The lithosphere is the solid, outer part of Earth. The lithosphere includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust, the outermost layers of Earth's structure. It is bounded by the atmosphere above and the asthenosphere (another part of the upper mantle) below. What is the issue about the lithosphere? It has been reported from many parts of the country that agricultural intensification, faulty irrigation techniques, deforestation and excessive use of pesticides and herbicides have lead to widespread soil degradation.

1. LITHOSPHERE ON CRISIS
AND
ACTIONS ON LITHOSPHERE
REPORTERS :
BACERO, ANGELICA C. AND
AVENILLA ALEXANDRA ERICKA C.

2. ICE BREAKER :
Spell the words backwards :
Lithosphere
Earth
Mining Tectonic Plates
Volcanic Arc
Actions

3. I'M VERY ACCIDENT-PRONE. THE
PROBLEM IS I SORT OF JUST DO
THINGS. I'M IMPULSIVE, AND
SOMETIMES I DON'T THINK.
- TOM CULLEN

4. What is lithosphere?
Distinguish between the oceanic and
continental crusts in describing the
lithosphere of the Earth.
Identify the primary lithospheric plates
and infer that the Earth's lithosphere is
divided into plates.
Determine the land in crisis and action
in lithosphere
LEARNING OBJECTIVES :

5. Planet Earth

6. The lithosphere is the solid rock, that covers
the planet.
The lithosphere is the outermost layer of Earth,
composed of the crust and the brittle part of
the upper mantle. The term lithosphere is
derived from the Greek words "lithos," meaning
stone, and "sphaira," meaning globe or ball.
WHAT IS LITHOSPHERE?

7. PLATE BOUNDARIES
A plate boundary is a three-
dimensional surface or zone
across which there is a
significant change in the velocity
(speed or direction) of motion of
one lithospheric plate relative to
the adjacent lithospheric plate.

8. PLATE BOUNDARIES
If two tectonic plates collide, they form a
convergent plate boundary. Usually, one of
the converging plates will move beneath
the other, a process known as subduction.
Deep trenches are features often formed
where tectonic plates are being subducted
and earthquakes are common at
subduction zones as well.
How is a plate boundaries formed?

9. TECTONIC PLATES
Tectonic plates are gigantic pieces of the
Earth's crust and uppermost mantle. They
are made up of oceanic crust and
continental crust. It provides uniform
context for understanding mountain-
building processes, volcanoes, and
earthquakes as well as the evolution of
Earth’s surface and reconstructing its
past continents and oceans.

10. The Layer's of the Earth

11. CRUST
The outer layer of the Earth
Thinnest layer
Made up of both continental
(land) and oceanic crust (under
the ocean)
5-50 km thick

12. TWO TYPES OF
LITHOSPHERE
Oceanic lithosphere, which is
associated with Oceanic crust.
Continental lithosphere, which is
associated with Continental
crust.

13. OCEANIC CRUST
Oceanic crust, the outermost
layer of Earth’s lithosphere that
is found under the oceans and
formed at spreading centres on
oceanic ridges, which occur at
divergent plate boundaries.

14. Continental Crust Continental crust
is mostly composed of different
types of granites. Geologists often
refer to the rocks of the continental
crust as “sial.” Sial stands for silicate
and aluminum, the most abundant
minerals in continental crust.
CONTINENTAL CRUST

15. The asthenosphere is the layer
of the Earth that lies below
the lithosphere. It is a layer of
solid rock where the extreme
pressure and heat cause the
rocks to flow like a liquid.
ASTHENOSPHERE

17. MANTLE
Largest layer of the Earth
Under the crust about 2,890 km
Composed of silicate rocks rich
in magnesium and iron
Intense heat causes the rocks
to rise and then cool and sink
Convention is the causes the
crust to move
Average temperature 3000°

18. OUTER CORE
Liquid layer 2,300 km thick, second
largest
Composed of liquid iron and
mantle
Lies between inner core and mantle
Because the magma moves around
the inner core, Earth's magnetic
field is created

19. INNER CORE
A solid ball of metal
1,250 km thick
Made of solid nickel and iron
Since it was very hot it melts
everything in the outer core
Spins at a speed faster than the
Earth rotates
Densest layer of the Earth
Average temperature 5000° 6000°

20. SEISMIC WAVES
Earthquake waves, more often called
seismic waves, are vibrations generated
by earthquakes that continue to spread
within Earth or along its surface.
Earthquakes generate two main types
of waves: body waves, which travel
inside Earth, and surface waves, which
travel on the surface.

21. SEISMIC WAVES

22. Why Lithosphere is Important?

23. The lithosphere contains several types of rocks,
including igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic rocks, and it aids in the provision
of nutrients to plants. The mantle, which sits
between the core and the crust, is made up of
molten rock known as magma, which moves
continuously due to convection currents.
Why Lithosphere is Important?

24. What are our lithosphere issues?
Some of the highly impacts on the
Lithosphere are deforestation, use of
land, and mining.These impacts damage
the Lithosphere by cutting into the Earth's
surface and impacting the Lithosphere.
And also pollution can be a bad output to
the Lithosphere. It causes chemical
substances to eat away at the
Lithosphere.

25. The deposition of solid or liquid
waste materials on land or
underground in a manner that can
contaminate the soil and
groundwater, threaten public health,
and cause unsightly conditions and
nuisances.
Land Pollution

27. LITHOSPHERE ON CRISIS
Agriculture
Farmers use fertilizers, chemical
fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides,
they may contaminate the soil and
reduce soil fertility. It may also cause
soil erosion. Planting the same crop
repeatedly can deplete soil nutrients.

28. LITHOSPHERE ON CRISIS
Deforestation can have an
impact on the lithosphere by
reducing land quality by making
soil loose and thus increasing
erosion.
Deforestation

29. LITHOSPHERE ON CRISIS
Overgrazing
Overgrazing affects the utility,
productivity, and biodiversity of
the land and is one of the
causes of desertification and
erosion.

30. LITHOSPHERE ON CRISIS
Underground mining necessitates
the excavation of enormous areas,
which increases the likelihood of
sinkholes and cave ins. It pollutes the
water and soil, causes erosion,
enormous sinkholes, and
deforestation.
Mining

31. LITHOSPHERE ON CRISIS
Urbanization
It has the potential to diminish
nature's beauty. Rapid growth
can also cause significant
erosion and sedimentation in
river courses.

32. LITHOSPHERE ON CRISIS
Chemicals in the air,
water, and soil can cause
a variety of skin
infections.
Oil Drilling

33. LITHOSPHERE ON CRISIS
Land Use
It also degrades the
natural beauty of the
environment and might
poison the soil.

34. LITHOSPHERE ON CRISIS
It depletes soil fertility and
makes the soil exceedingly
loose, making it extremely
prone to erosion.
Human Activities and Mountainsides

35. ACTIONS
ON
LITHOSPHERE

36. Until the mid-20th century, solid wastes were
generally collected and dumped on the
ground in uncontrolled "open dumps," which
frequently became breeding grounds for rats,
mosquitoes, flies, and other disease carriers,
as well as sources of unpleasant odors,
windblown debris, and other nuisances.
Dumps can poison groundwater and pollute
surrounding streams and lakes.

37. ACTIONS ON
LITHOSPHERE
Solid Waste
The tasks of solid-waste management
present complex technical challenges.
They also pose a wide variety of
administrative, economic, and social
problems that must be managed and
solved.

39. ACTIONS ON
LITHOSPHERE
Sanitary Landfills
They are meticulously planned and
engineered facilities designed to
regulate leachate and methane while
minimizing the danger of land
damage from solid-waste disposal.

40. ACTIONS ON
LITHOSPHERE
Sanitary landfills are carefully
chosen and equipped with
impermeable bottom liners to
collect leachate and prevent
groundwater contamination.

42. How is lithosphere useful to us?

43. How is lithosphere useful to us?
Lithosphere provide us forests, grasslands for
grazing land for agriculture and human
settlements and also rich source of minerals.
The lithosphere contains different types of
rocks such as the igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks, it helps to provide the
necessary nutrients required to plants.
Also the lithosphere supplies agricultural land.
This serves as a source of money as well as a
source of sustenance for humans.

44. REFERENCES :
Nathanson J et al., (2022). land pollution: Additional Information.
https://www.britannica.com/science/land-pollution
National Geographic Society. (Ed.). (2022). Lithosphere.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/lithosphere/
Augustyn A. (2022). lithosphere.
https://www.britannica.com/science/lithosphere

45. GROUP 2
1. Bacero, Angelica C.
2. Avenilla, Alexandra C.
THANK YOU