Extended seismic data processing dmo
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This document discusses dip moveout (DMO) processing of seismic data. It begins with a brief review of f-k domain filtering. It then explains that DMO aims to correct for the smearing of common midpoint (CMP) points in the up-dip direction due to dipping reflectors. The document provides mathematical formulas for travel time as a function of distance between the source and receiver for a dipping reflector. It notes that DMO uses these formulas to apply time corrections and remove the effects of dipping reflectors from seismic data.
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1) Stacking involves correcting common midpoint (CMP) gathers for normal moveout (NMO) and then summing the traces to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. There are two types of stacking: horizontal and vertical.
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1) Reflection seismology involves detonating a shot at a source point and recording the ground motions with geophones at receiver points. This produces a record of travel times versus distances known as a time-distance record.
2) Different types of seismic arrivals appear on this record, including direct arrivals, reflected arrivals, critically refracted arrivals, and diffracted arrivals. Each follows a different travel path and appears as a different event type.
3) To help interpret the subsurface geology, the records are sorted into common midpoint gathers based on the midpoint between each source and receiver. This stacking process organizes the seismic data to reveal features like dips and faults below the surface.
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Geometrics, Inc. is a seismic equipment company located in San Jose, California. The document discusses fundamentals of seismic waves including particle motion, velocity, refraction, Snell's law, and how seismic refraction is used to map subsurface layers. Key equations are summarized that relate travel time, velocity, depth, and dip of layers. Dipping layers and velocity inversions are also addressed.
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This document provides an introduction to seismic exploration and refraction, including:
1) A ray incident on a surface with two layers results in three reflected and refracted rays, which can be identified as P or S waves based on the velocities in each layer.
2) As the angle of incidence increases, the angle of refraction also increases.
3) At the critical angle, a critically refracted wave travels along the top of the lower layer and leaks energy back into the upper layer.
4) Seismic reflection occurs when the acoustic impedance differs between two layers, producing V-shaped ray paths on a reflection profile.
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HOME ASSIGNMENT (0).pptx
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- 1. EXTENDED SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING-DMO SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING
- 2. Last lecture we discussed the f-k domain filtering. Today we make swift review and then move to dip move out DMO. F-K domain is a transformation from t-x domain. The transformation is done using Fourier transform for both frequency and wavenumber. The subject seems complex but let’s start with the mathematical formula: 𝑢 𝑘, 𝜔 = −∞ ∞ 𝑈 𝑥, 𝑡 𝑒−𝑖 𝜔𝑡+𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
- 5. As we are recording the wavefield at geophones distributed at the earth’s surface with certain intervals, we are actually sampling that wavefield in both space and time. Hence, all considerations pertinent to time are also valid for space ‘x’. Terminology changes only, for space domain, transform moves me to the wavenumber domain. Mathematically: 𝑘 = 2𝜋 𝐿 Where L is the wavelength
- 6. Now back to yesterday example
- 8. From the figure it is visible also that the CMP points do not lie at the mid-distance between the source and the receiver, the midpoints are smeared in the up-dip direction. The intention here is find that extra term that corrects for the dipping of the reflector. The distance between the source and receiver can be derived using the following equation:
- 9. To get rid of dR we use : Substituting
- 10. The travel time then becomes:
- 12. The true velocity is related with the apparent velocity (dip-dependent) with the relation Cdip can give good nmo correction although that the velocity is not true. The problem arise more when we deal with the so called conflicting dip case as in the next figure.
- 14. Now correction for DMO using the formula Where The time correction is thus given by
- 15. DMO flowchart