seismic Refraction lab intro
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This document discusses seismic refraction analysis, which uses the transmission of seismic waves through different subsurface layers to determine layer properties and depths. It explains key concepts like Snell's law, critical refraction angles, and travel time distance curves. The document also lists applications of seismic refraction including determining depths of weathering zones, groundwater tables, basements, Moho discontinuity, and faster subsurface units.
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PROCESSING PHASE-IV.pptx
Static corrections are needed to account for irregular near-surface layers and topography in land seismic data. This shifts seismic traces to a common datum to obtain the correct subsurface image and enhance resolution. Static shifts traces to account for variations in elevation, weathering layer thickness and velocity. Several methods calculate static including field statics from acquisition parameters, elevation statics for flat areas, and refraction/reflection methods using first arrivals or residual shifts. Correcting statics aligns events, improves stack quality and avoids structural distortions in the subsurface image.
Introduction to Seismic Method
1) Geophysics uses remote sensing to determine subsurface conditions by analyzing seismic and radar signals that travel through and reflect off underground materials.
2) There are four main modes of signal propagation: vertical reflection, wide angle reflection, critical refraction, and direct waves. Precisely measuring the travel times of these signals allows subsurface structures to be interpreted.
3) Reflection seismology analyzes reflected signals to determine depth to interfaces by relating travel time, distance between source and receiver, and velocity, while refraction seismology uses travel times of critically refracted signals to determine shallow subsurface velocity structure.
Seismic data processing
This document outlines a simple seismic data processing workflow. It begins with acquiring field data and updating the geometry. Next steps include trace editing, amplitude recovery, and noise attenuation. Velocity analysis and normal moveout correction are then applied. Deconvolution and multiple attenuation are performed before migration. Post-migration involves stacking, filtering and amplitude scaling to produce the final processed seismic section. The goal of seismic processing is to produce high quality seismic data for geological interpretation and hydrocarbon exploration.
Refraction intro
Seismic refraction is a geophysical method that uses seismic waves to determine subsurface layer properties like depth to bedrock or water tables. It works by measuring the refraction of seismic waves through subsurface layers with different velocities. Key uses include mapping bedrock depth, detecting faults or voids, and estimating material properties related to excavatability. The method has advantages of simple layout and analysis but is limited in resolving detailed subsurface structures. Interpretation involves analyzing refraction arrival times to calculate layer velocities and depths.
Quantitative and Qualitative Seismic Interpretation of Seismic Data
This document discusses quantitative and qualitative seismic interpretation techniques used to analyze seismic data and map subsurface geology. It compares traditional qualitative techniques to more modern quantitative techniques. It then focuses on unconventional seismic interpretation techniques used for unconventional reservoirs with low permeability, including AVO analysis, seismic inversion, seismic attributes, and forward seismic modeling. These techniques can help identify tight gas, shale gas, and gas hydrate reservoirs that conventional methods cannot easily detect. The document provides details on how each technique works and its advantages.
Seismic geometric corrections
This document discusses geometric corrections in seismic data processing. It covers CDP gathers, stacking traces from common reflection points to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, and applying static and dynamic corrections. Static corrections include weathering corrections to account for low-velocity near-surface layers and elevation corrections. The objectives are to understand how to apply these corrections and interpret stacking charts.
Using 3-D Seismic Attributes in Reservoir Characterization
The document discusses using 3D seismic attributes for reservoir characterization. It provides an overview of seismic reflection methods and defines seismic attributes as any measurement derived from seismic data. Common types of attributes are described including time, complex trace, window, Fourier and multi-trace attributes. The document gives examples of attributes like envelope, phase, frequency and coherence that can provide information on lithology, thickness, faults and fractures. Methods of interpreting attribute data from 3D volumes are outlined. The document concludes by providing examples of how attributes can be used for reservoir characterization tasks like fault interpretation and porosity estimation.
Simple seismic processing workflow
This document outlines the key steps in a simple seismic data processing workflow, including: data initialization such as reformatting, geometry updates, and trace editing; amplitude processing; noise attenuation; deconvolution; multiple attenuation; velocity analysis and NMO; migration; stacking; and data makeup. Each processing step is briefly described and examples are provided of before and after visualizations. References and an opportunity for questions are provided at the end.
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PROCESSING PHASE-IV.pptx
Static corrections are needed to account for irregular near-surface layers and topography in land seismic data. This shifts seismic traces to a common datum to obtain the correct subsurface image and enhance resolution. Static shifts traces to account for variations in elevation, weathering layer thickness and velocity. Several methods calculate static including field statics from acquisition parameters, elevation statics for flat areas, and refraction/reflection methods using first arrivals or residual shifts. Correcting statics aligns events, improves stack quality and avoids structural distortions in the subsurface image.
Introduction to Seismic Method
1) Geophysics uses remote sensing to determine subsurface conditions by analyzing seismic and radar signals that travel through and reflect off underground materials.
2) There are four main modes of signal propagation: vertical reflection, wide angle reflection, critical refraction, and direct waves. Precisely measuring the travel times of these signals allows subsurface structures to be interpreted.
3) Reflection seismology analyzes reflected signals to determine depth to interfaces by relating travel time, distance between source and receiver, and velocity, while refraction seismology uses travel times of critically refracted signals to determine shallow subsurface velocity structure.
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This document outlines a simple seismic data processing workflow. It begins with acquiring field data and updating the geometry. Next steps include trace editing, amplitude recovery, and noise attenuation. Velocity analysis and normal moveout correction are then applied. Deconvolution and multiple attenuation are performed before migration. Post-migration involves stacking, filtering and amplitude scaling to produce the final processed seismic section. The goal of seismic processing is to produce high quality seismic data for geological interpretation and hydrocarbon exploration.
Refraction intro
Seismic refraction is a geophysical method that uses seismic waves to determine subsurface layer properties like depth to bedrock or water tables. It works by measuring the refraction of seismic waves through subsurface layers with different velocities. Key uses include mapping bedrock depth, detecting faults or voids, and estimating material properties related to excavatability. The method has advantages of simple layout and analysis but is limited in resolving detailed subsurface structures. Interpretation involves analyzing refraction arrival times to calculate layer velocities and depths.
Quantitative and Qualitative Seismic Interpretation of Seismic Data
This document discusses quantitative and qualitative seismic interpretation techniques used to analyze seismic data and map subsurface geology. It compares traditional qualitative techniques to more modern quantitative techniques. It then focuses on unconventional seismic interpretation techniques used for unconventional reservoirs with low permeability, including AVO analysis, seismic inversion, seismic attributes, and forward seismic modeling. These techniques can help identify tight gas, shale gas, and gas hydrate reservoirs that conventional methods cannot easily detect. The document provides details on how each technique works and its advantages.
Seismic geometric corrections
This document discusses geometric corrections in seismic data processing. It covers CDP gathers, stacking traces from common reflection points to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, and applying static and dynamic corrections. Static corrections include weathering corrections to account for low-velocity near-surface layers and elevation corrections. The objectives are to understand how to apply these corrections and interpret stacking charts.
Using 3-D Seismic Attributes in Reservoir Characterization
The document discusses using 3D seismic attributes for reservoir characterization. It provides an overview of seismic reflection methods and defines seismic attributes as any measurement derived from seismic data. Common types of attributes are described including time, complex trace, window, Fourier and multi-trace attributes. The document gives examples of attributes like envelope, phase, frequency and coherence that can provide information on lithology, thickness, faults and fractures. Methods of interpreting attribute data from 3D volumes are outlined. The document concludes by providing examples of how attributes can be used for reservoir characterization tasks like fault interpretation and porosity estimation.
Simple seismic processing workflow
This document outlines the key steps in a simple seismic data processing workflow, including: data initialization such as reformatting, geometry updates, and trace editing; amplitude processing; noise attenuation; deconvolution; multiple attenuation; velocity analysis and NMO; migration; stacking; and data makeup. Each processing step is briefly described and examples are provided of before and after visualizations. References and an opportunity for questions are provided at the end.
Principles of seismic data interpretation m.m.badawy
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1) Seismic interpretation uses acoustic waves to image the subsurface by measuring the two-way travel time and amplitude of reflections. 2) A seismic source generates wavefronts that travel through the subsurface, reflecting or transmitting at interfaces between rock layers. 3) The amount of reflection depends on the relative difference in physical properties across interfaces, defined by reflection coefficients. Layers thinner than 1/4 the wavelength cannot be resolved individually.
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Interpretation 23.12.13
Seismic interpretation involves correlating seismic data features with geological elements to understand the subsurface. The goal is to map reservoirs, including depth, thickness, and properties. This involves processing data, well calibration, horizon and fault tracking, and attribute analysis. Direct hydrocarbon indicators on seismic can help identify potential reservoirs, but require validation with amplitude versus offset analysis due to limitations and need for a geological model.
2 d and 3d land seismic data acquisition and seismic data processing
The seismic method has three important/principal applications
a. Delineation of near-surface geology for engineering studies, and coal and mineral
exploration within a depth of up to 1km: the seismic method applied to the near –
surface studies is known as engineering seismology.
b. Hydrocarbon exploration and development within a depth of up to 10 km: seismic
method applied to the exploration and development of oil and gas fields is known
as exploration seismology.
c. Investigation of the earth’s crustal structure within a depth of up to 100 km: the
seismic method applies to the crustal and earthquake studies is known as
earthquake seismology.
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This document discusses seismic data processing concepts and computer systems used for digital filtering. It explains that seismic data recorded in the field is processed using computer programs to transform it into a usable geological record section. The processing involves steps like demultiplexing, applying static and normal moveout corrections, filtering, stacking, and other analyses to improve data quality and clarity for geological interpretation. Digital computers allow complex processing techniques to be applied to enhance seismic data and better reveal subsurface structures.
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The presentation is a part from Seismic data interpretation course that i teach for undergraduates.
The sources are indicated in the references list.
Contact me via: hatem_refaat95@hotmail.com
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1. The document defines key rock physics terms including density, porosity, saturation, velocity, impedance, Poisson's ratio, and reflection coefficients. Equations are provided for calculating these values from measured properties.
2. Methods of modeling reflection seismograms are described including normal reflection, reflection at an angle using Zoeppritz equations, AVO analysis, and impedance inversion.
3. Concepts of stress, strain, elasticity, elastic moduli, and their relationships to velocity are covered. The differences between static and dynamic moduli are also discussed.
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1) Stacking involves correcting common midpoint (CMP) gathers for normal moveout (NMO) and then summing the traces to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. There are two types of stacking: horizontal and vertical.
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3) Migration is needed to properly image dipping and irregular reflectors by removing wave phenomena like diffraction and properly locating reflections in the subsurface.
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Filtering in seismic data processing? How filtering help to suppress noises.
To enhance the signal-Noise ratio different techniques are used to remove the noises.
Types of Seismic Filtering:
1- Frequency Filtering.
2- Inverse Filtering (Deconvolution).
3- Velocity Filtering.
Seismic data processing 15, kirchhof migration
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1. Reflection, velocity, P and S waves, polarity, phase, resolution and detectability which influence seismic interpretation.
2. Depositional environments, rock types, faults and folds are interpreted from seismic data to understand the subsurface petroleum system.
3. Structural and stratigraphic interpretation including seismic attributes, multi-attribute logging, direct hydrocarbon indicators, and AVO/impedance inversion are used to characterize reservoirs.
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Principles of seismic data interpretation m.m.badawy
Principles of seismic data interpretation m.m.badawyFaculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
The document provides an overview of principles of seismic data interpretation. It discusses fundamentals of seismic acquisition and processing such as seismic response, phase, polarity, reflections, and resolution. It also covers topics like structural interpretation pitfalls, seismic interpretation workflows involving building databases and time-depth relationships, and structural styles. The document includes sections on depth conversion, subsurface mapping techniques, and different types of velocities.Basics of seismic interpretation
1) Seismic interpretation uses acoustic waves to image the subsurface by measuring the two-way travel time and amplitude of reflections. 2) A seismic source generates wavefronts that travel through the subsurface, reflecting or transmitting at interfaces between rock layers. 3) The amount of reflection depends on the relative difference in physical properties across interfaces, defined by reflection coefficients. Layers thinner than 1/4 the wavelength cannot be resolved individually.
Seismic Attributes
Seismic attributes are additional data obtained from seismic data that provide information beyond just structure. They are generated to enhance structural and stratigraphic features, locate misinterpretations, and provide information on lithology, facies or fluid content for reservoir characterization. Seismic attributes can be classified as physical attributes derived from pre-stack or post-stack data, geometric attributes like dip and curvature, or instantaneous attributes like frequency and phase. Case studies demonstrate how attributes are extracted and analyzed from 3D seismic volumes.
Interpretation 23.12.13
Seismic interpretation involves correlating seismic data features with geological elements to understand the subsurface. The goal is to map reservoirs, including depth, thickness, and properties. This involves processing data, well calibration, horizon and fault tracking, and attribute analysis. Direct hydrocarbon indicators on seismic can help identify potential reservoirs, but require validation with amplitude versus offset analysis due to limitations and need for a geological model.
2 d and 3d land seismic data acquisition and seismic data processing
The seismic method has three important/principal applications
a. Delineation of near-surface geology for engineering studies, and coal and mineral
exploration within a depth of up to 1km: the seismic method applied to the near –
surface studies is known as engineering seismology.
b. Hydrocarbon exploration and development within a depth of up to 10 km: seismic
method applied to the exploration and development of oil and gas fields is known
as exploration seismology.
c. Investigation of the earth’s crustal structure within a depth of up to 100 km: the
seismic method applies to the crustal and earthquake studies is known as
earthquake seismology.
Seismic data processing
This document discusses seismic data processing concepts and computer systems used for digital filtering. It explains that seismic data recorded in the field is processed using computer programs to transform it into a usable geological record section. The processing involves steps like demultiplexing, applying static and normal moveout corrections, filtering, stacking, and other analyses to improve data quality and clarity for geological interpretation. Digital computers allow complex processing techniques to be applied to enhance seismic data and better reveal subsurface structures.
Survey design
The document discusses parameters for designing 2D and 3D seismic surveys. It explains that survey design aims to achieve geophysical objectives cost-effectively within time constraints. Key factors in design include target depth, resolution needs, and noise levels. Parameters that can be set include fold, offsets, bin size, and record length. The design must satisfy criteria like resolving the target, avoiding interference, and allowing for processing steps. Proper parameter selection depends on the exploration problem and existing seismic data.
Direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHI)
Brief review on Direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHI).
The presentation is a part from Seismic data interpretation course that i teach for undergraduates.
The sources are indicated in the references list.
Contact me via: hatem_refaat95@hotmail.com
Rock Physics: Definitions
1. The document defines key rock physics terms including density, porosity, saturation, velocity, impedance, Poisson's ratio, and reflection coefficients. Equations are provided for calculating these values from measured properties.
2. Methods of modeling reflection seismograms are described including normal reflection, reflection at an angle using Zoeppritz equations, AVO analysis, and impedance inversion.
3. Concepts of stress, strain, elasticity, elastic moduli, and their relationships to velocity are covered. The differences between static and dynamic moduli are also discussed.
Seismic data processing 13 stacking&migration
1) Stacking involves correcting common midpoint (CMP) gathers for normal moveout (NMO) and then summing the traces to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. There are two types of stacking: horizontal and vertical.
2) While stacking improves signal-to-noise ratio, it averages over different incident angles and results in data only at zero offset.
3) Migration is needed to properly image dipping and irregular reflectors by removing wave phenomena like diffraction and properly locating reflections in the subsurface.
Avo ppt (Amplitude Variation with Offset)
AVO/AVA can physically explain presence of hydrocarbon in the reservoirs and the thickness, porosity, density, velocity, lithology and fluid content of the reservoir of the rock can be estimated.
Rock Physics: Introduction
This document provides an introduction to rock physics concepts through a series of images showing how seismic attributes are influenced by rock and fluid properties. It demonstrates how seismic velocity, amplitude, and AVO responses depend on factors like lithology, porosity, pore fluids, saturation, and scale of heterogeneity. Images show examples of how these relationships impact seismic interpretation of features like buried channels, fractures, and fluid distributions. The document emphasizes that rock physics aims to understand relationships between geophysical measurements and rock properties in order to better interpret seismic data and account for uncertainty.
Introduction to seismic interpretation
This document provides an introduction to seismic interpretation. It begins with an overview of seismic acquisition methods both onshore and offshore. It then discusses key concepts in seismic data such as common depth points, floating datum, two-way time, and the relationship between time and depth. The document also covers seismic resolution, reflection coefficients, and examples of calculating tuning thickness. Finally, it discusses important steps for seismic interpretation including checking the line scale and orientation and interpreting major reflectors and geometries.
Filtering in seismic data processing? How filtering help to suppress noises.
To enhance the signal-Noise ratio different techniques are used to remove the noises.
Types of Seismic Filtering:
1- Frequency Filtering.
2- Inverse Filtering (Deconvolution).
3- Velocity Filtering.
Seismic data processing 15, kirchhof migration
Kirchhoff migration is a widely used seismic data processing method. It works by back projecting observed seismic event energy from traces to possible subsurface reflection points based on traveltime. This smears the event energy to all possible subsurface locations, generating artifacts. Stacking multiple migrated traces helps resolve the true dipping reflector. Ray tracing is used to build the traveltime field. Kirchhoff migration is computationally expensive, taking days to process post-stack or months for pre-stack data. Representing the earth in 3D rather than 2D is preferable but requires knowing the 3D velocity model which is challenging.
What do you means by seismic resolution
Seismic resolution refers to the ability to differentiate between two seismic features. Vertical resolution is the ability to resolve two vertically stacked seismic horizons, and depends on factors like frequency and wavelength. Higher frequencies and shorter wavelengths improve vertical resolution but are attenuated at greater depths. Lateral resolution is the ability to resolve two horizontally separated features, and depends on factors like frequency, velocity, aperture, and whether pre-stack or post-stack migration is used. Both vertical and lateral resolution decrease with depth due to attenuation of higher frequencies. Increasing bandwidth, using phase rotation techniques, and migration can help enhance seismic resolution.
Multicomponent Seismic Data API
This is for student of geophysics who want to know about basic of multi component seismic. For further detail or any query you can drop me mail, my mail id id bprasad461@gmail.com
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This document discusses geotechnical seismic services, including 2D and 3D seismic acquisition. It outlines the objectives, preparation, planning, and parameter selection involved in 2D/3D seismic surveys. These include determining acquisition parameters, source and receiver layouts, and raw shot recording. The goals are regional exploration, prospect delineation, and field development.
Seismic interpretation work flow final ppt
The document describes seismic interpretation workflows, including conventional and unconventional techniques. Conventional techniques involve horizon interpretations, fault picking, and tying seismic data to well logs to understand subsurface geology. Unconventional techniques analyze seismic attribute variations like amplitudes to identify hydrocarbon indicators. The workflow includes generating synthetics from well logs, interpreting horizons on seismic sections, identifying structures like faults and gas chimneys, and determining direct hydrocarbon indicators.
Bp sesmic interpretation
Seismic data interpretation aims to tell the geologic story contained in seismic data by correlating seismic features with known geological elements. The summary outlines key concepts including:
1. Reflection, velocity, P and S waves, polarity, phase, resolution and detectability which influence seismic interpretation.
2. Depositional environments, rock types, faults and folds are interpreted from seismic data to understand the subsurface petroleum system.
3. Structural and stratigraphic interpretation including seismic attributes, multi-attribute logging, direct hydrocarbon indicators, and AVO/impedance inversion are used to characterize reservoirs.
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seismic Refraction lab intro
- 1. Seismic Refraction Amali Prepared by: Dr. Amin E. Khalil
- 2. Snell' Law
- 3. Critical angle of refraction
- 5. Layout
- 6. Raw Data
- 8. Travel time distance curve
- 9. interpretation (2- Layer case)
- 10. Application ● depth of weathering zone (used for statics correction to seismic reflection data), i.e., depth to bedrock ● depth of groundwater table ● depth of basement ● depth of Moho ● depth of any faster unit
- 11. Thanks