Contents: 1. Concepts of Hazard 2. Classification of Hazard 3. Types of Hazard 4. Philippines as part of Hazard Zone Areas

1. DISASTER READINESS AND
RISK REDUCTION
SHS CORE SUBJECT
80 HOURSE/SEMESTER
PREREQUISITE: GRADE 3 – 10 SCIENCE
Sir Dexter B. Cargullo
CHS,Tabaco City

2. Basic Concept of Hazard
 Hazards are the potentials for damage to man and his
environment that may result from the occurrence of natural
events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods, and
storm surge.
 An event per se does not constitute a hazard. Without a
threat to a population, the eruption of an isolated volcano
remains an event but when volcanic activity occurs close to or
right at the center of a populated area, a mere even becomes
a hazard.

3. Types of Hazard
 Natural Hazards – hazards that results from earth’s natural
processes. (e.g. volcanic eruption, earthquakes)
 Secondary Hazard – are hazards that resulted or consequence
of other hazards. (e.g. landslides, tsunamis)
 Technological Hazards – man-made hazards. (e.g. radiation
leaks, toxicity of land due to pesticides)
 Quasi-natural Hazards – hazards that results from the
interaction of natural processes and human activities. (smog,
desertification,)

4. Classification of Hazard
Geologic Hazards
1. Earthquake
• Vibrations
• Ground Rapture
• Liquefaction
• Earthquake-induced
Landslide
• Tsunami
2. Volcanic Eruption
• Lava Flow
• Volcanic Gas
• Pyroclastic flow
• Tephra Fall
• Lahar
• Volcanic Debris
• Avalanche

5. Classification of Hazard
Geologic Hazards
3. Rainfall-induced landslide
4. Rapid sediment movement
5. Subsidence
6. Sinkhole Formation
7. Impacts with space objects

6. Classification of Hazard
Hydrologic Hazards
1. Floods
2. Wave action
3. Drought
4. Rapid Glacier Avalanche

7. Classification of Hazard
Atmospheric Hazards
1. Typhoons or Hurricanes
2. Thunderstorm
3. Excessive rainfall
4. Tornadoes
5. Heavy snowfalls
6. Hail
7. Blizzards
8. Glaze storm
9. Freezing rain
10. High wind speeds
11. Extreme temperatures
12. Lightnings

8. Classification of Hazard
Biologic Hazards
1. Epidemic in humans
2. Epidemic in plants
3. Epidemic in animals
4. Locusts

9. Classification of Hazard
Man-made Hazards
1. Transportation accidents
2. Industrial explosions and
fires
3. Accidental release of toxic
chemicals, radiological
material, biologic material,
oil, etc.
4. Nuclear accidents
5. Collapse of public buildings
6. Weapons of Mass
destruction
7. Computer viruses

10. Hazard Profiling
 Profiling hazards is important in predicting the possible disasters that a
certain hazard can bring.
 They are useful in planning for a disaster especially if the same impacts
are likely to brought by a hazard that frequents a certain place.
 Hazards can be profiled in different ways; magnitude of event (high-
scale or low-scale), frequency (number of times in a year), duration
(short-term or long-term), and causality effects (direct or indirect).

11. Hazard Profiling (Magnitude)
 The magnitude of the hazard can be assessed by the measurements
obtained from scientific instruments.
 Sometimes, scaling can vary depending on the reference tables used
per country.
 For example, magnitude 5.0 above is considered high scale in
earthquakes based on the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS).
 Floods reaching 1.0 meter is likewise considered high-scale.
 Typhoons with winds up to 150 kph are deemed strong and powerful.

12. Hazard Profiling (Frequency)
 The frequency of the hazard to occur in an area is important because it
tells its(area) proneness to hazard. This is usually, but not always,
associated with the area’s geographical location.
 On Earth or its topographical condition. For example, a coastal
community may be frequented by storm surges if it belongs to the
typhoon belt.
 Coastal community may be frequented by flooding, and not storm
surges, if its topography or level of ground is lower than the sea level.
 Usually, government agencies record frequencies of natural hazard
occurrences to see any patterns to serve as tools in preparing for a
disaster.

13. Hazard Profiling (Duration)
 The impact of hazards varies in duration. The assessment of the
duration is either short or long.
 In earthquakes for example, the length of shaking, trembling, and even
the after-shocks are recorded. If this event happened in a span of more
than a minute, the earthquake is deemed to be long.
 Another example is the volcanic eruption that can last for days.
 The assessment of this duration can have implications on how extensive
preparatory activities should be and even the post disaster plans.

14. Hazard Profiling (Casualties)
 The impact of hazards can also be assessed based on the causality of
events, that is, whether the exposed element receives the likely disaster
directly or indirectly.
 Sometimes, other elements that are not visibly present in the site of
event also suffer some degree of consequences because all
communities interact within and outside their territory.

15. PH as Hazard Prone Area
 A hazard-prone area is a location where a natural hazard is likely to
happen if preventive measures are not implemented.
 Due mainly to its geography, the Philippines is considered prone to
natural hazards, and hence natural disasters as well.
 It is situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area surrounding the basin
of the Pacific Ocean where many volcanoes have formed. Thus, seismic
activities such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions frequently occur in
the region. Around 90 percent of the world’s earthquakes occur in this
region.

16. Hazard Prone
Area
 The Philippines and the
Pacific Ring of Fire

17. PH as Hazard Prone Area
Another reason the Philippines is considered prone to
disasters is its major tectonic feature, the Philippine Fault
Zone (PFZ).
A fault is a crack or break Earth’s crust along which rocks
have moved. A rapid or sudden movement of rocks
releases a large amount of seismic waves, which cause the
ground to move or to shake.
This sudden shaking of the ground is called an
earthquake.

18. PH as Hazard
Prone Area
 The PFZ is a series of
interrelated faults that cut
across the country from
northwestern Luzon to
southern Mindanao. Some
of the disastrous
earthquakes in the
Philippines are located in
the PFZ.

19. PH as Hazard Prone Area
 Another reason the Philippines is considered as hazard-prone area
is its location in the Western Pacific Basin, the part of the world that
is most often visited by typhoons.
 The region is also called the typhoon belt. This explains why an
average of 20 typhoons hit the country every year.

20. PH as Hazard
Prone Area
 Typhoon Belt

21. Impacts of Hazards
 The impacts of hazards are the likely outcome of disaster. The
exposed elements will initially receive all the negative impacts. In
some cases, however, not all the impacts of hazards are adverse.
 Some natural hazards result in changes that may be beneficial or
supportive of the other existing elements:
1. Physical Elements
2. Socioeconomic Elements
3. Environmental Elements

22. Impacts of Hazards(Socio-economic)
 The positive impacts of hazards on the socioeconomic elements may be
in the form of introducing new habits, practices, systems, or values that
may be geared toward the values of resiliency and recovery. The impacts
will induce adaptation on the part of the affected community.
 They will tend to create new operations or ways of living that can
withstand the next possible occurrence of the same hazard.
 Hazards can also bring negative impacts to these types of elements. In
the economic point of view, areas most frequented by hazards usually
would have lower standards of living or poor living conditions.
 One reason is their inability to join in market competitions given limited or
constrained resources. They may not be considered in the network of
trade because of their proneness to a hazard.

23. Impacts of Hazards(Environmental)
 Just like other exposed elements, perhaps the initial impact of
hazard to the ecosystems and other organisms in them may be
disastrous. However, in some cases, again due to adaptation, or
because natural hazards are natural events and hence part of the
natural cycles on Earth, the occurrence may benefit certain
components of Earth.
 For instance, the ashes spewed out during the eruption of Mt.
Pinatubo revealed to have made some soils in Zambales fertile.

24. Quiz Time!

25. Quiz Time!
Name all the acronyms: 5 points each! = 20 points!
1. NDRRMC
2. PHIVOLCS
3. PFZ
4. PAR

26. Quiz Time!
Identification: 2 points each! = 10 points!
1. Are events that pose threat, danger, or risk to any element exposed to them.
2. A type of hazard that caused by physical and biological elements in the
environment.
3. A type of hazard that is also called technological hazards.
4. A (blank) is a crack or break in Earth’s crust along which rocks have moved.
5. It is the outcome of disaster.

27. Quiz Time!
Enumeration: 2 points each + 1 point! = 15 points!
1. Some natural hazards result in changes that may be beneficial or supportive of the
other existing elements:
a.
b.
c.
2. Different ways of hazards can be profiled
a.
b.
c.
d.

28. Quiz Time!
Essay: 10 points each questions! = 30 points!
1. Why natural hazards are inevitable?
2. When does hazards happen?
3. Why is that, Philippine is an area prone to hazard?