The document discusses exposure and vulnerability to natural hazards. Exposure refers to people, assets, or resources that could be affected by hazards, while vulnerability is the susceptibility to harm from stresses. The Philippines has high exposure due to its location in the Pacific typhoon belt and geography of small islands and rugged terrain. It is also highly vulnerable due to poverty, weak institutions, reliance on agriculture/fishing, and other social and economic factors. Multiple sectors in the Philippines, such as agriculture, watersheds, coastal areas and human health, are vulnerable to climate change impacts.

1. Exposure and Vulnerability

2. Overview
Exposure refers to the
presence of people, livelihood,
environmental services and
resources, infrastructure, or
economic, social, or cultural
assets in places that could be
adversely affected by physical
events and which, thereby, are
subject to potential future
harm, loss, or damage. It may
be possible to be exposed but
not vulnerable.

3. Did you know that?!

4. Various Elements Exposed to Hazards
1. Physical hazard – is
defined as “a factor
within the
environment that
can harm the body
without necessarily
touching it.” For the
examples, vibration
and noise.

5. Various Elements Exposed to Hazards
1. Cultural hazard –
also known as social
hazards, result from
your location,
socioeconomic
status, occupation
and behavioral
choices.

6. Various Elements Exposed to Hazards
1. Economic hazard
– refers to major
natural disasters which
can and do have severe
negative short-run
economic impacts.

7. Various Elements Exposed to Hazards
1. Environmental
hazard – refers to
state of events which
has the potential to
threaten the
surrounding natural
environment and
adversely affect
people’s health.

8. Defining Vulnerability
• Vulnerability is the state of susceptibility to
harm from exposure to stresses associated
with environmental and social change and
from the absence of capacity to adapt.

9. Vulnerable Sectors Include
1. Agriculture and Food
The agriculture sector in
the Philippines is highly
dependent on a constant
water supply and
unpredictable growing
seasons. Climate-related
changes disrupt farming
activities and hamper
agricultural production
resulting physical factors.

10. Vulnerable Sectors Include
2. Watersheds: Forestry,
Biodiversity, and Water
resources
Major river basins in the
Philippines are considered
the lifeblood of the
Philippine economy.
However, because of the
pollution, unstable resource
use and the additional
pressure brought on by
climate change, these areas
have become less viable.

11. Vulnerable Sectors Include
3. Coastal and Marine
Resources
Even without climate
change, many parts of
the Philippines coasts
were already getting
damaged and
deteriorating due to
natural causes or human-
induced activities.

12. Vulnerable Sectors Include
4. Human Health
Infectious diseases that
are climate-sensitive
become vulnerabilities of
a population that is
threatened by the
increasing frequency of
extreme climate events.
Other diseases have re-
emerged or have
become harder to treat.

13. Human Factors
1. Wealth
The poor are less able to afford housing and other
infrastructure that can withstand extreme events,
and less likely to have access to medical care.

14. Human Factors
2. Education
With education, we can learn how to avoid or reduce
many impacts. When populations include professionals
trained in hazards, then these people can help the
populations with their hazards preparations and
responses.

15. Human Factors
3. Governance
They can advance policies that reduce vulnerability. They can
support education and awareness efforts, as well as economic
development to reduce poverty. They can foster social
networks and empower individuals and communities to help
themselves to prepare for and respond to hazards.

16. Human Factors
4. Technology
It can improve our ability to forecast extreme events,
withstand the impacts of events, and recover afterwards.
Wealthier, more educated societies are more likely to have
more advance technology.

17. Human Factors
4. Age
Children and the elderly tend to be more
vulnerable. They have less physical strength to
survive disasters and are often more susceptible to
certain diseases.

18. Human Factors
4. Gender
Women are often more vulnerable to natural hazards than
men. This is in part because women are likely to be poor,
less educated, and politically marginalised, often due to
sexism in societies around the world.

19. QuantifyingVulnerability
• It is used in estimating how much mitigation and
preparedness measures will be applied.
• Based on data about the interesting of the previous hazard
events and severity of their effects.
• It can be expressed as:
1 – lowest degree of vulnerability
2 – highest degree
People: Ratio of casualties / injured to the total population
Buildings: Expressed as a repair cost or degree of damage

20. RiskFactors
• Risk signifies the possibility of adverse
effects in the future. It is derived from the
social and environmentalinteraction of
processes, from the combination of
physical hazard and the vulnerabilities of
exposed elements.

21. RISK
Earthquake
Tsunami
Floods
Cyclones
Bushfires
Landslides
Volcanoes
Engineering
Economic
Social
Exposure
People
Buildings
Business
Infrastructure
Risk = Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability
Capacity
Triagram of Disaster Risk

22. Philippine Exposure and
Vulnerabilities to NaturalDisaster
• 8 out of 10 cities most
exposed
hazards
to natural
are in the
Philippines. (Philippine
Star, 2014)
• Study also found that of
the 100 cities
greatest exposure
with the
to
natural hazard, 21 are in
the Philippines, 16 in
China, 11 in Japan and 8
in Bangladesh

23. 10 World Cities Most atRisk
1. Port Villa in Vanuatu
2. Tuguegarao in Cagayan
3. Lucena in Quezon
4. Manila
5. San Fernando Pampanga
6. Cabanatuan in Nueva Ecija
7. Batangas
8. Taipei
9. San Carlos , Pangasinan
10. Naga in Camarines sur

24. Philippine Vulnerabilityto
NaturalDisaster
• The Philippines lies in the Pacific typhoon belt and we
are visited by an average of 20 typhoons every year.
• The rugged nature of our landscape makes our
communities very vulnerable to landslides, mudflows
and other disasters.
• The Philippines is an archipelagic country with many
small island.
• Many of our areas are also at below sea level
• With one of the longest in the world at 32,400 km, we
have many areas that are vulnerable to storm surges.
• The Philippines is still a primary agricultural and fishing
economy.

25. • Natural hazard risk is compounded in the Philippines by
poor institutional and social capacity to mange, respond
and recover from natural hazard events.
• The Philippines is considered “high risk” in terms of the
country’s ability to manage and mitigate the impacts of
natural hazard and in part due to ‘entrenched corruption
and high levels of poverty’.
• Aside from being at risk to typhoons, the Philippines is
also at risk to volcanic, quakes and floods.
Philippine Vulnerabilityto
NaturalDisaster