This chapter discusses key concepts related to vulnerability and risk from natural hazards. It defines exposure as the elements at risk from hazards, such as people, buildings and infrastructure. Vulnerability is defined as the susceptibility of exposure to harm from hazards, which can be physical, social, economic or environmental. Certain sectors of society are more vulnerable due to demographic factors like age, socioeconomic factors like wealth and education, and lack of community preparedness. The chapter outlines different types of vulnerability in more detail and provides examples to illustrate each type. It concludes with learning outcomes related to identifying elements of exposure, defining vulnerability, and analyzing why some sectors and structures are more at risk.
Vulnerabilities of Different elements exposed to hazard.pptxRaquelLansangan
Vulnerabilities associated with different elements can vary widely depending on the context—whether you're referring to chemical elements, natural elements (like earth, water, air, fire), or elemental associations in a broader sense. Here's a breakdown:
1. Chemical Elements:
Hydrogen (H): Highly flammable and can form explosive mixtures with air.
Oxygen (O): Supports combustion; can enhance the flammability of materials.
Sodium (Na): Reacts violently with water, producing hydrogen gas and caustic sodium hydroxide.
Chlorine (Cl): Toxic gas; exposure can cause respiratory and skin irritation.
Mercury (Hg): Toxic to humans and animals; exposure can cause neurological damage.
Lead (Pb): Toxic; accumulates in the body and can cause various health problems.
Uranium (U): Radioactive; exposure can lead to radiation sickness and long-term health issues.
2. Natural Elements (Earth, Water, Air, Fire):
Earth: Vulnerable to erosion, landslides, and earthquakes.
Water: Vulnerable to contamination (e.g., pollution, toxins) and flooding.
Air: Vulnerable to pollution (e.g., smog, particulate matter) affecting respiratory health.
Fire: Vulnerable to wildfires, especially in dry conditions.
3. Elemental Associations (Traditional Elements):
Earth (or Ground): Vulnerable to disruptions like earthquakes, landslides, or soil erosion.
Water: Vulnerable to floods, tsunamis, or contamination affecting aquatic life.
Air: Vulnerable to air pollution, hurricanes, tornadoes, or disruptions in the atmosphere.
Fire: Vulnerable to wildfires, volcanic eruptions, or extreme heat conditions.
Understanding vulnerabilities associated with different elements is crucial for risk assessment, disaster preparedness, and environmental management. The specific vulnerabilities will vary depending on the element's properties, interactions, and environmental factors.
An overview of natural hazards, focusing on tectonic and early warning systmes; leans very heavily on the article: "Global early warning systems for natural
hazards: systematic and people-centred
By Re?d Basher*"i
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. Learnin
g
Outcom
es
1. Enumerate elements exposed to hazards
2. Explain the meaning of vulnerability
3. Explain why certain sectors of society are
more vulnerable to disaster than others
4. Analyse why certain structures are more
vulnerable to specific hazards than others
3. The severity of the
impacts of disasters
and other extreme
weather and climate
events depends
strongly on the level
of vulnerability and
exposure to these
4. WHAT IS
EXPOSURE?
refers to the
‘elements at risk’
from a natural or
man-made hazard
event. Element at
risk include the
5. ELEMENT
S
EXPOSED
TO
HAZARD
Human beings;
Dwellings or households and
communities;
Buildings and structures;
Public facilities and
infrastructure assets;
Public and transport system;
Agricultural commodities;
and
6. WHAT IS
VULNERABILITY?defined as “the
characteristics and
circumstances of a
community, system, or
asset that make it
susceptible to the
7. REASONS
WHY CERTAIN
SECTORS OF
SOCIETY ARE
MORE
VULNERABLE
TO DISASTER
THAN OTHERS
1. Demographic factors
2. Socio-economic factors
3. Community
preparedness
4. Dealing with the after-
effects
8. 1. DEMOGRAPHIC
FACTORS
a. Population density – the denser the population, the
more efficient a response should be (e.g. densely
populated cities like Manila and Quezon City
require some amount of education on disaster
preparedness, government support, and relief
operations in the event of a disaster)
b. Age of population – very old and very young
populations are less mobile and able to hazard
events well
c. Distribution of population – regardless of density,
populations may be distributed differently within
9. 2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC
FACTORSa. Wealth – low income populations are most likely to be
well prepared
b. Education – education program such as the Metro Manila
Development Authority’s (MMDA) shake drill can instruct
people on how to deal with hazard events. They are
encouraging schools to make this preventive action part of
their regular activities, at least once every quarter.
c. Nature of society – in highly centralized government
structures, efficient emergency response may be the result
of careful planning and training of personnel.
d. Understanding of the area – recent migrants are likely to
10. 3. COMMUNITY
PREPAREDNESSa. Building codes – rigorous and applied building
codes protect most buildings from collapse during
during earthquakes
b. Scientific monitoring and early warning
systems – established monitoring system can
prepare people for the onslaught of any kind of
disaster.
c. Communication networks – countries with good
quality and widespread communication networks
networks allow messages to be quickly shared.
d. Emergency planning – preparation is the key
11. 4. DEALING WITH THE
AFTER-EFFECTSa. Insurance cover – part of the preparation,
individuals purchase insurance policies to
mitigate their losses, thus preparing them better
better for similar future events.
b. Emergency personnel – the Philippines, being
a developing country and prone to different types
types of disaster should take into consideration
consideration the training of more emergency
personnel as part of disaster risk mitigation,
reduction and management.
c. Aid request – inefficiency and
mismanagement of aids, especially foreign aids
13. 1. PHYSICAL
VULNERABILITY- May be determined by aspects such as
population density levels, remoteness of a
settlement, the site, design and materials
used for critical infrastructure and for
housing United Nations International
Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR).
Example: Wooden homes are less likely
to collapse in an earthquake but are
more vulnerable to fire. Houses built
with light materials may not be a
14. 2. SOCIAL
VULNERABILITY
- refers to the inability of people, organizations and societies
to withstand adverse impacts to hazards due to
characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions,
and systems of cultural values. It includes aspects related to
levels of literacy and education, the existence of peace and
security, access to basic human rights, systems of good
governance, social equity, positive traditional values, customs
and ideological beliefs and overall collective organizational
systems (UNISDR).
Example: When flooding occurs some citizens, such as
children, elderly and persons with disability (PWD’s), may be
unable to protect themselves or evacuate if necessary.
Educated and well-informed are more likely to survive when
disaster strikes. There would be lesser casualty in
15. 3. ECONOMIC
VULNERABILITY
- the level of vulnerability is highly dependent upon the
economic status of individuals, communities, and nations.
The poor are usually more vulnerable to disasters because
they lack the resources to build sturdy structures and put
other engineering measures in place to protect themselves
from being negatively impacted by disasters. The same
people are the least prepared due to lack of access to
education and information.
Example: Poorer families may live in squatter
settlements because they cannot afford to live in safer
(more expensive) areas. In Metro Manila the so-called
“urban poor” build their shanties or improvised houses
16. 4. ENVIRONMENTAL
VULNERABILITY- natural resource depletion and resource degradation are
key of aspects of environmental vulnerability. This is one
aspect that both communities and government must be
sensitive about. Mitigation measures like reforestation
and natural resource protection and conservation must be
undertaken to reduce natural risk and vulnerability.
Example: Wetlands, such as Agusan Marsh, are
sensitive to increasing salinity from sea water, and
pollution from storm water runoff containing
agricultural chemicals, eroded soils, etc.
Deforestation of mountains due to illegal logging is
17. ASSESSMENT:
1. Enumerate the different elements exposed to
hazards
2. Explain what vulnerability means
3. Explain why certain sectors of society are
more vulnerable to disaster than others
18. A. Conduct a simple research about
Guadalupe Bridge in EDSA, Makati.
Analyse and explain why it is more
vulnerable to earthquake as compared to
other bridges in Metro Manila
B. Interpret the diagram below;
OUTPUT:
RISK
Exposu
re