This document discusses disaster readiness by outlining elements exposed to hazards, such as people, infrastructure, and environmental assets. It explains vulnerability as a characteristic that makes communities susceptible to hazards, influenced by demographic and socio-economic factors, and emphasizes the importance of community preparedness and effective emergency planning. Additionally, it highlights the necessity of dealing with after-effects through insurance and trained emergency personnel, while stressing the need for efficient aid during disasters.

1. DISASTER READINESS RISK REDUCTION
Exposure and Vulnerability
CHAPTER 2

2. Elements Exposed to Hazard
Exposure refers to the element at risk from a natural or
man-made hazard event.
• Human beings
• Dwellings or households and communities
• Building structure
• Public facilities and infrastructureassets
• Agriculturalcommodities ;and
• Environmental assets

3. WHAT IS VULNERABILITY?
- Vulnerability describes the
characteristics and circumstances of a
community, system or asset that make
it susceptible to the damaging effects
of a hazard.

4. Reasons Why Certain Sectors of Society are More Vulnerable to
Disaster than others
-Vulnerability can be seen as the result of a
process in which various different things cause of
population to be vulnerable. These can be split
into demographic and socio-economic. They can
also be discussed through the level of community
to manage the after effects of a hazard level.

5. 1. Demographic factors
Population density - The more dense the
population, the more efficient a response should
be, considering the number of people that might
be affected by a disaster.
Age of population - Very old and very young
population are less mobile and able respond to
hazard event well.

6. Distribution of population - regardless of density,
populations may be distributed differently within the hazard
area, e. g. elderly people on lower floors of apartment
buildings, or concentration of highly vulnerable people in
poorer areas of a city.
2. Socio-economic
factors
Wealth - Low income populations are less likely to be well
prepared. Part of preparation is having a Survival Kit that
includes tools to be used, emergency food stock and water that
could last for at least 3 to 5 days.

7. Education - Education programs such as the Metro Manila
Development Authority's (MMDA) shake drill can instruct
populations on how to deal with hazard events, like the
"Big One"-the anticipated 7.8 magnitude earthquake that
may sike Metro Manila anytime.
Nature of society - In highly centralized
government structures, efficient emergency
response may be the result of careful planning and
training of personnel.

8. Understanding of the are- Recent migrants are
likely to struggle to cope with hazard effect
compared to established population.
3. Community preparedness
Buildings codes- Rigorous and applied building
codes protect most buildings from collapse
during earthquake.

9. Scientific monitoring and early warning system-
Established monitoring system can prepare people for
the onslaught of any kind of disaster.
Communication network - Countries with good quality
and widespread communication network allow
messages to be quickly shared. Communication plays a
very important and crucial role in times of disaster.
Emergency planning - Preparation is the key
element of prevention. Preparation for a disaster
is embodied in an Emergency Plan.

10. 4. Dealing with the after-effects
Insurance cover - Another important aspect of
preparation is how to deal with the after effects of
disaster. Disasters, like earthquake ang typhoons,
normally inflict damage to life, property and even to
environmental sources of living.
Emergency personnel - These are trained for community
preparedness. The availability of such personnel will vary
depending on the time of day location of the hazard
event.

11. Aid request - Outside help in the form of
humanitarian aid is necessa during a disaster.
However, it should be fast and efficient. Inefficiency
and mismanagement of aids, especially foreign
aids, will possibly result to further deaths and loss
of property.

12. THANKYOU EVERYONE