Vulnerability is determined by a combination of physical, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence a community's ability to prepare for and respond to disasters. Physically vulnerable groups include the poor, elderly, women, and children, as they often have less resources to withstand hazards. Socially, less educated groups and those with weaker community ties are more vulnerable. Certain key infrastructure, coastal and agricultural areas, and human health are also vulnerable sectors affected by climate change and disasters. Reducing vulnerability requires policies and programs that address factors like poverty, education, governance, technology, and social inclusion.

1. Disaster Readiness
and Risk Reduction
2ND SEM Q1 Lesson 1
Key Concepts of
Disaster, Hazard,
Vulnerability and
Capacity

2. Basic concept
of disaster and
disaster risk
Learning Objective:
1. Explain the meaning of disaster;
2. Differentiate the risk factors underlying
disasters;
3. Describe the effects of disasters on one’
life
4. Analyze disaster from the
different perspectives (physical,
psychological, socio-cultural,
economic, political, and
biological).

3. A

4. B

5. Did you knowthat?!
“Earthquake proof”
Palawanis allegedly the
safestpart in the
Philippines when ‘The
BigOne’earthquakehits.
Trivi
a

6. According to an article published by
website, Kami, the province is
“earthquake proof” as it is said to be
the “most stable island” in the
country.
The article noted that the province
stands at 30-kilometer continental
rocks. Apparently, Palawan has no
active volcanoes, neither active
fault lines nor deep trenches.

7. OUR WORLD IS AT RISK
 FLOODS
 SEVERE
WINDSTORMS
 EARTHQUAKES
 TSUNAMIS
 DROUGHTS
 VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
 LANDSLIDES
 WILDFIRES

8. ASIA’S HAZARDS
 FLOODS
 EARTHQUAKES
 TSUNAMIS
 TYPHOONS
 VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
 LANDSLIDES
 DROUGHTS
 ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION

9. a serious disruption of the functioning of a
community or a society involving widespread
human, material, economic, or environmental
losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of
the affected community or society to cope using
its own resources.

10. When is an event a disaster?
 At least 20% of the population emergency assistance or those
destroyed.
 A great number or at least 40% of the means of livelihood such
as bananas, fishing boats, vehicles and the like are destroyed.
 Major roads and bridges are destroyed and impassable for at
least a week, thus disrupting the flow of transport and
commerce.
destruction of fishponds, crops, poultry and
and other agricultural products, and
 Widespread
livestock,
 Epidemics

11. Basic Concept in Understanding a
Disaster
Disaster are frequently described as a result
of the combination of
1.The exposure to a hazard
2.The conditions of vulnerability that present
3.Insufficient capacity or measures to
reduce or cope with the potential negative
consequences

12. a dangerous phenomenon, potentially damaging
physical event, phenomenon or human activity that
may cause loss of life, injury or other health
impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and
services, social and economic disruption, or
environmental damage.

13. Types of Hazard
Hazards or threats can be classified into
three: natural, human-made, or the
combination of both.
Natural Hazards – natural phenomena that
pose threats or cause negative impacts to
people and property. Examples are the
following:
Typhoon, storm surge, flood/flash flood,
earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption
,lahar flows, drought, red tide, pestilence,
and fire

14. Human-made
hazard that include civil
conflict, displacement due
to development projects,
environmental degradation,
industrial technological
hazards like leakage of toxic
waste, oil spill, fish kills,
nuclear, gaseous, chemical
contamination, famine,
drought, fires, and flood

15. Combination or Socionatural
Hazards
Flooding and drought can fall
under this category if these are due
to deforestation

16. Which of the three types of
hazards can be prevented and
can be anticipated and why?

17. Classify hazards according to their
types.
Storm surge, industrial technological hazards, oil spill, famine,
tsunami, earthquake, gaseous chemical contamination, lahar
flows, drought, fire, nuclear, civil conflict/armed conflict,
flooding, flashflood, typhoon, volcanic eruption, environmental
degradation, red tide, pestilence
Natural Hazard Human-made
Hazards
Combination:
Sociocultural Hazards

18. Basic mapping of disaster in the
Philippines
Your task is to identify disasters that have taken place in the Philippines in the
past five years, and analyze their causes and impacts on the communities
directly affected and the country in general
In your analysis, please highlight the following
1. The type disaster that has taken place, that is whether it is natural, man-
made, technological or a combination of sociocultural hazards
2. The causes and effect of the disaster, for example, effects on the livelihood
of the people and on the country’s economy

32. Displaced Populations
🞂 When Mt. Pinatubo erupted in
1991, thousands of families in
Zambales and Pampanga were
displaced. Their communities
were ravaged by lahar flow that
turned these communities into
“wilderness”

33. Health Risk
🞂 Severe flooding can
result in stagnant
water that allows
breeding of waterborne
bacteria and malaria
carrying mosquitoes.
Dengue fever is another
serious health problem
cause by mosquitoes.

34. Food Scarcity
🞂
After
food
natural
often
disasters,
becomes
Thousands of
scarce.
people around the world
go hungry as a result of
destroyed crops and loss
of agricultural
whether it
suddenly in
supplies,
happens
a storm or
gradually in a drought.

35. Emotional Aftershocks
🞂 n
of destruction and the
and
deaths of friends
loved ones, many
children develop post –
traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD), a
psychological
serious
condition
from extreme
resulting
trauma.

37. Areas and LocationsExposedto
Disaster

38. Exposed to Natural Hazard
Areas/ Location Exposed to:
Coastal areas Storm surge, tsunami, tidal
waves
Reclaimed Areas Flooding , sinkhole
Near Fault lines Earthquake
On foot of denuded mountains Mudslide/landslide
Near volcanoes Volcanic eruptions
River banks and esteros Flooding, flash floods
Open field Thunderstorm, hailstorm,
blizzard

39. Exposed to Man – made Hazard
Areas/ Location Exposed to:
Near Oil Depots Oil spill, pollution
Near Mining Projects Toxic waste
Near Chemical Plants Chemical fumes, chemical
waste
Near Nuclear Plants Nuclear waste
Near factories Factory waste, Pollution
Unsafe building structures Fire
Public Places in Mega Cities Terrorism

40. Different perspectives of disaster
Physical
The presence of tangible objects
and infrastructure affects people
and the environment. Physical
factors refer to structures such
as evacuation centers and river
walls, fire exits, fire hydrants and
objects such as signages which
could help people during
disaster.

41. 2. Psychological
The strength of a disaster is usually measured through the extent
of physical destruction than the mental well-being of people.
Facing grief, fear and unexpected intrapersonal and societal
changes can be tough to people.

42. 3. Sociocultural
Culture and tradition are rarely seen to change
because of the occurrence of disasters but
various socio-cultural actions and disaster risk
are related. Socio-cultural factors of disaster
include religion and faith, societal traditions,
perceptions and social standings.

44. 4. Economic
Physical damages on assets,
machineries and livestock in addition to
property loss, environmental damage,
trauma, health, loss of lives and
disruption of communities can severely
affect economic activity in periods
depending on the extent of damage..

45. 5. Political
Politics can be affected in the time of a disaster.
Government
structure and political actions can change depending
on the need. Political actions during and after a
disaster can be ways to update existing laws, rules
and physical aspects of the government. Resources
and funds can be realigned to focus on building local
resilience and for rehabilitation and reconstruction.

46. 6. Biological
Disaster can affect plant and
animal habitats which can change
the way our biosphere work. Our
environment heals itself as it has
faced several disasters long
before we existed in this planet.

48. Disaster Readiness
and Risk Reduction
2ND SEM Q1 Lesson 2
Exposure
and
Vulnerability

49. Topics:
Concept of
Vulnerability
Learning Objective:
1. Explain the meaning of vulnerability;
2. Explain why certain sectors of
society are more vulnerable to
disaster than others;
3. Analyze why certain structures are
more vulnerable to specific hazards
than others;

50.  What is Exposure?
 What is Vulnerability
 What is What is the
effect of vulnerability
to disaster?

51. Exposure
refers to the presenceof people,
livelihood, environmental servicesand
resources,infrastructure, or economic,
social,or cultural assetsin placesthat
could be adverselyaffectedby physical
eventsandwhich, thereby,are subject
to potential future harm, loss,or
damage.It may bepossibleto be
exposedbut not vulnerable.

52. The concept of VULNERABILITY comes from
many aspect, especially, those that arise from
various social, economic, physical and
environmental factors
Example:
 Poor Design
 Construction of buildings
 Inadequate protection of assets

53.  Lack of public awareness, limited
official recognition of risk and
preparedness measures
 Disregards for wise environmental
management (OPDM2013)

54. ● Vulnerability can be seen as the result of a
process in which various different things a
population to be more vulnerable. These
can be split into DEMOGRAPHIC and
SOCIO- ECONOMIC. They can also be
discussed through the level of
COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS and the
ability of a community to MANAGE THE
AFTER EFFECTS

55. ● 1. Population
Density- the more
dense the
population, the more
efficient a response
should be,
considering the
number of people
● 2. Age of
Population very
old and very
young populations
are less mobile
and able to
respond to hazard

56. ● Wealth – Low income
populations are less
likely to be well
prepared. Part of
preparation is having a
SURVIVAL KIT that
includes tools to be
used. Emergency food
stock and water that
could last for at least 3 to
● Education –
Education programs
such as the Metro
Manila
Development
Authority’s (MMDA)
shake drill can instruct
populations on how to
deal with hazard
events

57. ● Building Codes
– rigorous and
applied building
codes protect
most buildings
from collapse
during
earthquake.
● Scientific monitoring
and early warning
systems – Established
monitoring system can
prepare people for the
onslaught of any kind
of disaster.

58. ● Communication
Networks –
Countries with good
quality and
widespread
communication
networks allow
messages to be
quickly shared.
● Emergency
Planning –
Preparation is the
key element of
prevention.
Preparation for a
disaster is embodied
in an Emergency

59. D. Dealing with the
After - Effects
1. Insurance cover
2. Emergency
personnel
3. Aid Request

60. The Asian Disaster Preparedness
Center (2006,p.10) defines vulnerability
as a set of prevailing or consequential
conditions, which adversely affect the
community’s ability to prevent, mitigate,
prepare for and respond to hazardous
events

61. VulnerableSectorsInclude
1. Agriculture and Food
The agriculture sector in
the Philippines ishighly
dependent on aconstant
water supply and
unpredictable growing
seasons.Climate-related
changesdisrupt farming
activities andhamper
agricultural production
resulting physicalfactors.

62. 2. Watersheds:Forestry,
Biodiversity, andWater
resources
Major river basinsin the
Philippines areconsidered
the lifeblood of the
Philippine economy.
becauseof the pollution,
unstableresource useand
the additional pressure
brought on by climate
change,theseareas have
becomelessviable.

63. 3.Coastal andMarine
Resources
Evenwithout climate
change,manyparts of
the Philippinescoasts
were already getting
damagedand
deteriorating due to
natural causesor human-
induced activities.

64. 4. HumanHealth
Infectious diseasesthat
are climate-sensitive
become vulnerabilities of
apopulation that is
threatened by the
increasing frequency of
extreme climate events.

65. HumanFactors
1. Wealth
Thepoor are lessable to afford housingandother
infrastructure that canwithstand extremeevents,
andlesslikely to haveaccessto medicalcare.

66. HumanFactors
2.Education
With education, we canlearn how to avoidor reduce
manyimpacts. When populations includeprofessionals
trained in hazards,then these people canhelp the
populations with their hazardspreparations and
responses.

67. 3.Governance
They can advance policies that reduce vulnerability. They can
support education and awareness efforts, as well as economic
development to reduce poverty. They can foster social
networks and empower individuals and communities to help
themselves to prepare for and respondtohazards.

68. 4.Technology
It can improve our ability to forecast extreme events,
withstand the impacts of events, and recover afterwards.
Wealthier, more educated societies are more likely to
havemore advancetechnology.

69. 4.Age
Children and the elderly tend to be more
vulnerable. They have less physical strength to
survive disasters and are often more susceptible to
certain diseases.

70. 4.Gender
Women are often more vulnerable to natural hazards
than men. This is in part because women are likely to be
poor, less educated, and politically marginalised, often
due to sexismin societies around theworld.

71. Who are so called Most Vulnerable
Sectors?
 They are the community members whose
capacities are low and not sufficient to
withstand and overcome the damaging
and adverse effects of disasters
 They are composed of farmers, the urban
poor, laborers, indigenous people,
persons with disabilities (PWDs), women
and children
 In addition, they are so called abused sector
and at the lowest levels of society

72. Who are the so called Less Vulnerable
Sectors?
 They are the community members whose capacities start from
their own ability to acquire material resources: skills and
trainings and position in society
 Their capacities are higher than those in the vulnerable
sector to overcome the adverse effects of disasters
 They are composed of professionals, small entrepreneurs and
others similar to those who belong to the higher levels of society
 Their role in disaster management activities is to extend
assistance and support to vulnerable sectors

73. Who are the so called Not Vulnerable
Sectors?
 They are sectors in society having high
position in the community
 Most of the time, they are the targets of the
vulnerable and less vulnerable sectors in
advocacy work relating disaster issue to the
structure and policies implemented by the
government that are the root causes of the
vulnerability of the community

74. Categories of Vulnerabilities
According to Anderson and Woodrow (1990), there are
three areas of vulnerability, which are the following
Physical/ Material Vulnerability
 Location and type of housing/building materials
 Land, water, animals, capital, other means of
production (access and control)
 Infrastructure and services: roads, health facilities,
schools, electricity, communications, transport,
housing, etc..

75.  Human capital: population,
morality, diseases, nutritional status,
literacy, numeracy, poverty levels
 Environment factors: forestation, soil
quality and erosion

76.  Social/Organizational
 Family structure (weak/strong)
 Leadership qualities and structure
 Legislation
 Administrative structures and institutional
arrangements
 Decision-making structures (who is left out,
who is in, effectiveness)

77. Participation levels
Divisions and conflicts: ethnic,
class, caste, religion, ideology,
political groups, language groups,
and structures for mediating
conflicts
Degree of justice, equality, access
to political processes

78.  Community organizations: formal,
informal, traditional, governmental,
progressive
Relationship to government,
administrative structures
Isolation or connectedness

79. Attitudinal/Motivational Vulnerability
 • Attitude toward change
 • Sense of ability to affect their world,
environment, get things done
 • Initiative
 • Faith, determination, fighting spirit

80.  • Religious beliefs, ideology
 • Fatalism, hopelessness,
discouragement
 • Dependent/independent (self-reliant)
 • Consciousness, awareness
 • Unity, solidarity, cooperation
 • Orientation toward past, present, and
future

81. The concept of vulnerability comes from
many aspects, specifically, those that arise
from various
 social,
 economic,
 physical, and
 environmental factors.

82. 4 MAINTYPESOF VULNERABILITY
1. Physical
Vulnerability–is
defined as“a factor
within the
environment that
canharm the body
without necessarily
touching it.”
Examples,
vibration and
noise.

83. 2. CulturalorSocial
Vulnerability –
result from your
location,
socioeconomic
status, occupation
andbehavioral
choices.

84. 3. Economic
Vulnerability
– refers to major
natural disasterswhich
canand do havesevere
negative short-run
economicimpacts.

85. 4. Environmental
hazard– refers to
state of eventswhich
hasthe potential to
threaten the
surrounding natural
environment and
adversely affect
people’s health.

87. Philippines is on e of the top three countries that
are vulnerable to disasters in terms of loss of
people’s lives. Year 2015 Philippines ranked
second among 171 countries in terms of risk level
to disasters (UNU, 2015). According to Center for
Research of Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED),
the country is 52.46% exposed to natural hazards,
which makes it 53.85% vulnerable to the impact of
disasters. There is 33.35% susceptibility of
likelihood that the country will suffer great harm,
loss and disruption in an extreme event or natural

88. The Philippines has 48.17% adaptive
capacities for long-term strategies in
dealing with and attempting to address the
negative impact of natural hazards and
climate change. The country lacks 80.03%
coping capacity to minimize the negative
consequences of natural hazards and
climate change through direct action and
the resources available

90. Disaster Readiness
and Risk Reduction
2ND SEM Q1 Lesson 3
Key Concepts of
Disaster, Hazard,
Vulnerability and
Capacity

91. Topics:
 Concept of
Vulnerability
 Concept of
Capacity
Learning Objective:
1. Determine the elements that are
exposed to a particular hazard;
2. Recognize vulnerabilities of different
elements exposed to specific hazards;
and
3. Differentiate among hazards, exposure,
and vulnerabilities and give examples
from actual situations.

92. What is Capacity?
According to the United Nations International
Strategy for Disaster Reduction or UNISDR
(2009), capacity refers to all the strengths,
attributes, and resources available within a
community, organization, or society that can
be used to achieve an agreed goal.
The Concept of Capacity

93. The United Nations Development
Programme or UNDP(2009)
Defines capacity development as the process
through which individuals, organizations, and
societies obtain, strengthen, and maintain the
capabilities to set and achieve their own
development objectives overtime

94. Examples of capacity
 Ownership of land
 safe location
 construction of home,
 adequate income,
 savings,
 local knowledge such as
the barangay hotline and
 evacuation plan,
 family and community
support system,
 responsive local
government,
adequate food sources,  enabling legislation and
 strong community
organizations

95. How does capacity
contribute to lessening or
mitigating impacts of
disasters?

96. Community members and groups have different
vulnerabilities and capacities.
 age,
 gender,
 class,
 social class,
 ethnicity,
 language,
 religion, and
 physical condition.

97. Disaster Risk
Is the chance or likelihood of suffering
harm and loss as a result of a hazardous
event
Also define as the probability of harmful
consequences or expected losses

98. RISK
EXPOSURE
Engineering
Economic
Social
Earthquake
Tsunami
Floods
Cyclone
Bushfires
Landslide
Volcanoes
People
Buildings
Businesses
Infrastructure

99. Risk = Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability
Capacity