Seismic data processing 16, migration&land seismic survey
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This document discusses seismic data processing techniques, specifically 3D Kirchhoff migration and land surveys. It explains that 3D migration is preferred over 2D because the earth's properties change in three dimensions and 2D can result in misleading reflections. The document also describes various seismic source types used in land surveys, including dynamite, air shooting, land air guns, vibrators, sozies, weight drops and hammers. It provides details on each source type, their applications, advantages and disadvantages. Velocity information is needed for 3D migration but obtaining spatially varying 3D velocity data is challenging.
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Seismic survey
is one of the first steps in
searching for oil and gas resources that directly
affects the land and the landowners Seismic surveys are like sonar on steroids They are based on recording the time it takes for sound waves generated by controlled energy sources .The survey usually requires people and machinery
to be on private property and may result in
disturbances of the land such as the clearing of
trees
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This document discusses seismic surveying methods used in geophysical exploration. It describes how seismic waves are generated artificially and recorded to map subsurface structures and lithologies. The main methods discussed are 2D and 3D seismic surveys. 2D surveys involve collecting seismic data along widely spaced lines, while 3D surveys acquire closely-spaced data to generate high-resolution 3D images of the subsurface. The document outlines the objectives, preparation, data acquisition, and interpretation of seismic data to infer the presence of oil and gas reservoirs.
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The document provides information about a presentation on seismic surveys given by Rakesh Kumar. It lists the group members and discusses topics including the origin of oil and gas from plankton and cooking of organic matter, oil migration and traps, reservoir rocks, and seismic surveys. Seismic surveying involves firing sound waves into the earth and analyzing the reflected waves to image rock formations and determine potential locations for oil and gas reservoirs.
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This document summarizes a seismic study of the Mt. Toc landslide site in Italy. Reflection seismic, refraction seismic, and surface wave techniques were used to image the complex geology. P-wave and SH-wave reflection and refraction data were acquired using vibroseis and weight drop sources. Surface wave data were also recorded. The data were processed, integrated with geology, and interpreted to develop a seismic velocity model and identify key geologic formations. The study demonstrated that seismic methods can be applied to investigate landslide environments, though the complex geology presents challenges that require an integrated approach combining different seismic techniques and auxiliary information.
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Seismic surveys use seismic waves to image the subsurface. There are two main types: refraction surveys use refracted waves to determine shallow layer velocities, while reflection surveys use reflected waves to image deeper geological structures and boundaries between rock layers. Reflection surveys require more receivers and sources to adequately image the subsurface, making the data acquisition and processing more complex but able to image deeper targets compared to refraction surveys.
Land Seismic Sources - Explosives Vs. Vibroseis
This document compares land seismic sources of vibrators and explosives. It discusses:
1) Vibrators transmit seismic energy into the ground through vibrating large plates in contact with the ground, sweeping through a range of frequencies over 8-20 seconds. Explosives use dynamite charges but are less environmentally friendly.
2) Both sources aim to transmit seismic pulses into the earth, but vibrators provide longer, lower power pulses while explosives provide shorter, higher power pulses.
3) Vibrators operate by using hydraulic systems to move reaction masses up and down, transmitting vibrational energy through baseplates into the ground over long sweep durations. This allows sufficient seismic energy to be transmitted into the earth for
Seismic acquisition survey
E & P Company DGPC hired a seismic survey company to conduct a seismic survey for a concession license. The document describes the various crews and equipment used in a land seismic data acquisition project. It details the roles of the survey, drilling, loading, layout, recording, shooting, LVL, and safety crews. It also explains the use of GPS, batteries, receivers, survey controllers, jackhammers, drilling rigs, dynamite, detonators, geophones, cables, recording trucks, monitors, recorders, and other equipment used to shoot seismic sources, record the seismic data, and ensure crew safety.
Recommended
Seismic survey
is one of the first steps in
searching for oil and gas resources that directly
affects the land and the landowners Seismic surveys are like sonar on steroids They are based on recording the time it takes for sound waves generated by controlled energy sources .The survey usually requires people and machinery
to be on private property and may result in
disturbances of the land such as the clearing of
trees
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This document discusses seismic surveying methods used in geophysical exploration. It describes how seismic waves are generated artificially and recorded to map subsurface structures and lithologies. The main methods discussed are 2D and 3D seismic surveys. 2D surveys involve collecting seismic data along widely spaced lines, while 3D surveys acquire closely-spaced data to generate high-resolution 3D images of the subsurface. The document outlines the objectives, preparation, data acquisition, and interpretation of seismic data to infer the presence of oil and gas reservoirs.
Petroleum engineering upstream(presentation)
The document provides information about a presentation on seismic surveys given by Rakesh Kumar. It lists the group members and discusses topics including the origin of oil and gas from plankton and cooking of organic matter, oil migration and traps, reservoir rocks, and seismic surveys. Seismic surveying involves firing sound waves into the earth and analyzing the reflected waves to image rock formations and determine potential locations for oil and gas reservoirs.
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This document summarizes a seismic study of the Mt. Toc landslide site in Italy. Reflection seismic, refraction seismic, and surface wave techniques were used to image the complex geology. P-wave and SH-wave reflection and refraction data were acquired using vibroseis and weight drop sources. Surface wave data were also recorded. The data were processed, integrated with geology, and interpreted to develop a seismic velocity model and identify key geologic formations. The study demonstrated that seismic methods can be applied to investigate landslide environments, though the complex geology presents challenges that require an integrated approach combining different seismic techniques and auxiliary information.
New introduction to seismic method
SEISMIC SURVEY
OBJECTIVES
PREPARATION
PLANNING & DESIGNING
PARAMETER SELECTION
DATA ACQUISITION
Introduction to Seismic Method
Seismic surveys use seismic waves to image the subsurface. There are two main types: refraction surveys use refracted waves to determine shallow layer velocities, while reflection surveys use reflected waves to image deeper geological structures and boundaries between rock layers. Reflection surveys require more receivers and sources to adequately image the subsurface, making the data acquisition and processing more complex but able to image deeper targets compared to refraction surveys.
Land Seismic Sources - Explosives Vs. Vibroseis
This document compares land seismic sources of vibrators and explosives. It discusses:
1) Vibrators transmit seismic energy into the ground through vibrating large plates in contact with the ground, sweeping through a range of frequencies over 8-20 seconds. Explosives use dynamite charges but are less environmentally friendly.
2) Both sources aim to transmit seismic pulses into the earth, but vibrators provide longer, lower power pulses while explosives provide shorter, higher power pulses.
3) Vibrators operate by using hydraulic systems to move reaction masses up and down, transmitting vibrational energy through baseplates into the ground over long sweep durations. This allows sufficient seismic energy to be transmitted into the earth for
Seismic acquisition survey
E & P Company DGPC hired a seismic survey company to conduct a seismic survey for a concession license. The document describes the various crews and equipment used in a land seismic data acquisition project. It details the roles of the survey, drilling, loading, layout, recording, shooting, LVL, and safety crews. It also explains the use of GPS, batteries, receivers, survey controllers, jackhammers, drilling rigs, dynamite, detonators, geophones, cables, recording trucks, monitors, recorders, and other equipment used to shoot seismic sources, record the seismic data, and ensure crew safety.
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This document discusses the role of seismic surveys in establishing oil and gas fields. It describes the various steps involved in seismic data acquisition, including planning, preparation, field operations such as drilling shot holes or operating vibrators, recording seismic data, and processing the data. The objectives of seismic surveys are listed as regional exploration, prospect delineation, and field development. Key factors in planning a survey include the targeted geological features, available budgets and data, and parameter selection for recording seismic signals.
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2) Different types of seismic arrivals appear on this record, including direct arrivals, reflected arrivals, critically refracted arrivals, and diffracted arrivals. Each follows a different travel path and appears as a different event type.
3) To help interpret the subsurface geology, the records are sorted into common midpoint gathers based on the midpoint between each source and receiver. This stacking process organizes the seismic data to reveal features like dips and faults below the surface.
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Seismic methods use seismic waves created by impacts on the surface to map underground structures. The waves travel through underground layers and are reflected or refracted at boundaries between different materials. Analysis of the travel times and velocities of the waves allows determining the depth and type of geological layers. Seismic reflection techniques involve creating waves at shot points and recording them with receivers at different offsets to generate common midpoint gathers. Processing the gathers yields a seismic section that images layer boundaries like an echo sounder. Seismic refraction uses refracted head waves along interfaces to build a shallow velocity model for near-surface layers. Both methods together provide structural and physical characterization of underground features like buried valleys.
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1. Reflection, velocity, P and S waves, polarity, phase, resolution and detectability which influence seismic interpretation.
2. Depositional environments, rock types, faults and folds are interpreted from seismic data to understand the subsurface petroleum system.
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2) There are four main modes of signal propagation: vertical reflection, wide angle reflection, critical refraction, and direct waves. Precisely measuring the travel times of these signals allows subsurface structures to be interpreted.
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2) Different types of seismic arrivals appear on this record, including direct arrivals, reflected arrivals, critically refracted arrivals, and diffracted arrivals. Each follows a different travel path and appears as a different event type.
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The document discusses parameters for designing 2D and 3D seismic surveys. It explains that survey design aims to achieve geophysical objectives cost-effectively within time constraints. Key factors in design include target depth, resolution needs, and noise levels. Parameters that can be set include fold, offsets, bin size, and record length. The design must satisfy criteria like resolving the target, avoiding interference, and allowing for processing steps. Proper parameter selection depends on the exploration problem and existing seismic data.
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1. Reflection, velocity, P and S waves, polarity, phase, resolution and detectability which influence seismic interpretation.
2. Depositional environments, rock types, faults and folds are interpreted from seismic data to understand the subsurface petroleum system.
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The document discusses seismic data processing techniques in the frequency-wavenumber (f-k) domain. It defines the f-k domain as a two-dimensional Fourier transform over time and space. Noise like groundroll and multiples can be more readily separated and filtered in the f-k domain before inverse transforming. Spatial aliasing is also discussed, and the Nyquist criterion and proper trace sampling are important to avoid aliasing. Filtering techniques like pie-slice filters in the f-k domain can be used to remove noise like groundroll.
Seismic data processing 14, stacking&migration2
This document summarizes seismic data processing techniques like stacking and migration. It discusses Huygen's principle, how diffraction works using examples, and how stacking can be used to obtain diffraction points by using the proper velocity. It also explains how migration works by applying concepts to multiple diffractor points, and how a dipping reflector can be mapped through migration by a cosine term. The document provides examples and illustrations of key concepts in seismic data processing like diffraction stacking, four point diffractors, and addressing issues like bow-tie phenomena through migration techniques.
Seismic data processing 12
This document discusses velocity analysis techniques for seismic data processing. It introduces normal moveout (NMO) correction, where the proper velocity must be chosen to horizontally align reflections. The velocity spectrum method is described, which applies hyperbolic transformations and weighted stacking to plot coherence across a range of velocities. This velocity spectrum helps identify the correct velocities to use for NMO correction and horizontally aligning reflections in common midpoint gathers. Deeper reflections generally have higher velocities due to increasing pressure and temperature with depth in the Earth.
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Marine seismic acquisition uses airgun arrays as seismic sources to generate acoustic pulses that penetrate the seafloor. Summing the signals from multiple airguns in an array creates a more desirable signal for seismic imaging. Reflections from interfaces in layered subsurface structures, such as the seafloor and water surface, can generate multiples and ghosts that distort the primary reflections needed for seismic interpretation if not properly addressed. Hydrophones placed in the water column detect the returning acoustic pulses and convert the varying water pressure into electrical signals using the piezoelectric effect.
Seismic data processing 15, kirchhof migration
Kirchhoff migration is a widely used seismic data processing method. It works by back projecting observed seismic event energy from traces to possible subsurface reflection points based on traveltime. This smears the event energy to all possible subsurface locations, generating artifacts. Stacking multiple migrated traces helps resolve the true dipping reflector. Ray tracing is used to build the traveltime field. Kirchhoff migration is computationally expensive, taking days to process post-stack or months for pre-stack data. Representing the earth in 3D rather than 2D is preferable but requires knowing the 3D velocity model which is challenging.
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(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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Seismic data processing 16, migration&land seismic survey
- 1. Seismic Data Processing Lecture 16 Kirchhoff Migration & land survey Prepared by Dr. Amin Khalil School of Physics, USM 2014
- 2. Why 3D?!!! Because: 1- The earth change its properties in three dimensions. 2- In 2D we may get reflections and diffraction from points outside the plane. Thus all our migration will fail or become misleading.
- 3. Comparison http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/2003/brewer03/images/04.htm Copyright © 2014 Datapages, Inc. All rights reserved
- 4. 3D migration
- 6. Artifact Velocity is needed for applying 3D migration. In the present case we need to know the velocity change in 3D meaning with x, y and z direction which is not feasible. In addition using velocity which change spatially will also complicate the problem.
- 11. Survey Elements covered 1- Sources 2- Geophones 3- Geophone interval and arrays 4- Spread length 5- Recording time 6- Sample rate
- 12. sources Many factors affect the choice of the proper source for given experiment. One of this factors are the maximum depth of investigation. Deeper exploration requires more energy thus sometimes explosives might be used, in shallow surveying a hammer or weight drop may be used. The seismic sources should have narrow wavelet. A perfect wavelet is the spike or the delta function.
- 13. Why narrow or finite width is preferred? To increase resolution and ability to detect thin beds.
- 14. Source types 1- Dynamite 2- Air Shooting 2- Land air gun 3- vibrator or vibroseis 4- Sozie 5- Weight drop and hammer
- 15. Dynamite The most common type of impulsive source is a subterranean explosive source (dynamite). Typically an explosive source is used in the following manner: a hole (usually between 6-30 m) is drilled at the desired location; the charge is placed in the hole with a loading pole (to insure it achieves the proper position); and the charge is detonated with an electrically ignited blasting cap. The frequency of waves from small charges is higher than that of large charges and the depth of the charge affects noise generation. Standard charges expend their energy in all direction. A special type of explosive charge is used when a focused charge direction is desired.
- 16. Dynamite movie
- 17. Dynamite Problems 1- Dynamite can not be used in cities or in an easy accessible areas. 2- Dynamite can cause damages and requires high security measures. 3- Dynamite must be fired away from water area or porous lithology.
- 18. Air Shooting Air shooting is another seismic impulse generating technique. Explosive charges are also used in air shooting but rather than being placed in boreholes they are placed atop an array of sticks and detonated above the ground. The expanding air wave created by the explosions creates the impulse as it strikes the ground.
- 19. Land Air Gun This device consists of a water pan with an expandable diapragm and an air gun. This device is placed beneath a vehicle and is held against the ground by the vehicle's weight. The gun fires compressed air into the water pan, forcing the pan's diaphragm into the ground, creating an impulse which is transmitted into the earth.
- 20. Vibrator The most common type of nonimpulsive source is a vibrator. A vibrator is composed of a base plate connected to a piston inside a large mass. Oil is either pumped in or out of the piston chamber, causing the mass to oscillate. The oscillations are transmitted through the plate into the ground. Vibrators are generally mounted on large trucks which move together over the prescribed area. Vibrators are useful in cities and other easily-damaged areas due to their low energy density.
- 21. Sozie or Whacker Another non-impulsive source is the Sozie, or the "whacker". In the Sozie method, an impactor strikes the ground 5-10 times/sec for about three minutes and the results are recorded on detectors.
- 22. Weight Drop Weight droppers also generate impulses. The operation of a weight dropper consists simply of a dropping a 3 ton weight from a 3 m height, and recording the impulses. The impulse generated is not particularly strong and weight droppers are generally only good in deserts, where the waterless conditions are best suited for this technique