everything (IoE). Throughout this paper, CST-EM software package was used for the design implementation. Surface current distributions for all notched filters were investigated and shown that it is concentrated around the feeding point and the inserted notched slots proving that there is no radiation to the space due to maximum stored electromagnetic energy around each investigated notch slot, proving that the slots play a role of a quarter wavelength transformer which generates for each notched band, maximum gain, and radiation pattern are also investigated.
Physical Layer Technologies And Challenges In Mobile Satellite CommunicationsIDES Editor
The central features of the future fourth-generation
mobile communication systems are the provisioning of highspeed
data transmissions (up to 1 Gb/s) and interactive
multimedia services. For effective delivery of these services,
the network must satisfy some stringent quality-of-service
(QoS) metrics, defined typically in terms of maximum delay
and/or minimum throughput performances. Mobile satellite
systems will be fully integrated with the future terrestrial
cellular systems, playing important roles as back-bones or
access satellites, to provide ubiquitous global coverage to
diverse users. The challenges for future broadband satellite
systems, therefore, lie in the proper deployments of state-ofthe-
art satellite technologies to ensure seamless integration of
the satellite networks into the cellular systems and its QoS
frameworks, while achieving, to the extent possible, efficient
use of the precious satellite link resources. This paper presents
an overview of the future high-speed satellite mobile
communication systems, the technologies deployed or planned
for deployments, and the challenges.
RECONFIGURABLE OPTICAL ADD AND DROP MULTIPLEXERS A REVIEWecijjournal
Optical multiplexing is the key function of a WDM network and reliable method for data transport networks. WDM networks configured as rings/mesh along with Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers supports added flexibility, simplicity and augment the spectral efficiency. Further enhancement achieved with Reconfigurable OADM architectures, growing briskly along with automatic network management, let the transport network to acclimatize with dynamically varying environment and flexibly respond to the transport network changes. It permits single or many wavelengths to be added and/or dropped from a
transport fiber without optical-to-electrical-to-optical domain translation. Presently ROADM technology
has revolutionized optical networking and an inseparable part of modern optical communication offering huge bandwidth for data transport at minimum expense. In this view the article presents comprehensive study for numerous generations of ROADM and their architecture and persistent development
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CARRIER AGGREGATION FOR VARIOUS MOBILE NETWORK IMPLEM...ijwmn
Carrier Aggregation (CA) is one of the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) features that allow mobile network operators (MNO) to combine multiple component carriers (CCs) across the available spectrum to create a wider bandwidth channel for increasing the network data throughput and overall capacity. CA has a potential to enhance data rates and network performance in the downlink, uplink, or both, and it can support aggregation of frequency division duplexing (FDD) as well as time division duplexing (TDD). The technique enables the MNO to exploit fragmented spectrum allocations and can be utilized to aggregate licensed and unlicensed carrier spectrum as well. This paper analyzes the performance gains and complexity level that arises from the aggregation of three inter-band component carriers (3CC) as compared to the aggregation of 2CC using a Vienna LTE System Level simulator. The results show a considerable growth in the average cell throughput when 3CC aggregations are implemented over the 2CC aggregation, at the expense of reduction in the fairness index. The reduction in the fairness index implies that, the scheduler has an increased task in resource allocations due to the added component carrier. Compensating for such decrease in the fairness index could result into scheduler design complexity. The proposed scheme can be adopted in combining various component carriers, to increase the bandwidth and hence the data rates.
CompTIA exam study guide presentations by instructor Brian Ferrill, PACE-IT (Progressive, Accelerated Certifications for Employment in Information Technology)
"Funded by the Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Grant #TC-23745-12-60-A-53"
Learn more about the PACE-IT Online program: www.edcc.edu/pace-it
Technical Performance Analysis of AMPS vs. TDMA Wireless Cellular System Desi...zillesubhan
Telecommunication is one of the integral parts of science that has always been a focus point for
exchanging information among parties at locations. The term `mobile' has completely revolutionized the
communication by opening up innovative applications that are limited to one's imagination. Today, mobile
communication has become the backbone of the society and is spreading very fast when the government throughout
the world provided radio spectrum licenses for Personal Communication Service (PCS) in 1.8 - 2 GHz frequency
band. The first generation networks in the market were AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) deployed in
Chicago in 1983. The main technology of this first generation mobile system was AMPS. However, the second
generation networks based on Digital modulation formats that were introduced in this generation with the main
technology as TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access). In this research paper, we assume our company name as
Telecom Mobile Company has a budget of $20 million with the population of 850, 000 users that can be affording
only 33 cells where the cluster size is 7. Therefore, each cell costs about $250,000 and each user channel in the cell
site costs to $1000. The cluster having 395 voice channels, so the number of channel per cell can be 395/7=56
channels in a Hexagonal Cell Structure. The calculation work is done such as coverage area, distance, signal to
interference ratio, Receiver Sensitivity, Noise Density, Path loss, Okumura model, etc. for AMPS and TDMA design
based on Telecom Mobile Company’s budget. From this paper, TDMA is the efficient utilization of hierarchical cell
structures that allows coverage for the system to be tailored to support specific traffic and service needs whereas
AMPS is not very efficient. From cellular system designing, consequently TDMA offers a flexible air interface,
providing high performance with respect to capacity, coverage, and unlimited support of mobility and capability to
handle different types of user needs. In AMPS, each user can access a channel on a continuous time basis
according where TDMA provides the voice conversation that allows more users to carry a secured conversation on
the same channel as users were assigned different time slots. Moreover, the designing approach for AMPS and
TDMA is same except that in TDMA, each channel is shared by 3 different user in hexagonal cell on Telecom
Mobile Company budget based on our assumptions.
Cellular Connectivity: Changing the Landscape of the Cellular Backhaul Market...ST Engineering iDirect
The demand for connectivity is surging worldwide. Today more than ever, more people in more places are connecting for work, entertainment, social communications, and education. Increasingly, they’re using smartphones, tablets, and other easy-to-carry devices. And in many underdeveloped parts of the world, smartphones are often the only Internet access technology that’s both affordable and available.
As a result, mobile networks are poised to become the primary way in which we connect. According to the 2018 Ericsson Mobility Report, there will be 7.2 billion smartphone subscriptions by 2023. Total data traffic has surged by 400% from 2013 to today and is projected to explode another 500% by 2023.
Massive MIMO-Based 5G Networks: Energy Harvesting Base Stations with Minimum ...IJASRD Journal
The degree of CSI available to Transmitter and Receiver is influenced by the capacity of MIMO (Multiple Input and Multiple Output). The maximizing Energy Efficiency (EE) is to optimum transmission strategy for multiple user Massive MIMO system are to be optimized in radio frequency energy harvesting network. The grid energy permits requite for the changeability and intermittent the harvest energy. Hence, the quality of service constraint has to been solved under the problem of power grid expenditure reduction. In hybrid Massive MIMO system focuses on Energy efficient maximization where Massive MIMO employs where there are two other promising 5G technologies: assorted networks and millimeter wave. For achieving larger Energy Efficiency gains multiple opportunities open up than with conservative Massive MIMO systems. A sarcastic psychoanalysis of the Energy Efficient development approach considering combination Massive MIMO scheme permits as to verify various open research tribulation it will immensely help users in using energy-efficient 5G deployments.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Maximising system throughput in wireless powered sub-6 GHz and millimetre-wav...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Millimetre wave (mm-Wave) bands and sub-6 GHz are key technologies in solving the spectrum critical situation in the fifth generation (5G) wireless networks in achieving high throughput with low transmission power. This paper studies the performance of dense small cells that involve a millimetre wave (mm-Wave) band and sub-6 GHz that operate in high frequency to support massive multiple-input-multiple-output systems (MIMO). In this paper, we analyse the propagation path loss and wireless powered transfer for a 5G wireless cellular system from both macro cells and femtocells in the sub-6 GHz (μWave) and mm-Wave tiers. This paper also analyses the tier heterogeneous in downlink for both mm-Wave and sub-6 GHz. It further proposes a novel distributed power to mitigate the inter-beam interference directors and achieve high throughput under game theory-based power constraints across the sub-6 GHz and mm-Wave interfaces. From the simulation results, the proposed distributed powers in femtocell suppresses inter-beam interference by minimising path loss to active users (UEs) and provides substantial power saving by controlling the distributed power algorithm to achieve high throughput.
—Fiber Optics and Copper wires are the two
prominent communication links used in modern
communication and play a great role. A lot of articles have
been written comparing these two technologies. Each of this
communication links has its own advantages and disadvantages
over the other. In this paper, both fiber optics and copper are
evaluated and compared regarding their advantages and
disadvantages based on bandwidth, cost, weight, size and
flexibility, signal loss, information capacity, safety and
immunity .In today’s modern-world communication demand,
having an understanding of how these interconnects and
interfaces devices is critical to successful system design.
This paper presents a new type of wideband waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed patch antenna for millimeter wave (mmW). The antenna proposed applies to applications of 31-36 GHz Ka-band such as satellites communications. The SIW is intended with settings for particular slots. The antenna is constructed on Rogers RT5880 (lossy) with 2.2 dielectric constant, l.27 mm thickness, and 0.0009 loss tangent. It is simulated in the programming of computer simulation technology (CST) Microwave Studio. The simulated results show that the SIW antenna resonates across 31 to 36 GHz bands, which means that this new antenna covers all applications within this range. The reflection coefficients in targeting range are below 10 dB. The antenna achieves good efficiency and gain with 80% and 8.87 dBi respectively.
Design and Fiber Installation for University Campus Systemijtsrd
The health of a network depends on the quality of proper installation of the network infrastructure. The main aim of this research is to understand the basic aspects of a modern telecommunication network structure. Signal degradation dominants the performance of the fiber installation. By using MATLAB software, simulation results for signal degradation such as attenuation, dispersion and nonlinear effects are discussed. OTRD Optical Time Domain Reflectometer is a valuable tool for field engineers and service providers to monitor and detect the faults between access network and CO Central Office in real world analysis. In this paper, an overview related to the operation and function of a PON Passive Optical Network and required components to implement the fiber communication system are also described. Naing Naing Kyaw "Design and Fiber Installation for University Campus System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26812.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26812/design-and-fiber-installation-for-university-campus-system/naing-naing-kyaw
A Broken Link: Resolving Nigeria's Telecom Challenges by Arazim SHEUArazim Sheu
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Promoting investment in these alternative solutions will foster the development of a telecommunications network that is both resilient and geographically varied. The combination of enhanced infrastructure and more stringent rules would facilitate the establishment of a future in which Nigerians can ultimately depend on a robust and reliable connectivity.
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Unleashing infrastructure synergies across sectorsAbu Saeed Khan
Presented it at the "Expert Consultation on the Asian Information Superhighway and Regional Connectivity" during 3 - 4 December 2013, Baku, Azerbaijan. It was organized by ESCAP.
Whether to go for underground or aerial deploymentAngelina Li
choose which method to install a fiber optic network depends on a variety of factors including the landscape, cost of the labor and equipment, and so on.
Overhead Fiber Optic Cable Installation Method and RequirementSun Telecom
Overhead fiber optic cable is suitable for long-distance lines and dedicated network optical cable lines or some local special sections. It provides high tensile strength, good performance of mechanical and temperature, and low-cost installation.
Impact of twisting rate in 10 pairs of unshielded twisted-pair copper cables ...journalBEEI
An ultrafast digital subscriber line (DSL) technology called G.fast is important for ultrafast broadband Internet access services. In G.fast, the existing cable bundles installed for 250 m from the distribution point to the customer’s premises are used to support the gigabit data transmission (aggregated 1 Gbit/s) for frequency up to 106 MHz or 212 MHz. Since unshielded cable is used, and the frequency is 12 times higher compared to the very high-speed DSL2 (VDSL2), it is important to investigate the cable performance in terms of insertion loss and crosstalk coupling. In this paper, the impact of cable twisting rate on 10 pairs of unshielded twisted-pair copper cables for a small copper bundle on insertion loss and crosstalk coupling is investigated. A simulation model is developed based on the standard cable installed in Malaysia. The model reliability is validated by comparing the obtained result with the published result in the literature. Besides, the twisting rate of 100 m cable is manipulated by changing its lay size to determine its impact on insertion loss and crosstalk coupling. The results showed that a high twisting rate can reduce the far-end crosstalk but increase both the insertion loss and near-end crosstalk.
Occopancy of tracks in railway traffic
Device for Registering the Occupancy of Tracks in Railway Traffic (upgrade possible)
A very common method for determining the occupancy of a rail track are the so-called track circuits. This method involves applying a low voltage to a pair of rail tracks which are isolated from the rest of the network and monitoring whether the voltage is short-circuited by the wheels and axles of a passing train. Rust and dirt that may cover the rail surface over time can create significant problems. The present invention consists of a device that allows to break through the insulating surface and thus ensures reliable signalling. This is achieved by creating sparks between the carriage wheels and the rails. Advantages: no modifications required to the track network, can be implemented in cross border traffic, low costs, independent of the electricity network, etc.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
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The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
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GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
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The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
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Bob Boule
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Gopinath Rebala
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Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
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We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
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The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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SAP heatmap example with demo
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LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
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During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
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Leading Change strategies and insights for effective change management pdf 1.pdf
G05224246
1. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) www.iosrjen.org
ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719
Vol. 05, Issue 02 (February. 2015), ||V2|| PP 42-46
International organization of Scientific Research 42 | P a g e
Proposal For Laying FiberOptic Cables Along Railways Tracks in
Sudan
1
Ammar A. Saleh, 2
Dr. Amin B. A. Mustafa, 3
Dr. Ashraf A. Osman
1
(Faculty of Engineering, Al- Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan, amarawad1979@gmail.com)
2
(Faculty of Engineering, Al- Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan,amin31766@gmail.com)
3
(Computer Design Senior Engineer, Folsom, CA, USA, ashrafosman08@gmail.com)
Abstract:-Fiber optics cables offers various advantages of over regular cables when used as data transportation
medium in today’s communication networks. Many African countries such as the Sudan and South Africa large
portions of their land connected through railway networks. Remote areas in such countries are scarcely
connected to communication networks other than use of mobile phones communications relying on microwave
or satellite communications. Such communications are expensive and inefficient. In this study, a proposal to use
the railway networks for establishing fiber optic networks for communication purposes to connect remote cities
and towns. The socioeconomic impact analysis will be provided, and potential issues and obstacles will be
discussed.
Keywords:-Communications, Fibers, Network, Optic
I. INTRODUCTION
The types of mediums used to carry information in today’s communication networks are include co-
axial cables, fiber optic cables, microwave, and satellite links, copper telephone wires, etc… For long distances,
the fiber optics have shown good performance-cost ratios when compared to other means. Examples of fiber-
optics benefits includes[1]:
Immunity to electromagnetic interference,
Usage of nonconductive materials,
No electromagnetic radiation from cables leading to high data security
No current induced sparks risks since no conducting current is used
Usage of small and lightweight materials
High operating bandwidth over long distances.
Despite these benefits, the fiber-optic cables suffers from limitations such as[1]:
o Cost where cables are expensive to install but last longer than copper cables.
o Transmission where optical fibers require repeating at distance intervals.
o Fragility where cables are prone to breakage or transmission loses when wrapped around sharp curves. This
can be avoided by encasing fibers in plastic sheath wherecables will be hardened towards bending into a
small enough radius that could result in fiber breaks.
o Protection - Optical fibers require more protection around the cable compared to copper.
Several countries have laid large fiber optic cable networks along their existing railway tracks. For
examples, the British Rail Telecommunications was created by British Rail (BR). It was the largest private
telecoms network in Britain, consisting of 17,000 Km of fiber optic and copper cable which connected every
major city and town in the country and provided links to continental Europe through the Channel Tunnel[2]. The
network infrastructure comprises of transmission systems and telephone exchanges linked by a fiber optic and
copper cable network that is located mainly within trackside. Furthermore, the Indian RailTel has more than
42,000 Route Km of Optical Fiber Cable running along Indian Railway Tracks in many part of the country[3].
For sparsely connected countries such in the African continent, transportation authorities have
established networks of railways for freight and public transportation. Table 1. Shows sample of African
countries with length of railway tracks in Km, where data is extracted from [4] collected between 2010-2014.
More information about African countries railway network can be seen in Fig.1.
2. Proposal For Laying FiberOptic Cables Along Railways Tracks in Sudan
International organization of Scientific Research 43 | P a g e
Table.1 A sample of African countries with Railways track networks and length in KM extracted from [4].
Country Length of Railways Tracks (
KM)
Egypt 5,195
SouthAfrica 20,500
Sudan 4,313
In this paper, a proposal of laying fiber optic cables along railway tracks in Africa railway system is
presented. The proposal is discussed with details pertaining to the Sudan geography and statistics, however, the
proposal can be applied to many of the African countries sharing similar conditions.
Fig.1 A Map of Existing and Proposed railway networks in African Countries
II. SUDAN RAILWAY NETWORK DETAILS
The Sudan Railway Corporation (SRC) operates one of the longest railways in Africa. It operates a
5898 km long single line of 1.067 mm gauge. Construction of the railway lines started in 1897 and most of the
track was constructed before 1930. The railway’s main route extends from Port Sudan via Atbara to Khartoum
with an alternate link between Haya and Sennar via Kassala. There are also branch lines north to Karima and
WadiHalfa[4]. Fig.2. shows a map of the Sudan Railway tracks. It can be observed that the tracks covers a wide
range of remotely located cities spanning all sections of the country.
The central location of the country and the several geographical neighboring countries from all
directions presents the Sudan with an edge over other countries when it comes to connectivity. Railway network
reach far to the north, south, east, and west would ease inter-country communication network connectivity. This
would add positively to connectivity effort within Africa as a whole. This encouraging fact would be also usable
if we consider communication cables laid over railway tracks. The following section propose that notion and list
potential benefit and issues.
3. Proposal For Laying FiberOptic Cables Along Railways Tracks in Sudan
International organization of Scientific Research 44 | P a g e
Fig.2. The Sudan Railways track map showing major cities along the network.
There are various challenges that faces construction of fiber-optics ground cable networks within African
countries in particular. Examples of these are:
high cost of drilling operations to link the cables to remote places
deliberate damage to cables and equipment with intention of theft and vandalism
Land permit costs for areas that cable network is established on or passes through
Adequate training of workers to properly install cables and equipment to prevent operational damages.
Considering these obstacles, the notion of laying fiber-optic cables over an existing railways tracks seem
plausible. Table 3. presents a comparison chart between ground cables and rails cables.
Table 3. A comparison chart between ground and rails fiber optic cables
Factor Ground Cables Rails Cables
Land Cost High NA
Theft/Vandalism Frequently Hardly
Security Vulnerable Immune
Monitoring Costly and difficult Cheap and easy
Repeaters Standard Power grid Within Rails Control Rooms
Power Standard Power grid Tap into Rails Power
Running cost High Standard
Service Continuity Low High
Materials Standard Standard
Damage vulnerable immune
Curved Paths vulnerable immune
III. PROPOSAL OF LAYING FIBER OPTIC CABLES
OVER RAILWAY NETWORK
Railroad tracks make good paths for telecommunications cable because they offer cleared, linear routes. In fact,
special railroad cars run along tracks plowing cable underground as they move. The cost of assembling such
paths for conduits from scratch would be astronomical.
A. Laying Cables Over New Rails:
Fig. 3. shows a cross section of how fiber optic cables can be installed when placing new rail tracks.
For new construction of railways network or when existing railway tracks renewal efforts it is recommended to
4. Proposal For Laying FiberOptic Cables Along Railways Tracks in Sudan
International organization of Scientific Research 45 | P a g e
plan ahead with adding infrastructure of buried pipes segments that can house the fiber optic cables. It is
recommended to place housing pipes in between tracks for enhanced security and safety of cables. The pipes are
to be buried close to the surface to simplify maintenance operations. This is suitable for networks with single
tracks such as in Sudan case. For networks with dual or more tracks, the spacing between tracks provide
potentially good options. A representative example of this is the CRC of Sudan has embarked on a challenging
project of renewing tracks of their existing networks for modern and safer tracks. Part of this activity is to lay
fiber optic cables for communication purposes.
B. Laying Cables over Exiting Rails:
Fig.4. shows a cross section of how fiber optic cables can be installed within existing rails tracks.
Metallic pipes segments that can house the fiber optic cables can be placed within the wood/cement base
between the tracks as in Fig. 4. or between tracks where clearance to rail cars would permit as in Fig. 3. It is
recommended to place housing pipes in between tracks for enhanced security and safety of cables. The pipes are
to be buried close to the surface to simplify maintenance operations. It is obvious that for an existing network
the cost and operation would be higher than in the case of establishing new rails networks.
Fig 3. Cross section of wheels on tracks and pipe encompassing Fiber Cables located between tracks
For both situations of existing or new rails networks, the cost of establishing such fiber optic networks
along railway tracks is noticeably low compared to digging fresh tunnels to house ground cables. Existing
Railways infrastructure such as control rooms can be used to house repeater equipment for cables, and supply
power can be extended from existing power network that is supplying railways stations. Repeaters will be
required for distance over 100Km, to compensate for attenuation caused by cables. Fiber optic communication
network can be utilized in supplying network connectivity to stations, staff, IT infrastructure, and onboard train
cars for public transportation travelers.
Fig 4. Cross section of wheels on tracks and pipe encompassing Fiber Cables located between tracks
5. Proposal For Laying FiberOptic Cables Along Railways Tracks in Sudan
International organization of Scientific Research 46 | P a g e
Additionally, laying such cable network would constitute addition revenue source for railways
authorities as it can be leased to investors in the communication business. Furthermore, and as in US, railways
companies have jumped into the business of supplying connection services to communities for even bigger
profits[6]. A good example of this is The Florida East Coast Railroad had been collecting rent from giant
telecommunications companies that had buried cable beside its tracks. But between 1999-2000 the company
decided to jump directly into the market of selling transmission capacity to telephone companies, wireless
services and Internet service providers. The Epik's network covers 80 percent of Florida's population and
extends west to Texas and north to Atlanta for revenue in the range of $60 million.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
A proposal of establishing fiber optic cable network leveraging existing infrastructure of railways
network is presented. The proposal is suitable for countries with exiting or to be constructed new rails networks,
such as in Africa where many countries have extensive railways networks that cover vast sections of country
lands. Such networks provide cost effective method of connecting remote cities and towns in these countries
who rely solely on cellar phone service for communications. Cost of establishing fiber optic cable networks laid
over existing, with planned new railways, or renewed railways tracks appears to be lower in cost when
compared to regular ground cable networks.
REFERENCES
[1] AnkitGambhir, Merits and demerits of optical fiber communication,International Journal of Research in
Engineering & Applied Sciences, Vol. 3, Issue 3, 2013, 99 -1042012, 112-116.
[2] British Rail Telecommunications, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Telecommunications
[3] RailTel Corporation of India,
http://www.railtelindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=119&Itemid=172&lang=
en
[4] Worldbank Data, Rail lines (total route-km), http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.RRS.TOTL.KM
[5] Institute of Developing Economies Japan External Trade Organization (IDE-JETRO),
http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_file/Company/sudan05.html
[6] Jane Tanner, New Life for Old Railroads; What Better Place to Lay Miles of Fiber Optic Cable, NewYork
Times, May 6, 2000,http://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/06/business/new-life-for-old-railroads-what-better-
place-to-lay-miles-of-fiber-optic-cable.html