This document discusses key concepts relating to disaster readiness and risk reduction, including definitions of disaster, hazard, vulnerability and capacity. It explains that vulnerability arises from social, economic, physical and environmental factors. Certain sectors of society are more vulnerable to disasters due to factors like wealth, education, age, gender and governance. The agriculture, watersheds, coastal/marine and health sectors are particularly vulnerable in the Philippines. Categories of vulnerability include physical/material, human, social/organizational and attitudinal aspects.

1. Disaster Readiness
and Risk Reduction
1st SEM Q1 Lesson 1
Key Concepts of
Disaster, Hazard,
Vulnerability and
Capacity

2. Learning Objective:
1. Explain the meaning of disaster;
2. Differentiate the risk factors underlying
disasters;
3. Describe the effects of disasters on one’s life
4. Analyze disaster from the different
perspectives (physical, psychological, socio-
cultural, economic, political, and biological).

3. A

4. B

5. T
rivia
Did you know that?!
“Earthquakeproof”
Palawan is allegedly the
safest part in the
Philippines when ‘The
Big One’ earthquake hits.

6. According to an article published by
website, Kami, the province is
“earthquake proof” as it is said to be
the “most stable island” in the
country.
The article noted that the province
stands at 30-kilometer continental
rocks. Apparently, Palawan has no
active volcanoes, neither active
fault lines nor deep trenches.

7. OUR WORLD IS AT RISK
FLOODS
SEVERE
WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES
TSUNAMIS
DROUGHTS
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
LANDSLIDES
WILDFIRES

8. ASIA’S HAZARDS
FLOODS
EARTHQUAKES
TSUNAMIS
TYPHOONS
 VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
LANDSLIDES
DROUGHTS
ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION

9. a serious disruption of the functioning of a
community or a society involving widespread
human, material, economic, or environmental
losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of
the affected community or society to cope using
its own resources.

10. When is an event a disaster?
 At least 20% of the population emergency assistance or those
destroyed.
 A great number or at least 40% of the means of livelihood such
as bananas, fishing boats, vehicles and the like are destroyed.
 Major roads and bridges are destroyed and impassable for at
least a week, thus disrupting the flow of transport and
commerce.
 Widespread destruction of fishponds, crops, poultry and
livestock, and other agricultural products, and
 Epidemics

11. Basic Concept in Understanding a
Disaster
Disaster are frequently described as a result
of the combination of
1.The exposure to a hazard
2.The conditions of vulnerability that present
3.Insufficient capacity or measures to
reduce or cope with the potential negative
consequences

12. a dangerous phenomenon, potentially damaging
physical event, phenomenon or human activity that
may cause loss of life, injury or other health
impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and
services, social and economic disruption, or
environmental damage.

13. Types of Hazard
Hazards or threats can be classified into three:
natural, human-made, or the combination of
both.
Natural Hazards – natural phenomena that
pose threats or cause negative impacts to
people and property. Examples are the
following:
Typhoon, storm surge, flood/flash flood,
earthquake, tsunami, volcanic
eruption ,lahar flows, drought, red tide,
pestilence, and fire

14. Human-made
hazard that include civil conflict,
displacement due to
development projects,
environmental degradation,
industrialtechnological
hazards like leakage of toxic
waste, oil spill, fish kills,
nuclear, gaseous, chemical
contamination,famine,
drought, fires, and flood

15. Combination or Socionatural
Hazards
Flooding and drought can fall
under this category if these are due to
deforestation

16. Which of the three types of
hazards can be prevented and can
be anticipated and why?

17. Classify hazards according to their
types.
Storm surge, industrial technological hazards, oil spill, famine,
tsunami, earthquake, gaseous chemical contamination, lahar
flows, drought, fire, nuclear, civil conflict/armed conflict,
flooding, flashflood, typhoon, volcanic eruption, environmental
degradation, red tide, pestilence
Natural Hazard Human-made
Hazards
Combination:
Sociocultural Hazards

18. Basic mapping of disaster in the Philippines
Your task is to identify disasters that have taken place in the Philippines in
the past five years, and analyze their causes and impacts on the communities
directly affected and the country in general
In your analysis, please highlight the following
1. The type disaster that has taken place, that is whether it is natural, man-
made, technological or a combination of sociocultural hazards
2. The causes and effect of the disaster, for example, effects on the livelihood
of the people and on the country’s economy

32. Displaced Populations
 When Mt. Pinatubo erupted in
1991, thousands of families in
Zambales and Pampanga were
displaced. Their communities
were ravaged by lahar flow that
turned these communities into
“wilderness”

33. Health Risk
 Severe flooding can
result in stagnant water
that allows
breeding of waterborne
bacteria and malaria
carrying mosquitoes.
Dengue fever is another
serious health problem
cause by mosquitoes.

34. Food Scarcity
 After natural disasters,
food often becomes
scarce. Thousands of
people around the world
go hungry as a result of
destroyed crops and loss
of agricultural supplies,
whether it happens
suddenly in a storm or
gradually in a drought.

35. Emotional Aftershocks
 Natural disasters can be particularly traumatic for young children
Confronted with scenes
of destruction and the
deaths of friends and
loved ones, many
children develop post –
traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD), a serious
psychological condition
resulting from extreme
trauma.

37. Areas and Locations Exposedto
Disaster

38. Exposed to Natural Hazard
Areas/ Location Exposed to:
Coastal areas Storm surge, tsunami, tidal
waves
Reclaimed Areas Flooding , sinkhole
Near Fault lines Earthquake
On foot of denuded mountains Mudslide/landslide
Near volcanoes Volcanic eruptions
River banks and esteros Flooding, flash floods
Open field Thunderstorm,hailstorm,
blizzard

39. Exposed to Man – made Hazard
Areas/ Location Exposed to:
Near Oil Depots Oil spill, pollution
Near Mining Projects Toxic waste
Near Chemical Plants Chemical fumes, chemical
waste
Near Nuclear Plants Nuclear waste
Near factories Factory waste, Pollution
Unsafe building structures Fire
Public Places in Mega Cities Terrorism

40. Different perspectives of disaster
Physical
The presence of tangible objects
and infrastructure affects people
and the environment. Physical
factors refer to structures such
as evacuation centers and river
walls, fire exits, fire hydrants and
objects such as signages which
could help people during
disaster.

41. 2. Psychological
The strength of a disaster is usually measured through the extent
of physical destruction than the mental well-being of people.
Facing grief, fear and unexpected intrapersonal and societal
changes can be tough to people.

42. 3. Sociocultural
Culture and tradition are rarely seen to change
because of the occurrence of disasters but
various socio-cultural actions and disaster risk
are related. Socio-cultural factors of disaster
include religion and faith, societal traditions,
perceptions and social standings.

44. 4. Economic
Physical damages on assets,
machineries and livestock in addition to
property loss, environmental damage,
trauma, health, loss of lives and
disruption of communities can severely
affect economic activity in periods
depending on the extent of damage..

45. 5. Political
Politics can be affected in the time of a disaster.
Government
structure and political actions can change depending
on the need. Political actions during and after a
disaster can be ways to update existing laws, rules
and physical aspects of the government. Resources
and funds can be realigned to focus on building local
resilience and for rehabilitation and reconstruction.

46. 6. Biological
Disaster can affect plant and
animal habitats which can change
the way our biosphere work. Our
environment heals itself as it has
faced several disasters long
before we existed in this planet.

48. Disaster Readiness
and Risk Reduction
1st SEM Q1 Lesson 2
Exposure
and
Vulnerability

49. Learning Objective:
1. Explain the meaning of vulnerability;
2. Explain why certain sectors of
society are more vulnerable to
disaster than others;
3. Analyze why certain structures are
more vulnerable to specific hazards
than others;

50. What is Exposure?
What is Vulnerability
What is What is the
effect of vulnerability
to disaster?

51. Exposure
refers to the presence of people,
livelihood, environmental services and
resources, infrastructure, or economic,
social, or cultural assets in places that
could be adversely affected by physical
events and which, thereby, are subject
to potential future harm, loss, or
damage. It may be possible to be
exposed but not vulnerable.

52. The concept of VULNERABILITY comes from
many aspect, especially, those that arise from
various social, economic, physical and
environmental factors
Example:
Poor Design
Construction of buildings
Inadequate protection of assets

53. Lack of public awareness, limited
official recognition of risk and
preparedness measures
Disregards for wise environmental
management (OPDM2013)

54. ● Vulnerability can be seen as the result of a
process in which various different things a
population to be more vulnerable. These can be
split into DEMOGRAPHIC and SOCIO-
ECONOMIC. They can also be discussed through
the level of COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS and
the ability of a community to MANAGE THE
AFTER EFFECTS

55. ● 1. Population Density- ●
A. Demographic Factors
the more dense the
Population very
population, the more
old and very young
efficient a response
should be, considering
the number of people
that might be affected
by a disaster
populations are less
mobile and able to
respond to hazard
events well.
2. Age of

56. ● Wealth – Low income
● Education – Education
populationsB.areSociolesslikely– EconomicFactors
programs such as the
to be well prepared. Part of
preparation is having a
SURVIVAL KIT that includes
tools to be used.
Emergency food stock and
water that could last for at
least 3 to five days.
MetroManila
DevelopmentAuthority’s
(MMDA) shake drill can
instruct populations on
how to deal with hazard
events

57. ● Building Codes – ● Scientific monitoring and
C. Community Preparedness
rigorous and early warning systems –
appliedbuilding
codes protect most
buildingsfrom
collapse during
earthquake.
Establishedmonitoring
system can prepare
people for the onslaught
of any kind of disaster.

58. ● Communication
Networks – Countries
with good quality and
widespread
communication
networksallow
messages to be quickly
shared.
● Emergency Planning –
Preparation is the key
element of prevention.
Preparation for a
disaster is embodied in
an Emergency Plan.

59. D. Dealing with the
After - Effects
1. Insurance cover
2. Emergency personnel
3. Aid Request

60. PERIOD OF PHILIPPINE LITERARY HISTORY
The Asian Disaster Preparedness Center
(2006,p.10) defines vulnerability as a set of
prevailing or consequential conditions, which
adversely affect the community’s ability to
prevent, mitigate, prepare for and respond to
hazardous events

61. Vulnerable Sectors Include
1. Agriculture and Food
The agriculture sector in
the Philippines is highly
dependent on a constant
water supply and
unpredictable growing
seasons.Climate-related
changes disrupt farming
activities and hamper
agricultural production
resulting physical factors.

62. 2. Watersheds: Forestry,
Biodiversity, and Water
resources
Major river basins in the
Philippines are considered
the lifeblood of the
Philippineeconomy.
because of the pollution,
unstable resource use and
the additional pressure
brought on by climate
change, these areas have
become less viable.

63. 3. Coastal and Marine
Resources
Even without climate
change, many parts of
the Philippines coasts
were already getting
damagedand
deteriorating due to
natural causes or human-
induced activities.

64. 4. Human Health
Infectious diseases that
are climate-sensitive
become vulnerabilities of
a population that is
threatened by the
increasing frequency of
extreme climate events.

65. HumanFactors
1. Wealth
The poor are less able to afford housing andother
infrastructure that can withstand extremeevents,
and less likely to have access to medicalcare.

66. HumanFactors
2.Education
With education, we can learn how to avoid or reduce
many impacts. When populations include professionals
trained in hazards, then these people can help the
populations with their hazards preparations and
responses.

67. 3.Governance
They can advance policies that reduce vulnerability. They can
support education and awareness efforts, as well as economic
development to reduce poverty. They can foster social
networks and empower individuals and communities to help
themselves to prepare for and respond to hazards.

68. 4.Technology
It can improve our ability to forecast extreme events,
withstand the impacts of events, and recover afterwards.
Wealthier, more educated societies are more likely to
have more advance technology.

69. 4.Age
Children and the elderly tend to be more
vulnerable. They have less physical strength to
survive disasters and are often more susceptible to
certaindiseases.

70. 4.Gender
Women are often more vulnerable to natural hazards
than men. This is in part because women are likely to be
poor, less educated, and politically marginalised, often
due to sexism in societies around theworld.

71. Who are so called Most Vulnerable
Sectors?
They are the community members whose
capacities are low and not sufficient to
withstand and overcome the damaging
and adverse effects of disasters
They are composed of farmers, the urban
poor, laborers, indigenous people,
persons with disabilities (PWDs), women
and children
In addition, they are so called abused
sector and at the lowest levels of society

72. Who are the so called Less Vulnerable
Sectors?
They are the community members whose capacities start
from their own ability to acquire material resources: skills
and trainings and position in society
Their capacities are higher than those in the vulnerable
sector to overcome the adverse effects of disasters
They are composed of professionals, small entrepreneurs
and others similar to those who belong to the higher levels of
society
Their role in disaster management activities is to extend
assistance and support to vulnerable sectors

73. Who are the so called Not Vulnerable
Sectors?
They are sectors in society having high
position in the community
Most of the time, they are the targets of the
vulnerable and less vulnerable sectors in
advocacy work relating disaster issue to the
structure and policies implemented by the
government that are the root causes of the
vulnerability of the community

74. Categories of Vulnerabilities
According to Anderson and Woodrow (1990), there
are three areas of vulnerability, which are the
following
Physical/ Material Vulnerability
Location and type of housing/building materials
Land, water, animals, capital, other means of
production (access and control)
Infrastructure and services: roads, health facilities,
schools, electricity, communications, transport,
housing, etc..

75. H u m a n capital: population,
morality, diseases, nutritional
status, literacy, numeracy, poverty
levels
Environment factors: forestation,
soil quality and erosion

76. Social/Organizational
Family structure (weak/strong)
Leadership qualities and structure
Legislation
Administrative structures and institutional
arrangements
Decision-making structures (who is left out,
who is in, effectiveness)

77. Participation levels
Divisions and conflicts: ethnic,
class, caste, religion, ideology,
political groups, language groups,
and structures for mediating
conflicts
Degree of justice, equality, access
to political processes

78. Community organizations: formal,
informal, traditional, governmental,
progressive
Relationship to government,
administrative structures
Isolation or connectedness

79. Attitudinal/Motivational Vulnerability
• Attitude toward change
• Sense of ability to affect their world,
environment, get things done
• Initiative
• Faith, determination, fighting spirit

80. • Religious beliefs, ideology
• Fatalism, hopelessness,
discouragement
• Dependent/independent (self-reliant)
• Consciousness, awareness
• Unity, solidarity, cooperation
• Orientation toward past, present, and
future

81. The concept of vulnerability comes from
many aspects, specifically, those that arise
from various
 social,
 economic,
 physical, and
 environmental factors.

82. 4MAINTYPESOFVULNERABILITY
1. Physical
Vulnerability–is
defined as“a factor
withinthe
environmentthat
can harm the body
withoutnecessarily
touchingit.”
Examples,
vibration and
noise.

83. 2. Cultural or Social
Vulnerability –
result from your
location,
socioeconomic
status,occupation
andbehavioral
choices.

84. 3. Economic
Vulnerability
– refers to major
natural disasters which
can and do have severe
negativeshort-run
economicimpacts.

85. 4. Environmental
hazard – refers to
state of eventswhich
has the potential to
threaten the
surrounding natural
environmentand
adverselyaffect
people’s health.

87. Philippines is on e of the top three countries that are
vulnerable to disasters in terms of loss of people’s lives.
Year 2015 Philippines ranked second among 171
countries in terms of risk level to disasters (UNU, 2015).
According to Center for Research of Epidemiology of
Disasters (CRED), the country is 52.46% exposed to
natural hazards, which makes it 53.85% vulnerable to
the impact of disasters. There is 33.35% susceptibility of
likelihood that the country will suffer great harm, loss
and disruption in an extreme event or natural hazard

88. The Philippines has 48.17% adaptive
capacities for long-term strategies in dealing
with and attempting to address the negative
impact of natural hazards and climate change.
The country lacks 80.03% coping capacity to
minimize the negative consequences of
natural hazards and climate change through
direct action and the resources available

90. Disaster Readiness
and Risk Reduction
1st SEM Q1 Lesson 3
Key Concepts of
Disaster, Hazard,
Vulnerability and
Capacity

91. Learning Objective:
1. Determine the elements that are
exposed to a particular hazard;
2. Recognize vulnerabilities of different
elements exposed to specific hazards;
and
3. Differentiate among hazards, exposure,
and vulnerabilities and give examples
from actual situations.

92. The Concept of Capacity
What is Capacity?
According to the United Nations International
Strategy for Disaster Reduction or UNISDR
(2009), capacity refers to all the strengths,
attributes, and resources available within a
community, organization, or society that can
be used to achieve an agreed goal.

93. The United Nations Development
Programme or UNDP(2009)
Defines capacity development as the process
through which individuals, organizations, and
societies obtain, strengthen, and maintain the
capabilities to set and achieve their own
development objectives overtime

94. Examples of capacity
Ownership of land
safe location
construction of home,
adequate income,
savings,
adequate food sources,
local knowledge such as
the barangay hotline and
evacuation plan,
family and community
support system,
responsive local
government,
enabling legislation and
strong community
organizations

95. How does capacity
contribute to lessening or
mitigating impacts of
disasters?

96. Community members and groups have different
vulnerabilities and capacities.
age,
gender,
class,
social class,
ethnicity,
language,
religion, and
physical condition.

97. Disaster Risk
Is the chance or likelihood of suffering
harm and loss as a result of a hazardous
event
Also define as the probability of harmful
consequences or expected losses

98. Earthquake
Tsunami
Floods
Cyclone
Engineering
Economic
Social
Bushfires
Landslide
Volcanoes RISK
EXPOSURE
People
Buildings
Businesses
Infrastructure

99. Risk = Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability
Capacity