1. The document discusses respiratory patterns in newborns, thermoregulation, causes of respiratory distress, and cyanosis in newborns.
2. It describes the irregular breathing patterns of newborns in the first few days after birth and signs of respiratory distress like tachypnea and chest retractions.
3. Common causes of respiratory distress discussed include transient tachypnea of the newborn, meconium aspiration syndrome, respiratory distress syndrome, and pneumonia. Differential diagnosis and investigations for these conditions are also provided.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia occurs when there is a defect in the diaphragm that allows abdominal organs to move into the chest cavity. This document discusses the history, pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnoses, and causes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension are key aspects of the condition's pathophysiology and major determinants of outcomes. Mortality rates after birth are typically 40-62% and are increased in the presence of other birth defects.
1. The document discusses respiratory patterns in newborns, thermoregulation, causes of respiratory distress, and cyanosis in newborns.
2. It describes the irregular breathing patterns of newborns in the first few days after birth and signs of respiratory distress like tachypnea and chest retractions.
3. Common causes of respiratory distress discussed include transient tachypnea of the newborn, meconium aspiration syndrome, respiratory distress syndrome, and pneumonia. Differential diagnosis and investigations for these conditions are also provided.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia occurs when there is a defect in the diaphragm that allows abdominal organs to move into the chest cavity. This document discusses the history, pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnoses, and causes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension are key aspects of the condition's pathophysiology and major determinants of outcomes. Mortality rates after birth are typically 40-62% and are increased in the presence of other birth defects.
This document provides information on inguinal and scrotal lumps. It discusses the common pathologies found in the inguinal region and scrotum, including sebaceous cysts, lipomas, lymphadenopathy, varicose veins, hernias, and testicular tumors. It describes the anatomy of the inguinal canal, spermatic cord, testes and related structures. Guidance is provided on assessing patients with lumps through history, examination, and appropriate investigations. Differential diagnoses and management strategies are outlined for various pathologies.
Abdominal pain is a common complaint in pediatrics and can be caused by benign or life-threatening issues. A thorough history and physical exam is important to identify concerning red flags and determine if the pain is acute surgical, visceral, referred, or chronic/recurrent in nature. Based on the location and characteristics of the pain, appropriate lab tests, imaging, and procedures should be considered to arrive at an accurate diagnosis and guide management. Common etiologies include appendicitis, gastroenteritis, constipation, and functional abdominal pain.
Thai guidelines on the treatment of hypertension 2015
Thai Guidelines on The Treatment of Hypertension
ในเวชปฏิบัติทั่วไป สมาคมความดันโลหิตสูงแห่งประเทศไทย
ฉบับปรับปรุง 2558 โรคความดันโลหิตสูง
สมาคมความดันโลหิตสูงแห่งประเทศไทย
แหล่งข้อมูล:
http://www.thaihypertension.org/files/GL%20HT%202015.pdf
This document provides information on inguinal and scrotal lumps. It discusses the common pathologies found in the inguinal region and scrotum, including sebaceous cysts, lipomas, lymphadenopathy, varicose veins, hernias, and testicular tumors. It describes the anatomy of the inguinal canal, spermatic cord, testes and related structures. Guidance is provided on assessing patients with lumps through history, examination, and appropriate investigations. Differential diagnoses and management strategies are outlined for various pathologies.
Abdominal pain is a common complaint in pediatrics and can be caused by benign or life-threatening issues. A thorough history and physical exam is important to identify concerning red flags and determine if the pain is acute surgical, visceral, referred, or chronic/recurrent in nature. Based on the location and characteristics of the pain, appropriate lab tests, imaging, and procedures should be considered to arrive at an accurate diagnosis and guide management. Common etiologies include appendicitis, gastroenteritis, constipation, and functional abdominal pain.
Thai guidelines on the treatment of hypertension 2015
Thai Guidelines on The Treatment of Hypertension
ในเวชปฏิบัติทั่วไป สมาคมความดันโลหิตสูงแห่งประเทศไทย
ฉบับปรับปรุง 2558 โรคความดันโลหิตสูง
สมาคมความดันโลหิตสูงแห่งประเทศไทย
แหล่งข้อมูล:
http://www.thaihypertension.org/files/GL%20HT%202015.pdf
The document summarizes an orthopedic case of a child who fell from a table and injured his left arm. On physical examination, the child's left elbow was swollen and deformed with limited range of motion due to pain. X-rays revealed a complete transverse fracture at the supracondylar region of the left humerus with total posterior-medial displacement, classified as a Gartland Type III injury. The child underwent closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of the fractured elbow. Post-operatively, the child will need elevation, pain control, range of motion exercises, and pin removal after 3-4 weeks once the fracture has healed. Complications of this type of injury can include nerve damage,
An 81-year-old Thai woman presented to the hospital with left hip pain after falling three days prior. Imaging revealed a Garden type 3 fracture of the left femoral neck. She was diagnosed with a displaced left femoral neck fracture. Her treatment plan included pain control, skin traction of the left leg, and a left bipolar hemiarthroplasty surgery. Femoral neck fractures typically result from low-energy falls in older patients and require prompt surgical management to reduce complications.
This document summarizes a case of a 9 year old female who presented with right leg pain for 2 hours after a bicycle accident. On examination, she had deformity, swelling and tenderness of the right ankle with limited range of motion due to pain. X-rays showed close transverse fractures of the right distal tibia and fibula with minimal displacement. The diagnosis was close fractures of both bones of the right leg. Management included pain control, possible closed reduction, application of a long leg posterior splint, and monitoring for compartment syndrome. The document then reviews general knowledge of tibia and fibula fractures including mechanisms of injury, signs and symptoms, radiological findings, and treatment options such as cast immobilization or surgery.
- The patient is a 38-year-old Thai man who was in a motorcycle accident while intoxicated. He hit a footpath and was thrown from the motorcycle, landing on his right shoulder on the road without a helmet.
- On examination, he had pain and limited movement in his right shoulder. Imaging showed a grade V injury of the right acromioclavicular joint with disruption of the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments.
- He underwent open reduction and internal fixation surgery with tightrope fixation of the right acromioclavicular joint.
- The patient is a 38-year-old Thai man who was in a motorcycle accident after drinking alcohol. He complains of left knee pain for 3 hours.
- Radiographs show a fracture of the left tibial plateau and left fibula. Physical examination reveals tenderness over the left knee with limited range of motion due to pain.
- The diagnoses are a fracture of the left tibial plateau, a fracture of the left fibula, and a mild head injury. The patient is placed in a long leg splint and advised to remain non-weightbearing on the left leg. Close monitoring is needed for compartment syndrome or neurological changes.
- An 11-year-old Thai girl presented with left elbow pain and swelling after being knocked over by a dog at home. She had limited range of motion of her left elbow due to pain.
- X-rays showed a closed fracture of the left supracondylar humerus, classified as a Gartland type II.
- Supracondylar fractures are the most common elbow fractures in children and usually result from a fall onto an outstretched hand. They can cause deformity, swelling, and nerve injuries depending on the type and severity of the fracture.
- Treatment options include casting or surgery depending on the fracture type and degree of displacement. The goal is to restore the elbow
This case conference discusses a 48-year-old Thai man who presented to the hospital after falling and injuring his right hip. On examination, he had tenderness and swelling of the right hip and thigh with limited range of motion due to pain. X-rays revealed a closed fracture of the right femoral neck. The attending physician provided a provisional diagnosis and treatment plan involving admission, skin traction, pain medication, and monitoring. The discussion then reviewed femoral neck fractures, including risk factors, mechanisms of injury, imaging, classifications, complications, and treatment options such as internal fixation, hemiarthroplasty, or total hip arthroplasty.
A 19-year-old Thai male presented to the emergency room after his motorcycle was hit by a car. He reported left knee pain for 30 minutes. On examination, he had a 4x6cm laceration wound on his left knee with exposed bone and active bleeding. Imaging showed an open left patellar fracture. He was diagnosed with an open left patellar fracture and treated empirically with antibiotics. He underwent debridement and tension band wiring in the operating room.
This document describes the case of a 13-year-old Thai boy who was in a motorcycle accident, resulting in a near amputation of his left index finger. Upon initial examination, he was conscious and coherent with a laceration on his left eyebrow and active bleeding from his injured left index finger. X-rays showed no fractures. He was referred to another hospital, where he underwent surgery to close the stump of his amputated left index finger. The document then provides definitions, classifications, and management guidelines for traumatic finger amputations.
- 17-year-old Thai female presented to the hospital with right ankle pain and swelling after twisting her ankle 3 hours prior while playing football.
- Physical examination revealed swelling and tenderness of the right ankle which was held in plantarflexion. X-rays showed a bimalleolar fracture of the right ankle.
- Bimalleolar fractures involve fractures of both the medial and lateral malleoli. Non-displaced fractures are typically treated conservatively with immobilization while displaced or unstable fractures require open reduction and internal fixation surgery followed by non-weightbearing and rehabilitation.
1. An 82-year-old Thai man presented to the emergency room with right knee pain for 3 hours after tripping and falling on his right knee.
2. Examination found marked swelling and tenderness of the right knee with a palpable patella defect and joint effusion. X-rays showed a closed comminuted fracture of the right patella.
3. The patient was diagnosed with a closed comminuted fracture of the right patella. His treatment plan included immobilization with a cylindrical slab and observation for compartment syndrome, with plans for open reduction and internal fixation using a tension band construct.
A 35-year-old man fell and hit the back of his head on the ground after drinking alcohol. He was brought to the emergency room 4 hours later with pain in his head and neck. On examination, he had a 2 cm laceration on the back of his skull but was neurologically intact. Imaging showed a hangman's fracture. He was placed in a hard cervical collar, the wound was sutured, and he was started on skull traction and a Philadelphia collar for the hangman's fracture.
This document describes the case of a 69-year-old Thai man who presented to the emergency department with right thigh pain after falling 1.5 meters from the roof of his house. On examination, he had swelling and tenderness of the left thigh with limited range of motion. Radiographs revealed an intertrochanteric fracture of the left femur. Intertrochanteric fractures occur between the greater and lesser trochanters and are common in elderly patients, often resulting from low-energy falls. Treatment depends on the stability of the fracture but may involve internal fixation with screws or cephalomedullary nails. Complications can include malunion, nonunion, and loss of fixation.
1) A 14-year-old boy was in a motorcycle accident where his left hip hit the ground, causing left hip pain and deformity.
2) Examination and x-rays revealed a posterior dislocation of the left hip.
3) The patient was taken to the operating room for closed reduction of the hip dislocation under general anesthesia with skeletal traction.
- A 64-year-old Thai female presented with right wrist pain after falling and catching herself with her right hand in the bathroom.
- Examination found swelling and tenderness over the right wrist and pain with grip and wrist movement.
- X-rays showed a non-displaced fracture of the right scaphoid bone.
- She was placed in a thumb spica cast to immobilize the fracture.
3. Primary survey
A : able to talk, airway patent, not tender along c-spine
B : no tachypnea, trachea in midline, equal chest expansion, equal
breath sound
C : BP 116/61 mmHg, PR 72/min, cap. refill < 2 sec, no external
wound, no active bleeding
D : E4,V5,M6, pupil 2 mm RTLBEs
E : tender Lt. wrist, mild swelling, limit ROM due to pain, NV intact
4. Secondary survey
A : no allergy
M : no current medication
P : no U/D
L : 20.00
E : เสียหลักตกจากรถไส หงายหลัง ใช้ข้อมือซ้ายยันพื้น (17.00 น.) ไม่มีศรีษะกระแทกพื้น
ไม่สลบ จาเหตุการณ์ได้ ปวดข้อมือซ้าย ขยับไม่ได้ ไม่ชา
5. Physical examination
V/S : BT 36.1 C, BP 116/16 mmHg, PR 72/min, RR 16/min
GA : A young Thai man, good consciousness
HEENT : not pale conjunctivae, anicteric sclerae
Neck : not tender at posterior midline
Heart : normal S1S2, no murmur
Lungs : equal breath sound, clear
6. Physical examination
Abdomen : no distion normoactive bowel sound,
soft, not tender
Back : not tender along spine
Extremities : tender at Lt. radial styloid, mild
swelling, limit ROM due to pain, NV intact
13. Distal radius fracture
Epidemiology
Incidence
common - forearm fractures in total account for approximately
40% of all pediatric long bone fractures
distal radius (and ulna) is the most common site of pediatric
forearm fractures.
male > female (male 2-3 times more common than female)
14. Distal radius fracture
Demographics
most common during metaphyseal growth spurt
peak incidence occurring from:
10-12 years of age in girls
12-14 years of age in boys
most common fracture in children under 16 years old
15. Distal radius fracture
Pathophysiology
mechanism
usually fall on an outstretched hand, extended at wrist
often during sports or play
remodeling
greatest closer to physis and in plane of joint (wrist) motion
sagittal plane (flexion/extension)
least for rotational deformity
16. Distal radius fracture
Anatomy
Distal radius physis
contributes 75% growth of the radius
contributes 40% of entire upper extremity
growth at a rate of ~ 5.25mm per year
Metaphyseal fracture most common, followed by physeal