Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection and is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. There are three main phases of inflammation - alteration, exudation, and proliferation. The type of inflammatory response depends on factors of the organism causing it and factors of the host, and can be classified as either exudative (involving fluid exudates) or proliferative (involving cell proliferation). Exudative inflammation includes serous, fibrinous, purulent, hemorrhagic, and catarrhal types defined by the character of exudates produced and their location.

1. INFLAMMATION

2. Inflammation is defined as the
local response of living tissues
to injury due to any agent.
Inflammation is body defence
reaction in order to alteration or
limits the spread of injurious
agent.

3. Causes:
• Physical agents (heat, cold,
radiation, mechanical injury).
• Chemical agents (organic and
inorganic poisons).
• Infective agents (bacteria,
viruses, parasites).
• Immunological agents (cell-mediated
and antigen-antibody
reactions).

4. Clinical-morphological
signs of inflammation:
• rubor (redness);
• tumor (swelling);
• calor (heat);
• dolor (pain);
• functio laesa (loss of function).

5. Inflammation of an organ
is usually named by
adding the suffix- 'itis' to
its Latin name,
e.g. appendicitis, hepatitis,
cholecystitis, meningitis,
etc.

6. Phases of inflammation:
•alteration,
•exudation,
•proliferation.

7. 1st phase – alteration – degeneration
and necrosis of the cells, tissue.
2nd phase – exudation – formation of
exudate.
• microcirculatory bed reaction with
disturbance of blood rheology,
• increased vascular permeability,
• exudation of main blood components,
• emigration of blood cells,
• phagocytosis,
• formation of exudation,
• development of inflammatory infiltration.
3d phase – proliferation, which leads
to restoration of tissue.

8. Classification
According to
prevailing one of
phases of
inflammation
• exudative,
• proliferative.
According to the
defense capacity of
the host and
duration of the
response
• acute,
• chronic.

9. Acute inflammation is of short
duration and represents the early
body reaction and is usually
followed by repair.
Chronic inflammation is of longer
duration. It occurs in case when
the causative agent of acute
inflammation persists for a long
time. Besides, some stimulus
induce chronic inflammation from
the beginning.

10. Morphological manifestations
of inflammation depend on a
number of factors and
processes:
• factors of the organisms,
• factors of the host,
• type of exudation,
• cellular proliferation.

11. Factors of organisms:
• Type of injury and infection.
• Virulence.
• Dose.
• Portal of entry.
• Product of organisms.

12. Factors of host:
• General health of host.
• Immune state of host.
• Leucopenia.
• Site or type of tissue
involved.
• Local host factors.

13. Morphology of acute
inflammation
Exudative inflammation is
characterized by prevailing of
exudation and development of
exudates in tissue and body
cavities.

14. Morphological types
of exudative inflammation
(according to character of exudates and
prevailing location):
• Serous, when the fluid exudate resembles serum
or is watery.
• Fibrinous, when the fibrin content of the fluid
exudates. It can be croupous and diphtheritic.
• Purulent or suppurative exudate is formation of
pus in infection with pyogenic bacteria.
• Hemorrhagic, when there is vascular damage.
• Catarrhal, when the surface of epithelium in case
of inflammation produces increased amount of
mucus.
• Mixed

15. Serous inflammation
• exudate is not quite clear fluid and
contains about 2% of proteins with a bit
of neutrophils,
• arises in body cavities, mucous, meninx
and internal organs and skin,
• causes – some infective agents
(mycobacterium tuberculosis,
meningococcus), physical and chemical
agents, autointoxication (in case of
uremia),
• outcomes: resolution (usually),
sclerosis (very seldom).

18. Fibrinous inflammation
• exudate looks like white-grey membrane
on the surface of organs or mucous,
microscopically – eosinophilic meshy
mass or amorphous coagulating mass,
• appears more often in body cavities and
mucous,
• causes – streptococci, staphylococci,
corynebacterium diphteriae and
shigella, autointoxication,
• outcomes: sclerosis (usually), resolution
(very seldom).

19. Types of fibrinous inflammation
according to the type of epithelium
on which inflammatory process
develops and depth of necrosis:
• croupous – develops on columnar
epithelium, serous membranes
(fibrinous membranes unfix easily,
without any effort).
• diphtheritic – develops on
squamous or intermediate
epithelium (fibrinous membranes
unfix with difficulties).

20. • Croupous or diphtheritic
inflammation possible in GIT
and endometrium depending on
deepness of necrosis:
• -superfitial necrosis – croupous,
• -deep – diphtheritic.

31. Fibrinous
colitis
•Intraluminal fibrinous exudates
• Diffused leukocytes infiltration
• Hyperemia (blood congestion)
• Deep necrosis

33. Purulent inflammation
• exudate (pus) is creamy or opaque in
appearance and is composed of
numerous dead as well as living
neutrophils, some red cells, fragments
of tissue debris and fibrin,
• develops in any tissue and organs,
• causes – pyogenic bacteria,
• outcomes: sclerosis (may be
petrifaction), generalization, resolution
(very seldom).

34. Types of suppuration:
• abscess – focal purulent inflammation with
following formation of cavity, which contains
purulent exudate,
• phlegmon – unbounded purulent inflammation
in which pus spreads diffusely between
different components of tissue owing to fusion
and tissue lysis,
• empyema – purulent exudate accumulation in
human closed cavities or cavities with bed
drenage,
• furuncle – acute inflammation via hair follicles
in the dermal tissues,
• carbuncle – located abscess in dermis and soft
tissues of neck,
• cellulitis – diffuse inflammation of soft tissues
resulting from spreading effects of substances
like hyaluronidase released by some bacteria,
• bacterial infections of the blood.

57. Outcomes of acute
inflammatory process:
• resolution – complete return to normal
tissue, occurs when tissue changes are
slight and the cellular changes are
reversible,
• healing by scarring (organization)– takes
place when tissue destruction is
extensive so that there is no tissue
regeneration,
• progression to suppuration,
• progression to chronic inflammation.

58. Thank you!