The document discusses the feasibility of laying fiber-optic cables underwater along the River Nile basin, using Sudan as a case study. It proposes constructing a fiber optic network by laying cable segments submerged along the river, which would provide connectivity to inland cities and towns in a more cost-effective manner than overland cables. Key benefits identified include lower costs, easier maintenance, greater security and service continuity compared to traditional buried land cables. Control centers would be located every 100km to repeat signals. The network could serve as a backbone for inter-country connectivity in the region.
Review Paper on Airborne Internet Access through Submarine Optical Fiber CablesEECJOURNAL
Today is the era of high technology and information exchange world. Everyone is in need of sending or downloading a huge amount of data. Further being connected on the go and all the time is what people want today. Broadband and wireless connectivity in homes and offices is what being used by users that keep them wire free and make the accessibility easy and fast. Further to this providing a robust, fast and reliable connectivity network to the people on the go in vehicles and even aircraft is a challenge. In this paper we explore such a technology that talks about connectivity in aviation and aircrafts i.e. Airborne Internet. The idea is to take all the facilities and implementation of the ground networks and provide a high speed network connecting aircraft and ground.
Review Paper on Airborne Internet Access through Submarine Optical Fiber CablesEECJOURNAL
Today is the era of high technology and information exchange world. Everyone is in need of sending or downloading a huge amount of data. Further being connected on the go and all the time is what people want today. Broadband and wireless connectivity in homes and offices is what being used by users that keep them wire free and make the accessibility easy and fast. Further to this providing a robust, fast and reliable connectivity network to the people on the go in vehicles and even aircraft is a challenge. In this paper we explore such a technology that talks about connectivity in aviation and aircrafts i.e. Airborne Internet. The idea is to take all the facilities and implementation of the ground networks and provide a high speed network connecting aircraft and ground.
The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) has invited me to speak at “Regional Expert Consultation on Connecting Asia-Pacific’s Digital Society for Resilient Development” in Colombo during 5-6 September.
There I presented that Asia’s wholesale prices of Internet bandwidth remains six-times expensive compared to the Europe and USA. Participating experts have overwhelmingly endorsed my proposal of laying fiber along the Asian Highway to build an open-access transcontinental terrestrial network.
Topics covered in this presentation:
Radio & Microwave Communication.
2. Spectrum Management.
3. Digital Microwave Systems.
4. Fading and measures to counter Fading effect.
5. Digital Microwave link – Performance Objectives.
6. Modulation Methods.
7. A word about BWA
8. Other wireless communication Applications
Satellite communication uses satellite technology for the purpose of communications. The services provided by satellite communications like voice and video calling, internet, fax, television and radio channels, are diverse and wide ranging.
Broadband Communications and Applications from High Altitude PlatformsIDES Editor
In this paper, we give an overview of using High
Altitude Platforms (HAPs) for providing wireless
telecommunication and broadband communication services.
Comparisons of HAPs, satellite and terrestrial systems are
shown to illustrate unique characteristics of the system.
Three architectures for HAP systems are discussed in terms
of cooperation with terrestrial and satellite systems.
Telecommunication, broadband and disaster applications of
HAPs are shown based on system scenarios.
It is the World's shortest and most easy presentation on satellite communication. When I fill that most presentation available on this matter is to big to remember, then I am deciding to make a PPT on a short format. It is short but enough for school/collage level presentation.
Optimal Design of Overhead Transmission Line Towers in Relation with Environm...paperpublications3
Abstract: Over the next decade, substantial extensions of the transmission infrastructure in Kenya and related investments are needed in order to accommodate increasing loads and generation of renewable electricity in line with policy targets. Overhead lines (OHL) are the reference technology for transmission of electrical power. However, the construction of new OHL and general reinforcement of the transmission system requires acquisition of way leave easement which raises considerable concerns to local communities and have cost implications especially with skyrocketing prices of land in Kenya.
The feasibility of optimal design of OHL to reduce right of way width and potential technology alternatives to OHL is likely to be discussed publicly in all future transmission development proposals. In response to these concerns, the Board of Directors, Kenya Electricity Transmission Company Ltd commissioned a Study on optimal design of OHL for transmission of electrical power.
Recent concerns of the public about possible health effects of magnetic fields has resulted in an increased emphasis on the use of compact transmission lines as a means of managing (i.e. reducing) magnetic fields. This paper examines how compact transmission configurations and optimal conductor selection will result in reduction of way leave corridor.
Keywords: Overhead lines (OHL), Electricity Transmission Company.
Title: Optimal Design of Overhead Transmission Line Towers in Relation with Environmental and Land Ownership in Kenya
Author: Geoffrey Owade Otieno
ISSN 2350-1049
International Journal of Recent Research in Interdisciplinary Sciences (IJRRIS)
Paper Publications
The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) has invited me to speak at “Regional Expert Consultation on Connecting Asia-Pacific’s Digital Society for Resilient Development” in Colombo during 5-6 September.
There I presented that Asia’s wholesale prices of Internet bandwidth remains six-times expensive compared to the Europe and USA. Participating experts have overwhelmingly endorsed my proposal of laying fiber along the Asian Highway to build an open-access transcontinental terrestrial network.
Topics covered in this presentation:
Radio & Microwave Communication.
2. Spectrum Management.
3. Digital Microwave Systems.
4. Fading and measures to counter Fading effect.
5. Digital Microwave link – Performance Objectives.
6. Modulation Methods.
7. A word about BWA
8. Other wireless communication Applications
Satellite communication uses satellite technology for the purpose of communications. The services provided by satellite communications like voice and video calling, internet, fax, television and radio channels, are diverse and wide ranging.
Broadband Communications and Applications from High Altitude PlatformsIDES Editor
In this paper, we give an overview of using High
Altitude Platforms (HAPs) for providing wireless
telecommunication and broadband communication services.
Comparisons of HAPs, satellite and terrestrial systems are
shown to illustrate unique characteristics of the system.
Three architectures for HAP systems are discussed in terms
of cooperation with terrestrial and satellite systems.
Telecommunication, broadband and disaster applications of
HAPs are shown based on system scenarios.
It is the World's shortest and most easy presentation on satellite communication. When I fill that most presentation available on this matter is to big to remember, then I am deciding to make a PPT on a short format. It is short but enough for school/collage level presentation.
Optimal Design of Overhead Transmission Line Towers in Relation with Environm...paperpublications3
Abstract: Over the next decade, substantial extensions of the transmission infrastructure in Kenya and related investments are needed in order to accommodate increasing loads and generation of renewable electricity in line with policy targets. Overhead lines (OHL) are the reference technology for transmission of electrical power. However, the construction of new OHL and general reinforcement of the transmission system requires acquisition of way leave easement which raises considerable concerns to local communities and have cost implications especially with skyrocketing prices of land in Kenya.
The feasibility of optimal design of OHL to reduce right of way width and potential technology alternatives to OHL is likely to be discussed publicly in all future transmission development proposals. In response to these concerns, the Board of Directors, Kenya Electricity Transmission Company Ltd commissioned a Study on optimal design of OHL for transmission of electrical power.
Recent concerns of the public about possible health effects of magnetic fields has resulted in an increased emphasis on the use of compact transmission lines as a means of managing (i.e. reducing) magnetic fields. This paper examines how compact transmission configurations and optimal conductor selection will result in reduction of way leave corridor.
Keywords: Overhead lines (OHL), Electricity Transmission Company.
Title: Optimal Design of Overhead Transmission Line Towers in Relation with Environmental and Land Ownership in Kenya
Author: Geoffrey Owade Otieno
ISSN 2350-1049
International Journal of Recent Research in Interdisciplinary Sciences (IJRRIS)
Paper Publications
While wireless communication technology today has become part of our daily life, the
idea of wireless undersea communications may still seem far-fetched. However, research has
been active for over a decade on designing the methods for wireless information transmission
underwater. Human knowledge and understanding of the world’s oceans, which constitute
the major part of our planet, rests on our ability to collect information from remote undersea
locations.
The major discoveries of the past decades, such as the remains of Titanic, or the hydrothermal
vents at bottom of deep ocean, were made using cabled submersibles. Although such
systems remain indispensable if high-speed communication link is to exists between the
remote end and the surface, it is natural to wonder what one could accomplish without the
burden (and cost) of heavy cables.
Hence the motivation, and interest in wireless underwater communications. Together with
sensor technology and vehicular technology, wireless communications will enable new
applications ranging from environmental monitoring to gathering of oceanographic data,
marine archaeology, and search and rescue missions.
Design of Underwater wireless optical/acoustic link for reduction of back-sca...theijes
Underwater communication plays a significant role in the study of climate change through ocean monitoring and associated sensor networks. It is severely limited when compared to free space communication because water is essentially opaque to electromagnetic radiation except in the visible band. Even in the visible band, light penetrates only a few hundred meters in the clearest waters and much less in turbid waters due to the presence of suspended sediment or high concentrations of marine life. Consequently, acoustic techniques are been used for underwater communication systems which is relatively mature and robust. Acoustic systems are capable of long range communication. But traditional underwater acoustic communications cannot provide high enough data rates to enable monitoring technology. Optical wireless communications, centred around blue-green wavelengths, are being used as an alternative. Here a hybrid design is being introduced using an optical/acoustic link to reduce back scattering of transmitted light.
Abstract—Underwater wireless communication (UWC) has
become a significant technique that is used to investigate the
underwater environment. It is also noteworthy that the collected
data from underwater has to transmit to inland data fusion
centers for further investigation and operating instructions need
to transmit from the inland center to underwater autonomous
vehicles (UAVs) to operate as per the real-time requirements.
Therefore, a hybrid terrestrial and UWC setup is required in
most of the underwater military and commercial applications
This paper presents a new type of wideband waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed patch antenna for millimeter wave (mmW). The antenna proposed applies to applications of 31-36 GHz Ka-band such as satellites communications. The SIW is intended with settings for particular slots. The antenna is constructed on Rogers RT5880 (lossy) with 2.2 dielectric constant, l.27 mm thickness, and 0.0009 loss tangent. It is simulated in the programming of computer simulation technology (CST) Microwave Studio. The simulated results show that the SIW antenna resonates across 31 to 36 GHz bands, which means that this new antenna covers all applications within this range. The reflection coefficients in targeting range are below 10 dB. The antenna achieves good efficiency and gain with 80% and 8.87 dBi respectively.
An implementation of_partial_transmit_seWaleed Raza
In this article we research about underwater
acoustics transceivers. As Underwater acoustic transceivers
consume more power than Radio frequency transceivers.
The techniques which are being utilized in radio frequency
cannot be implemented directly in underwater acoustic
system it needs to be re investigated to design new methods.
To achieve reliable acoustic data transmission new
techniques should be achieved or the traditional
Orthogonal frequency divisional multiplexing techniques
should be revised. The power consumption also relies upon
underwater acoustic signal propagation and transmission
distances. Several underwater acoustic applications require
long-term monitoring of the sea. For the battery powered
modems, it becomes very serious problem. By designing an
Energy efficient OFDM Communication system we can
solve this problem. We study about peak to average power
ratio in an Orthogonal frequency divisional multiplexing
system by reducing the major draw-back of OFDM system.
The PAPR reduction utilized in this paper is Partial
Transmit Sequences for underwater acoustic OFDM
communication system which has lesser complexity. The
results have provided better performance in underwater
acoustic OFDM communication system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This presentation covers:
Concepts of optical fiber communication in detail
Total internal reflection
inter-modulation, dispersion effects in OFC
Impairments in OFC
Advantages in OFC
Different types of optical cables
OFC network elements : splitters, splices, connectors, lasers
optical sources and optical detectors
Optical Link Budget
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
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Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
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Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithy
F05223741
1. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) www.iosrjen.org
ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719
Vol. 05, Issue 02 (February. 2015), ||V2|| PP 37-41
International organization of Scientific Research 37 | P a g e
Feasibility of Laying Fiber-Optic Cables underwater along River
Nile Basin- Sudan Study Case
1
Ammar A. Saleh, 2
Dr. Amin B. A. Mustafa, 3
Dr. Ashraf A. Osman
1
(Faculty of Engineering, Al- Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan, amarawad1979@gmail.com)
2
(Faculty of Engineering, Al- Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan, amin31766@gmail.com)
3
(Computer Design Senior Engineer, Folsom, CA, USA, ashrafosman08@gmail.com)
Abstract: - Fiber optics cables offers various advantages of over regular cables when used as data transportation
medium in today’s communication networks. The River Nile basin countries such as Sudan enjoys vast
distances that are travelled by the River Nile, offering a natural path for an underwater cable laying areas. In this
study, the potential of laying such cables is investigated with Sudan taken as a case study. The socioeconomic
impact analysis will be provided, and potential issues and obstacles will be discussed.
Keywords: - Communications, Fibers, Network, Optic
I. INTRODUCTION
Several researchers have provided detailed analysis of merits and demerits of using fiber-optic in
communication network specially when long distances are involved where light suffers little attenuation
compared to electric wiring cables. Examples of fiber-optics benefits includes[1]:
Immunity to electromagnetic interference,
Usage of nonconductive materials,
No electromagnetic radiation from cables leading to high data security
No current induced sparks risks since no conducting current is used
Usage of small and lightweight materials
High operating bandwidth over long distances.
Despite these benefits, the fiber-optic cables suffers from limitations such as[1]:
o Cost where cables are expensive to install but last longer than copper cables.
o Transmission where optical fibers require repeating at distance intervals.
o Fragility where cables are prone to breakage or transmission loses when wrapped around sharp curves. This
can be avoided by encasing fibers in plastic sheath where cables will be hardened towards bending into a
small enough radius that could result in fiber breaks.
o Protection - Optical fibers require more protection around the cable compared to copper.
Several researchers have reported on submarine optical fiber cable transmission systems and networks.
Paul D. et. al. [2] provided analysis of undersea bed fiber optic cable network that is reported on several cable
networks TAT, their cost, reliability, and system considerations. Furthermore, Iwamoto, Y. and Fukinuki, H.[3]
have reported on submarine optical fiber cable transmission systems used during the 1985 in Japan. Recently,
Aditi and Preeti [4] have published a study of submarine optical cables as a key component in undersea
telecommunications. They proposed that submarine cables can also be used for purposes other than just
underwater telecommunication. These include water reservoir monitoring needs.
Considering the fiber-optic network advantages and despite their disadvantages mentioned above, the
fiber-optic cables are considered an effective alternative to use for new communication network in vast and
spacious lands such as in Africa. This is in comparison to use of either satellite for telecommunication, or laying
copper wire coaxial cables for long distances.
There are various projects that targeting linking Africa to world networks thru under water fiber-optic
cable networks as listed in Table.1 and shown pictorially in Fig.1. Data presented in Table 1. and plotted in
Fig.1 are extracted from [5]. However, it is a significant challenge to connectivity of inner towns and cities that
are located far inland away from the coastal areas. Moreover, these towns and cities are sparsely distributed over
a wide range of country lands with limited infrastructure to connect to coastal areas.
2. Feasibility of Laying Fiber-Optic Cables underwater along River Nile Basin- Sudan Study Case
International organization of Scientific Research 38 | P a g e
Table 1. List of undersea cables laid along Africa coastal areas.
krowteN elbaC
Africa Coast to Europe (ACE)
Asia Africa Europe-1 (AAE-1)
Eastern Africa Submarine System (EASSy)
Middle East North Africa (MENA) Cable System/Gulf Bridge
International
Saudi Arabia-Sudan-1 (SAS-1)
Saudi Arabia-Sudan-2 (SAS-2)
The East African Marine System (TEAMS)
West African Cable System (WACS)
Africa Coast to Europe (ACE)
The Sudan, a River Nile basin country, represents a typical example of such situation in Africa. The
eastern Red Sea coastal city of PortSudan (Fig.1) is linked to the undersea Eastern Africa Submarine System
(EASSy), Saudi Arabia-Sudan-1 (SAS-1), and Saudi Arabia-Sudan-(2) (SAS-(2) network systems[5] while the
majority of the Sudan cities and towns are located deep inland to the west of the coast.
There are various challenges that faces construction of fiber-optics ground cable networks within African
countries in particular. Examples of these are:
o high cost of drilling operations to link the cables to remote places
o deliberate damage to cables and equipment with intention of theft and vandalism
o Land permit costs for areas that cable network is established on or passes through
o Adequate training of workers to properly install cables and equipment to prevent operational damages.
In this study, a proposal suitable for African River Nile basin countries to lay new fiber optics cable networks
submerged under the river water level will be presented. The proposal addresses the challenges that are faced by
common ground cable networks.
II. GEOGRAPHY OF RIVER NILE – SUDAN CASE
The River Nile is an impressive 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long and pass through an 11 African countries,
namely Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo-Kinshasa, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Sudan,
and Egypt. The River Nile and its three tributaries (the white, the blue Nile, and Atbara river) when passes
through the Sudan they create a complex web that connects many cities from various parts of the country as can
be seen in map shown in Fig. 2. As seen from the map, there are several cities and towns that are located along
the River Nile banks. Table 2. demonstrates a sample list of Sudanese towns with distances less than 100Km
range that lie along the River Nile banks.
3. Feasibility of Laying Fiber-Optic Cables underwater along River Nile Basin- Sudan Study Case
International organization of Scientific Research 39 | P a g e
Fig. 1. Africa map with coastal undersea fiber-optic networks. Red Sea coastal city of PortSudan is encircled
Fig.2 Map of the Sudan with provinces, cities, and path of the River Nile and its tributaries.
4. Feasibility of Laying Fiber-Optic Cables underwater along River Nile Basin- Sudan Study Case
International organization of Scientific Research 40 | P a g e
III. PROPOSED NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE
The River Nile path provides a natural and safe pathway to lay a submerged fiber optic cables and connects into
a network that would provide country wide coverage on relatively low cost premise. Table. 3. Shows a
comparison between ground and submerged cables under River water.
Table 2. Sample list of cities/towns located along the River Nile banks and are within 100Km distances from
neighboring cities.
# City/Town # City/Town # City/Town
1 Wadi Halfa 14 AlBawga 27 Rofaa
2 Arab 15 Berber 28 Wad Madni
3 Dalgo 16 Atbara 29 Sinnar
4 Karma 17 Ad Damer 30 Singa
5 Argo 18 AlZidab 31 AlSuki
6 Dongla 19 Kaboshia 32 Ad Damazin
7 Al Dabbah 20 AlMatma 33 AlRosarus
8 Merowe 21 Shendi 34 AlGitaina
9 Karima 22 Khartoum 35 Ed Duiem
10 Korti 23 Alkhartoum
Bahri
36 Kosti
11 Abu Hamed 24 Omdurman 37 AlJablain
12 AlShraik 25 Alkamleen 38 AlRank
13 Adahm 26 AlHasaheesa 39 Algandag
40 AlFaki
Considering the aforementioned discussion, it would be beneficial to seriously consider constructing a fiber
optic cable network through the River Nile course that would bring about connectivity to inland cities and town.
Such network would enable connection of majority of river cities lies along the River Nile banks by laying
segments of fiber-optic cables submerged at the bottom of the river corridor. Infrastructure would require
construction of:
control, monitor, and repeat centers along the river path for every 100km. This distance represent longest
distance that can travelled by light thru these cables before repeating operations are required.
Such control centers can also serves as check points for other essential services such as water level monitors
during flood seasons and other public safety services.
In the case when the river path through cities that are less that 100Km apart, only minor check points
establishments will be required, resulting in large sums of infrastructure savings.
An analysis of cost, reliability, and system configurations of under river bed fiber optic cable network can be
performed in a similar fashion of that by Paul D. et.al. [2] performed on under sea bed fiber cable networks.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
An overview of current status of fiber-optic cable networks in Africa is discussed. It was noted that the
majority of the networks are established through submarine cables flowing over the coastal areas. Very little
connections are constructed to connect inland and remote towns and cities. Moreover, the River Nile basin
countries and river corridor review is also discussed. A proposal to utilize the natural pathway of the River Nile
in the Sudan taken as an example to construct a fiber-optic cable submerged under river water. This would
provide coverage to inland and remote areas that are located on or closer to river banks. A comparison chart of
benefits of using river submerged cables versus ground cables is developed and presented. It was shown that for
countries that are enjoys long river courses, this type of network can be used with significant advantages over
ground cable networks. Such networks could serve as backbone of inter-African countries networks specially
those are part of the River Nile basin.
5. Feasibility of Laying Fiber-Optic Cables underwater along River Nile Basin- Sudan Study Case
International organization of Scientific Research 41 | P a g e
Table 3. Comparison between ground and submerged cables under River Nile.
Factor Ground Cables Submarine Cables
General Costs High Standard
Land Cost High NA
Temperature High impact Low impact
Theft/Vandalism Frequently Hardly
Maintenance Time consuming and costly Fast and easy
Medium ground water
Human induced External
effects
Behavior and Frequent Negligible
Wars Direct impact NA
Security Vulnerable Immune
Monitoring Costly and difficult Cheap and easy
Repeaters Standard Power grid Station along River
Power Standard Power grid Station along River
Running cost High Standard
Service Continuity Low High
Materials Standard Standard
Earthquakes High and direct impact Low impact
Damage vulnerable immune
REFERENCES
[1] Ankit Gambhir, Merits and demerits of optical fiber communication, International Journal of Research in
Engineering & Applied Sciences , Vol. 3, Issue 3, 2013, 99 -104 2012, 112-116.
[2] Paul, D. ; Greene, K. ; Koepf, Gerhard A. , “Undersea fiber optic cable communications system of the
future: Operational, reliability, and systems considerations”, IEEE journal of light technology, Volume: 2
, Issue: 4 , 1984 , Page(s): 414 – 425
[3] Iwamoto, Y., Fukinuki, H., Recent advances in submarine optical fiber cable transmission systems in
Japan, IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, Volume:3 , Issue: 5 , Oct 1985, pp 1005 – 1016.
[4] Aditi, Preeti, Submarine Optical Cables as a Key Component in Undersea Telecommunications: A
Review, International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM),
Volume 1, Issue 4, December 2012, pp 79- 83
[5] Submarine Cable Map, TeleGeography, “http://www.submarinecablemap.com/#/country/sudan”, updated
Jan 27, 2015.