Disaster risk reduction (DRR) involves systematic efforts to minimize vulnerabilities and risks before disasters occur, incorporating strategies like building code revisions, hazard analysis, and public awareness initiatives. Community-based disaster risk reduction and management (CBDRRM) emphasizes engaging local populations in all phases of disaster management to enhance their capacity for preparedness and response. Effective disaster management relies on strong communication, understanding hazards, and multi-level involvement, including training youth and educational institutions to participate actively in resilience-building efforts.

1. CONCEPT OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR) AND
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT (DRRM)
9.1 Disaster Risk Reduction
9.2 Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management (CBDRRM) for Preparedness
REID CHRYSLER C. MANARES

2. D
D

3. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) refers to systematic efforts to
minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks, to avoid, or to limit the
effects of hazards.
Examples of
DRRR Activities
• building code revision
and implementation
• hazard and vulnerability
analysis
• zoning and land use
management
• public awareness and
education
• early warning systems
(forecasting, etc.)
NDRRMC Logo
(2010 - Present)

4. Risk Identification
Risk Analysis
Risk Prioritization
Risk Treatment
Monitoring
and Evaluation
Disaster risk reduction is a process
which is done before a disaster
strikes, and consists of FIVE steps:

5. Risk Identification
Risk Analysis
Risk Prioritization
Risk Treatment
Monitoring
and Evaluation
The risk identification stage
identifies the hazards; potential
threats are identified based partly
on experience and records.

6. Risk Identification
Risk Analysis
Risk Prioritization
Risk Treatment
Monitoring
and Evaluation
Risk analysis aims to establish the
magnitude and the likelihood of the
occurrence of the event.

7. Risk Identification
Risk Analysis
Risk Prioritization
Risk Treatment
Monitoring
and Evaluation
The risk prioritization step
analyzes and identifies priority
subjects (hazards, areas,
and elements at risk) requiring
treatment.

8. Risk Identification
Risk Analysis
Risk Prioritization
Risk Treatment
Monitoring
and Evaluation
The risk treatment stage identifies
the cause of the risks, identifies and
evaluates treatment strategies, and
prepares and implements treatment
plans.

9. Risk Identification
Risk Analysis
Risk Prioritization
Risk Treatment
Monitoring
and Evaluation
Monitoring and evaluation oversee
s the implementation progress of the
disaster risk management process.
This stage also conducts periodic
investigation of progress and
analysis of impact and achievement.

10. Mitigation measures are designed to minimize disaster-related losses.
EXAMPLES OF MITIGATION MEASURES:
1. Strengthening buildings
2. Proper timing of crop cycles
3. Restriction of activities in volcanic
danger zones
4. Determining which facilities need
fire-safe roofing materials
5. Implementing flood-control projects
6. Implementing land use-control laws
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS PRACTICES:
1. Planning for evacuation routes and
camps
2. Logistics for providing relief supplies
3. Stockpiling of equipment and
supplies
4. Promotion of public awareness
through information and
education campaigns
Likewise, preparedness measures are also done before a disaster-causing event.

11. ▪ Disaster risk reduction activities are part and parcel of the whole effort
undertaken before and until long after a disastrous event.
▪ The entire array of activities aimed at reducing the severity of
impact of the disaster-causing event which are undertaken
before, during, and after a disaster is referred to collectively as
disaster management.
Early warnings should be
easily understood
▪ A Yolanda timeline prepared
by the NDRRMC shows that
the typhoon was already
being tracked a week before
it entered PAR.
▪ However, it was obvious,
however, that the public
could not imagine Yolanda’s
magnitude and proportions.
▪ Although they had been
warned, many were not
alarmed because they had
survived very destructive
weather events before.
▪ They were also warned about
a possible storm surge, but
they did not know what it
meant, let alone understood
its deadly potential.
An Excerpt from “Y It Happened: Learning
from Typhoon Yolanda”

12. Pre-event Syn-event Post-event
▪ Risk assessment
▪ Mitigation or prevention
▪ Preparedness
▪ Emergency response
(rescue, evacuation, relief)
▪ Recovery
▪ Rehabilitation
▪ Reconstruction

13. Risk Identification/Assessment
▪ Hazard analysis
▪ Vulnerability analysis
▪ Determination of risk
DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT EVENT
Post-event
▪ Recovery
▪ Rehabilitation
▪ Reconstruction
Syn-event
▪ Rescue
▪ Evacuation
▪ Relief
Preparedness
▪ Early warning
▪ Evacuation
▪ Emergency planning
Mitigation
▪ Land use planning
▪ Land management
▪ (Non-) structural measures

14. D
D

15. ▪ Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction Management
(CBDRRM) empowers the people by recognizing and
emphasizing the value of communities and local organizations.
▪ By entrusting DRRM to them, the technical and organizational
capacities of communities are enhanced.
Disaster preparedness
should not be left solely to
National Government
Agencies (NGA):
▪ NGAs are limited by
budget and organizational
capability
▪ NGAs cannot also be in
disaster areas right away.
▪ Local people and
organizations can
recognize and respond
faster to local problems
and needs.
▪ Cost-effectiveness and
sustainability of activities
should be expected when
these are conducted by
local people.

16. WHO ARE THE PARTICIPANTS IN CBDRRM?
CBDRRM engages in communities,
not only in DRR, but also in all phases
of the disaster management cycle.
The tasks of decision-making and
activity implementation rest primarily
on local people and organizations,
with the national government
assuming a supportive partner’s role.
WHAT ARE THE AIMS OF CBDRRM?
CBDRRM aims to create resilient
communities which are able to reduce
their vulnerabilities and exposure, and
at the same time, enhance their
capacities before, during, and after
a disaster.
Capacity refers to the ability to reduce the probability of failure through
risk reduction measures, to reduce the consequences of failure, and to reduce
recovery time and patterns of vulnerability during reconstruction.

17. Government agencies
Individuals Organizations
Community
Leaders
Stakeholders
Laborers
Community
To be more
effective
in reducing
a community’s
exposure
and vulnerability,
and to enhance
its capacities
for disaster risk
management, a
community-based
DRRM should
involve both
community
insiders
and outsiders.

18. NOLCOM providing relief goods to Taal eruption victims (2020).
USAID giving assistance during typhoon Ompong (2018).

19. Phivolcs lowers Taal’s status from Alert Level 4 to 3
https://philippinesgraphic.net/phivolcs-lowers-taals-status-from-alert
-level-4-to-3/
National government on top of Davao del Sur quake situation
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/12/16/1977464/national-g
overnment-top-davao-del-sur-quake-situation
▪ The formulation of policies and
frameworks for warning rests on the
national government.
▪ While putting in place systems to
ensure timely and effective warnings
is the national government’s
responsibility, communities can
certainly participate and be of help
in this aspect.
The local goverment of Agoncillo, Batangas monitoring subtle
changes in the volcanic activity amid Taal eruption (2020).
Rescuers and LDRRMOs of Padada and Davao del Sur on top
of the situation following the Davao del Sur earthquake (2019).

20. ▪ Predictions and warnings are
indispensable preparedness
tools undertaken before a disaster
strikes.
▪ People, however, should be made
to understand the nature and
consequences of the hazards they
are faced with when warnings are
issued.
▪ The severity of hazards and the
consequences of not heeding
predictions and warnings should be
properly explained.
Residents were assisted into a truck
after the local government of Daraga,
Albay implemented pre-emptive
evacuations due to typhoon Nina (2016).
Negros Oriental Police Provincial Office
(NORPPO) patrolling an area of Valencia,
Negros Oriental due to landslide caused
by a 3.8-magnitude earthquake (2019).
Tens of thousands flee Christmas Day
typhoon in Philippines
https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/world/asia/2
016-12-25-tens-of-thousands-flee-christmas-d
ay-typhoon-in-philippines/
Landslide hits Negros Oriental town after
3.8 magnitude quake
https://news.mb.com.ph/2019/11/18/landslide-
hits-negros-oriental-town-after-3-8-magnitude-
quake/

21. ▪ There is no better way of implementing sustained information
and education campaigns and other preparedness measures
than at the level of communities affected and by the
community dwellers themselves.
▪ Emergency planning for syn- and post-disaster situations are
best done right where the people who might be affected are.
▪ Involving people directly in monitoring and warning activities will
make them better understand the hazards affecting them,
and hence, be more receptive to warnings.

22. ▪ Educational institutions are indispensable actors in community-based
DRRM. Students fall within the most vulnerable sectors of the
population.
▪ Yet, because of the nature of schools and students, they could also be
the most potent agents, not only of disaster preparedness, but in all
aspects of the disaster management cycle.
Involving Children
and Youth
▪ Children and youth are
increasingly participating in
CBDRM and HVCA.
▪ It does not only help them in
dealing with disasters, it can
also enhance the resilience
of their communities.
▪ Training their hands-on
hazard, vulnerability, and
capacity assessment (HVCA)
techniques builds their
knowledge and skills, enabling
them to assess and monitor
hazards, risks, vulnerabilities
and capacities in their
communities.
▪ Having them involved
becomes more powerful when
combined with projects that
recognize poverty as key
factor in vulnerability and can
actively assist in reducing it.
An Excerpt from “Research-into-Action brief:
Community-based disaster risk
management (CBDRM)”