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EXTERN
CONFERENCE
Panusorn Chiensumai PI
Patient profile
■ ผู้ป่วยหญิงไทย 65 ปี สัญชาติไทย
■ ภูมิลาเนาอาเภอวังน้าเขียว จังหวัดนครราชสีมา
■ อาชีพทาสวน
■ สิทธิการรักษาบัตรทอง
Chief complaint
■ ปวดหลังมากขึ้น 1 เดือน PTA
Present illness
■ 6 ปี PTA เริ่มมีอาการปวดหลัง ร้าวลงมาขวาขวาถึงปลายเท้า ลักษณะเจ็บคล้ายไฟช็อต ร่วมกับมีชายปลายเท้า รู้สึกอ่อนแรงมากขึ้น เดินได้ระยะทางน้อยลง
จะปวดมากขึ้น พักแล้วอาการดีขึ้น แอ่นหลังแล้วจะปวดมากขึ้น ไม่มีไข้ ไม่มีประวัติอุบัติเหตุ ไม่เบื่ออาหารน้าหนักลด ไปโรงพยาบาล ได้บาแก้ปวดมารับประทาน
อาการไม่ดีขึ้น
■ 1 เดือน PTA อาการปวดหลังเป็นมากขึ้น รู้สึกอ่อนแรงมากขึ้น เดินได้ระยะทางน้อยลงกว่าเดิม ท้องผูกมากขึ้น ปัสสาวะต้องออกแรงมากขึ้น อาการไม่ดีขึ้น
จึงมาโรงพยาบาล
Past history
■ U/D hypertension
■ เคยผ่าตัดเนื้องอกมดลูก
■ ไม่เคยประสบอุบัติเหตุ
■ ไม่มียาทานประจา
Personal history
■ ปฏิเสธดื่มสุรา สูบบุหรี่
■ ไม่แพ้ยา ไม่แพ้อาหาร
■ ปฏิเสธยาต้ม ยาหม้อ ยาสมุนไพร
Physical examination
■ Vital signs : BP 147/80 PR 92 RR 20T 37.2
■ HEENT : no pale, anicteric sclerae, pharynx & tonsil not injected, no lymphadenopathy
■ Respi : Clear both lung
■ CVS : normal S1S2, no murmur
■ Abdomen : soft, not tender
■ Skin : normal
Physical examination
Back & Extremities
■ Loss of lordosis at lumbosacral junction, mild muscle atrophy, normal gait
■ No point of tenderness, no palpable stepping along spine
■ Limit ROM on extension due to pain
■ Motor
Rt Lt
L2 V V
L3 V V
L4 IV V
L5 III III
S1 V V
Physical examination
■ Sensory : decrease pinprick sensation at L5 dermatome both side
■ Reflex : 2+ all, absent Babinski sign
■ PR : good sphincter tone, Bulbocavernosus reflex positive
■ SLRT negative
Imaging : Film LS spine AP,Lateral
MRI
1. Lumbar spondylosis with scoliosis, causing
- Grade I anterolisthesis of L2 over L3
- Severe L2/3 to L4/5 spinal canal stenosis with cauda equina nerve roots
compression, and tortuosity of the cauda equina roots above the stenotic level.
- Narrowing left L3/4, bilateral L4/5 neural foramina with possible left L3 and
bilateral L4 exiting nerve roots compression.
- Suspected bilateral S1 traversing nerve roots compression.
2. Mild to moderate vertebral height loss of L3-L5 vertebral bodies without marrow
edema, possible old osteoporotic fracture.
impression
■ Lumbar spinal stenosis at L2/3 & L4/5 with cauda equina nerve roots compression
SPINAL STENOSIS
Spinal stenosis
■ Abnormal narrowing of the central canal, the lateral recesses or the
intervertebral foramina to the point where the neutral element are compromised.
Anatomy
Spinal stenosis : Cause by
■ bony structures
– facet osteophytes
– uncinate spur (posterior vertebral body osteophyte)
– spondylolisthesis
■ soft tissue structures
– herniated or bulging discs
– hypertrophy or buckling of the ligamentum flavum
– synovial facet cysts
Classification
■ Etiologic classification
– Acquired
■ Degenerative/spondylotic change (Most common)
■ Post surgical
■ Traumatic (vertebral fracture)
■ Inflammatory (ankylosing spondylitis)
– Congenital
■ Short pedicles with medially placed facets (ex. Achondroplasia)
■ Anatomic classification
– central stenosis
■ cross sectional area < 100mm2 or <10mm A-P diameter on axial CT
■ caused by ligamentum hypertrophy directly under the lamina posteriorly, and
the bulging disc anteriorly
■ presents with nonspecific root compression or symptoms of lower nerve root
(at L4/5 level the root of L5 affected)
– lateral recess stenosis (subarticular recess)
■ associated with facet joint arthropathy and osteophyte formation(overgrowth
of superior articular facet)
■ presents with symptoms of descending nerve root (at L4/5 level the root of L5
affected)
■ Anatomic classification
– foraminal stenosis
■ occurs between the medial and lateral border of the pedicle
■ exiting nerve root compressed by ventral cephalad overhang of the
superior facet and the bulging disc
■ present with symptoms of exiting nerve root(at L4/5 level the root of
L4 affected)
– extraforaminal stenosis
■ located lateral to the lateral edge of the pedicle
■ lateral disc herniation causes impingement of the existing nerve root
Presentation
■ Symptoms
– back pain
– referred buttock pain
– Claudication
■ pain worse with extension (walking, standing upright)
■ pain relieved with flexion (sitting, leaning over shopping cart, sleeping in fetal
position)
– leg pain (often unilateral)
– weakness
– bladder disturbances
– recurrent UTI present in up to 10% due to autonomic sphincter dysfunction
– cauda equina syndrome (rare)
Presentation
■ Physical Exam
– Kemp sign
■ unilateral radicular pain from foraminal stenosis made worse by extension of
back
– Straight leg raise (tension sign)
■ is usually negative
– Valsalva test
■ radicular pain not worsened byValsalva as is the case with a herniated disc
– normal neurologic exam
■ patients may have no focal deficits, as exam often takes place with patient
seated and symptoms may be reproducible or exacerbated only with lumbar
extension or ambulation
Imaging
■ Radiographs
– standing AP and lateral may show
■ nonspecific degenerative findings (disk space narrowing, osteophyte formation)
■ degenerative scoliosis
■ degenerative spondylolisthesis
– flexion/extension radiographs may show
■ segmental instability and subtle degenerative spondylolisthesis
Imaging
■ MRI
– central stenosis with a thecal sac < 100mm2
– obliteration of perineural fat and compression of lateral recess or foramen
– facet and ligamentum hypertrophy
Imaging
■ CT myelogram
– more invasive than MRI
– findings include
■ central and lateral neural element compression
■ bony anomalies
■ bony facet hypertrophy
Treatment
■ Non-operative
– rest, หลีกเลี่ยงการก้มๆเงยๆ
– NSAIDs, low dose tricyclic anti depressant
– Back muscle exercise
– Brace and lumbar support
– Epidural steroid injection (
Treatment
■ Operative treatment
■ Indication
– Severe disability
– Progressive or severe neurological deficit
– Cauda equina syndrome
– intractable pain
– Failed conservative treatment
■ operation : decompressive laminectomy
THANKYOU

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Conference

  • 2. Patient profile ■ ผู้ป่วยหญิงไทย 65 ปี สัญชาติไทย ■ ภูมิลาเนาอาเภอวังน้าเขียว จังหวัดนครราชสีมา ■ อาชีพทาสวน ■ สิทธิการรักษาบัตรทอง
  • 4. Present illness ■ 6 ปี PTA เริ่มมีอาการปวดหลัง ร้าวลงมาขวาขวาถึงปลายเท้า ลักษณะเจ็บคล้ายไฟช็อต ร่วมกับมีชายปลายเท้า รู้สึกอ่อนแรงมากขึ้น เดินได้ระยะทางน้อยลง จะปวดมากขึ้น พักแล้วอาการดีขึ้น แอ่นหลังแล้วจะปวดมากขึ้น ไม่มีไข้ ไม่มีประวัติอุบัติเหตุ ไม่เบื่ออาหารน้าหนักลด ไปโรงพยาบาล ได้บาแก้ปวดมารับประทาน อาการไม่ดีขึ้น ■ 1 เดือน PTA อาการปวดหลังเป็นมากขึ้น รู้สึกอ่อนแรงมากขึ้น เดินได้ระยะทางน้อยลงกว่าเดิม ท้องผูกมากขึ้น ปัสสาวะต้องออกแรงมากขึ้น อาการไม่ดีขึ้น จึงมาโรงพยาบาล
  • 5. Past history ■ U/D hypertension ■ เคยผ่าตัดเนื้องอกมดลูก ■ ไม่เคยประสบอุบัติเหตุ ■ ไม่มียาทานประจา
  • 6. Personal history ■ ปฏิเสธดื่มสุรา สูบบุหรี่ ■ ไม่แพ้ยา ไม่แพ้อาหาร ■ ปฏิเสธยาต้ม ยาหม้อ ยาสมุนไพร
  • 7. Physical examination ■ Vital signs : BP 147/80 PR 92 RR 20T 37.2 ■ HEENT : no pale, anicteric sclerae, pharynx & tonsil not injected, no lymphadenopathy ■ Respi : Clear both lung ■ CVS : normal S1S2, no murmur ■ Abdomen : soft, not tender ■ Skin : normal
  • 8. Physical examination Back & Extremities ■ Loss of lordosis at lumbosacral junction, mild muscle atrophy, normal gait ■ No point of tenderness, no palpable stepping along spine ■ Limit ROM on extension due to pain ■ Motor Rt Lt L2 V V L3 V V L4 IV V L5 III III S1 V V
  • 9. Physical examination ■ Sensory : decrease pinprick sensation at L5 dermatome both side ■ Reflex : 2+ all, absent Babinski sign ■ PR : good sphincter tone, Bulbocavernosus reflex positive ■ SLRT negative
  • 10. Imaging : Film LS spine AP,Lateral
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13. MRI 1. Lumbar spondylosis with scoliosis, causing - Grade I anterolisthesis of L2 over L3 - Severe L2/3 to L4/5 spinal canal stenosis with cauda equina nerve roots compression, and tortuosity of the cauda equina roots above the stenotic level. - Narrowing left L3/4, bilateral L4/5 neural foramina with possible left L3 and bilateral L4 exiting nerve roots compression. - Suspected bilateral S1 traversing nerve roots compression. 2. Mild to moderate vertebral height loss of L3-L5 vertebral bodies without marrow edema, possible old osteoporotic fracture.
  • 14. impression ■ Lumbar spinal stenosis at L2/3 & L4/5 with cauda equina nerve roots compression
  • 16. Spinal stenosis ■ Abnormal narrowing of the central canal, the lateral recesses or the intervertebral foramina to the point where the neutral element are compromised.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20. Spinal stenosis : Cause by ■ bony structures – facet osteophytes – uncinate spur (posterior vertebral body osteophyte) – spondylolisthesis ■ soft tissue structures – herniated or bulging discs – hypertrophy or buckling of the ligamentum flavum – synovial facet cysts
  • 21. Classification ■ Etiologic classification – Acquired ■ Degenerative/spondylotic change (Most common) ■ Post surgical ■ Traumatic (vertebral fracture) ■ Inflammatory (ankylosing spondylitis) – Congenital ■ Short pedicles with medially placed facets (ex. Achondroplasia)
  • 22. ■ Anatomic classification – central stenosis ■ cross sectional area < 100mm2 or <10mm A-P diameter on axial CT ■ caused by ligamentum hypertrophy directly under the lamina posteriorly, and the bulging disc anteriorly ■ presents with nonspecific root compression or symptoms of lower nerve root (at L4/5 level the root of L5 affected) – lateral recess stenosis (subarticular recess) ■ associated with facet joint arthropathy and osteophyte formation(overgrowth of superior articular facet) ■ presents with symptoms of descending nerve root (at L4/5 level the root of L5 affected)
  • 23. ■ Anatomic classification – foraminal stenosis ■ occurs between the medial and lateral border of the pedicle ■ exiting nerve root compressed by ventral cephalad overhang of the superior facet and the bulging disc ■ present with symptoms of exiting nerve root(at L4/5 level the root of L4 affected) – extraforaminal stenosis ■ located lateral to the lateral edge of the pedicle ■ lateral disc herniation causes impingement of the existing nerve root
  • 24. Presentation ■ Symptoms – back pain – referred buttock pain – Claudication ■ pain worse with extension (walking, standing upright) ■ pain relieved with flexion (sitting, leaning over shopping cart, sleeping in fetal position) – leg pain (often unilateral) – weakness – bladder disturbances – recurrent UTI present in up to 10% due to autonomic sphincter dysfunction – cauda equina syndrome (rare)
  • 25.
  • 26. Presentation ■ Physical Exam – Kemp sign ■ unilateral radicular pain from foraminal stenosis made worse by extension of back – Straight leg raise (tension sign) ■ is usually negative – Valsalva test ■ radicular pain not worsened byValsalva as is the case with a herniated disc – normal neurologic exam ■ patients may have no focal deficits, as exam often takes place with patient seated and symptoms may be reproducible or exacerbated only with lumbar extension or ambulation
  • 27. Imaging ■ Radiographs – standing AP and lateral may show ■ nonspecific degenerative findings (disk space narrowing, osteophyte formation) ■ degenerative scoliosis ■ degenerative spondylolisthesis – flexion/extension radiographs may show ■ segmental instability and subtle degenerative spondylolisthesis
  • 28. Imaging ■ MRI – central stenosis with a thecal sac < 100mm2 – obliteration of perineural fat and compression of lateral recess or foramen – facet and ligamentum hypertrophy
  • 29. Imaging ■ CT myelogram – more invasive than MRI – findings include ■ central and lateral neural element compression ■ bony anomalies ■ bony facet hypertrophy
  • 30. Treatment ■ Non-operative – rest, หลีกเลี่ยงการก้มๆเงยๆ – NSAIDs, low dose tricyclic anti depressant – Back muscle exercise – Brace and lumbar support – Epidural steroid injection (
  • 31.
  • 32. Treatment ■ Operative treatment ■ Indication – Severe disability – Progressive or severe neurological deficit – Cauda equina syndrome – intractable pain – Failed conservative treatment ■ operation : decompressive laminectomy

Editor's Notes

  1. Narrow disc space, end pate sclerosis, Spur