This document discusses cold water fisheries in India. It describes the temperature range for cold water fisheries (5-25°C) and notes that states like Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand are well-suited for cold water fisheries. It identifies important cold water fish species in India like various types of mahseer and trout. Mahseer can grow up to 1.5 meters long and breed from July to September. Trout generally feed on other fish and aquatic invertebrates. Cold water fisheries provide income, employment, and food for local populations and have significant potential to contribute to India's fisheries sector and economy.
Transport of hatchlings, fry, and fingerlings is common in aquaculture. Proper techniques involve understanding fish physiology and mortality causes during transport. Seed can be collected from wild or hatcheries. Major carps are collected from flooded rivers during monsoon season. Seed from estuaries and coastal waters include milkfish, mullets, pearlspot, and seabass. Bundhs are seasonal flooded areas that stimulate breeding. Induced spawning techniques breed species that don't spawn in captivity using hormones. Transport uses open or closed oxygenated systems. Factors causing mortality are oxygen depletion, waste accumulation, temperature fluctuations, and stress. Anaesthetics and antibiotics are used to reduce stress and prevent disease.
This document provides information about carp culture and the selection of major carps for aquaculture. It discusses that carp culture is one of the oldest forms of aquaculture and major carps like Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhina mrigala contribute over 85% of aquaculture production in India. The document outlines various factors to consider for site selection such as soil type, water availability, and proximity to markets. It also provides details on pond construction and conditioning, and criteria for selecting suitable carps for culture like growth rate, tolerance levels, and consumer preference.
This document provides an overview of reproductive biology in fishes. It discusses the different types of sexuality observed in fishes, including unisexuality, bisexuality, hermaphroditism, and parthenogenesis. It describes the reproductive cycles and hormones that regulate reproduction for both male and female fish. Key aspects covered include the gonads, sexual dimorphism, seasonal breeding patterns, and hormonal control of the reproductive system through the CNS-pituitary-gonad axis.
Hatchery management of Trout & present status in india ,riteshRitesh chandravanshi
This document discusses seed production of trout. It describes the reproductive biology of trout and important trout species. It then outlines the different units of a trout hatchery - the broodstock unit, egg taking and milt collection unit, incubation unit, and larval rearing unit. It provides details on the processes that take place in each unit, including water quality parameters and incubation times. Lastly, it reviews the current status and production of trout farming in India and provides strategies to improve the industry.
This document discusses the different components and types of fisheries in India. It covers inland fisheries including capture fisheries from rivers, reservoirs, and lakes, as well as culture fisheries conducted on fish farms. It also discusses coastal fisheries including estuarine fisheries that provide nursery grounds for fish and brakishwater fisheries. Finally, it covers marine fisheries along India's east and west coasts and the types of fish found in each region.
The Hooghly-Matlah estuarine system in West Bengal supports an important fishery. It can be divided into 5 zones based on salinity. The catch is highest in winter months, dominated by species like Hilsa ilisha. Over 92% of the total catch comes from the lower estuarine zone near the sea. The fishery faces threats from habitat loss, pollution, and overexploitation. In the Sundarban area, the fishery has seen a shift towards invertebrates like prawns and crabs in recent years, with a decline in fish landings. Scylla serrata crab remains an important commercial species caught using traps and lines.
1. There are three types of reservoirs in India - small (<1000 hectares), medium (1000-5000 hectares), and large (>5000 hectares). Small reservoirs account for the largest number (19,134) and area (1.48 million hectares).
2. Indian reservoirs tend to be nutrient-rich with narrow temperature fluctuations that prevent thermal stratification in many areas. Biotic communities include phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, and decomposers like bacteria and fungi.
3. Fish production in Indian reservoirs is low on average at 20 kg/ha compared to potential yields, with room for improvement through management practices like stocking preferred fish species.
This document discusses cold water fisheries in India. It describes the temperature range for cold water fisheries (5-25°C) and notes that states like Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand are well-suited for cold water fisheries. It identifies important cold water fish species in India like various types of mahseer and trout. Mahseer can grow up to 1.5 meters long and breed from July to September. Trout generally feed on other fish and aquatic invertebrates. Cold water fisheries provide income, employment, and food for local populations and have significant potential to contribute to India's fisheries sector and economy.
Transport of hatchlings, fry, and fingerlings is common in aquaculture. Proper techniques involve understanding fish physiology and mortality causes during transport. Seed can be collected from wild or hatcheries. Major carps are collected from flooded rivers during monsoon season. Seed from estuaries and coastal waters include milkfish, mullets, pearlspot, and seabass. Bundhs are seasonal flooded areas that stimulate breeding. Induced spawning techniques breed species that don't spawn in captivity using hormones. Transport uses open or closed oxygenated systems. Factors causing mortality are oxygen depletion, waste accumulation, temperature fluctuations, and stress. Anaesthetics and antibiotics are used to reduce stress and prevent disease.
This document provides information about carp culture and the selection of major carps for aquaculture. It discusses that carp culture is one of the oldest forms of aquaculture and major carps like Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhina mrigala contribute over 85% of aquaculture production in India. The document outlines various factors to consider for site selection such as soil type, water availability, and proximity to markets. It also provides details on pond construction and conditioning, and criteria for selecting suitable carps for culture like growth rate, tolerance levels, and consumer preference.
This document provides an overview of reproductive biology in fishes. It discusses the different types of sexuality observed in fishes, including unisexuality, bisexuality, hermaphroditism, and parthenogenesis. It describes the reproductive cycles and hormones that regulate reproduction for both male and female fish. Key aspects covered include the gonads, sexual dimorphism, seasonal breeding patterns, and hormonal control of the reproductive system through the CNS-pituitary-gonad axis.
Hatchery management of Trout & present status in india ,riteshRitesh chandravanshi
This document discusses seed production of trout. It describes the reproductive biology of trout and important trout species. It then outlines the different units of a trout hatchery - the broodstock unit, egg taking and milt collection unit, incubation unit, and larval rearing unit. It provides details on the processes that take place in each unit, including water quality parameters and incubation times. Lastly, it reviews the current status and production of trout farming in India and provides strategies to improve the industry.
This document discusses the different components and types of fisheries in India. It covers inland fisheries including capture fisheries from rivers, reservoirs, and lakes, as well as culture fisheries conducted on fish farms. It also discusses coastal fisheries including estuarine fisheries that provide nursery grounds for fish and brakishwater fisheries. Finally, it covers marine fisheries along India's east and west coasts and the types of fish found in each region.
The Hooghly-Matlah estuarine system in West Bengal supports an important fishery. It can be divided into 5 zones based on salinity. The catch is highest in winter months, dominated by species like Hilsa ilisha. Over 92% of the total catch comes from the lower estuarine zone near the sea. The fishery faces threats from habitat loss, pollution, and overexploitation. In the Sundarban area, the fishery has seen a shift towards invertebrates like prawns and crabs in recent years, with a decline in fish landings. Scylla serrata crab remains an important commercial species caught using traps and lines.
1. There are three types of reservoirs in India - small (<1000 hectares), medium (1000-5000 hectares), and large (>5000 hectares). Small reservoirs account for the largest number (19,134) and area (1.48 million hectares).
2. Indian reservoirs tend to be nutrient-rich with narrow temperature fluctuations that prevent thermal stratification in many areas. Biotic communities include phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, and decomposers like bacteria and fungi.
3. Fish production in Indian reservoirs is low on average at 20 kg/ha compared to potential yields, with room for improvement through management practices like stocking preferred fish species.
So this is a visual PPT, made with reference book - Applied Fishery Science By S.M Shafi and most of the data was collected from FAO and CMFRI . Molluscan fisheries here in this PPT is related with India so most of the organisms are indigenous. Have a look . It would be pictorial but once you know about the topic it's the best
The document discusses the construction and maintenance of a fish farm. It describes selecting a suitable location based on topography, soil type, and water supply. The ideal layout includes hatchery pits, nursery ponds, rearing ponds, and stocking ponds of different sizes. Pond maintenance involves liming to control parasites, fertilizing to increase natural food sources, and harvesting fish when they reach maturity. Proper site selection and regular pond upkeep are essential for a productive and sustainable fish farming operation.
The document discusses India's inland water resources including rivers, reservoirs, lakes, tanks, ponds, wetlands, lagoons and estuaries. It notes that rivers cover over 1.9 lakh km and reservoirs cover over 3.15 million hectares. Major river systems include the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus, and rivers along the east and west coasts. Inland fisheries production has increased from 0.75 million tonnes in 1950-51 to over 8 million tonnes in 2009-10. States like West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are major producers.
This document discusses sewage-fed fish culture, which involves using treated sewage water to culture fish. It provides background on the history and present status of sewage-fed fish culture. The key processes involved are primary and secondary sewage treatment through sedimentation, dilution, and storage before releasing into fish ponds. Farmers culture various fish species using techniques like pond preparation, primary fertilization through sewage, stocking, feeding, and harvesting fish for market. While sewage-fed culture benefits waste recycling and low input costs, it can also pose health risks if not properly managed.
1) Fish possess various adaptive structures like electric organs, poison glands, and sound producing organs. This document focuses on bioluminescence organs.
2) Bioluminescence involves the production of light by living organisms through a chemical reaction between luciferin and luciferase enzymes. It is common in marine life.
3) Fish bioluminescence can involve symbiotic bacteria or intrinsic photophores. Photophores are light-emitting organs that vary in structure and function between fish species.
Almost all natural bodies of water bear fish life, the exceptions being very hot thermal ponds and extremely salt-alkaline lakes such as the Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake. The fishes belong to the most numerous and diversified group among vertebrates. They dominate the water bodies of the world through a variety of morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations. They have been in existence for more than 450 million years. A total of 24618 species of fishes belonging to 482 families and 4258 genera have so far been described. About 58% of the fish species are marine while 41% are freshwater inhabitants and 1% migrants. In our Indian region alone, there are 2,500 species of which 930 are inhabitants of freshwater and the rest live in the seas. In other words, India harbours 11.5% of the fish fauna so far known in the world. There are over 800 living species of sharks and rays, 30 species of chimaeras and ratfishes, 6 species of lung fishes, 1 species of coelacanths, 36 species of long ray finned bichirs, sturgeons and paddlefishes. The Neopterygii are the rest of the known species of modem fishes. All these fishes inhabit various niches in the aquatic environment. The diversified habitats of fishes include open oceans, deep oceanic trenches, nearshore waters, saline coastal embayments, brackishwaters, estuaries, intermittent streams, tiny desert springs, vernal pools, cold mountain streams, lakes, ponds, etc.
The cold water fisheries deal with fisheries activity in water where temperature of water ranges from 5 to 25 degrees centigrade. The water temperature under cold water fisheries should not be more than 25°C even in summer. Such conditions in India occur in Himalayan and peninsular regions.
9 Finest Coldwater Aquarium Fish
Orangethroat Darter.
Three-Spined Stickleback.
Orange-Spotted Sunfish.
Diamond Sturgeon.
Siberian Sturgeon.
Sterlet.
Fathead Minnow.
Southern redbelly dace.
Tench.
Rosy Barb. Hailing from Afghanistan and Bangladesh, this little fish is tolerant of temperatures in …
Gold Barb. The gold bard, or Chinese barb, is an extremely popular cold-water fish. Any aquarium …
Two Spot Barb. This fish hails from Nepal, India, and Pakistan. The omnivorous two spot barb …
Bloodfin Tetra. Natives to Southern Brazil and Paraguay, both the standard bloodfin .
Coldwater fish in terms of the aquarium trade refers to any fish species that prefer cooler water temperatures. The optimal temperatures for these fish hover around the 68-degree mark, although each species’ temperature range may vary from the norm.
1) Inland waters comprise approximately 0.01% of total water on Earth but are home to 40% of all fish species and 20% of vertebrate species. Inland fisheries include capture fisheries from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs as well as culture fisheries where fish are farmed.
2) China is the world's largest producer of inland fish followed by India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Cambodia. Major inland fish species vary by region but include carp, catfish, tilapia, and others. Inland fisheries provide food and livelihoods for billions of people globally.
3) Threats to inland fisheries include pollution, habitat
This document discusses the aquatic adaptations of birds and mammals. It describes morphological, anatomical, and physiological adaptations that allow birds like ducks and geese to live in aquatic environments. These include webbed feet, waterproof feathers, nasal flaps, and salt glands. Mammals like platypuses also have adaptations for aquatic life such as webbed feet and electrosensory bills. The document concludes that nature continues to amaze with the variety of adaptations that allow species to exploit different environments.
Fish tagging methods allow biologists to gather information about fish populations. There are biological, chemical, and physical tagging methods. Biological methods use natural marks like parasites or morphology. Chemical methods involve immersing, injecting, or feeding fish dye to mark them. Physical methods include internal tags like coded wire tags or PIT tags, and external tags like strap tags, dart tags, and anchor tags. Tagging provides data on movement patterns, population estimates, growth, and mortality to further understanding of fisheries.
The document discusses food and feeding for aquarium fish. It provides information on the types of foods fish need, including live foods like brine shrimp and bloodworms as well as processed foods like flakes and pellets. It also discusses ingredients that make up quality fish food like proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The document emphasizes the importance of providing the right kind and amount of food, as overfeeding can dirty the tank.
Plankton are small organisms that drift or float in marine and freshwater ecosystems. They include algae, bacteria, protozoa, and tiny animals. Plankton are the base of aquatic food webs, providing a food source for larger animals and ultimately humans. Their abundance varies depending on factors like light availability and nutrient levels. Plankton inhabit all bodies of water and play an important role in biogeochemical cycles.
This document discusses estuaries and estuarine fisheries in India. It defines an estuary and notes that India has over 55 estuaries along its eastern and western coasts, totaling approximately 30,000 square kilometers. Several major river systems like the Ganges, Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna form highly productive estuarine ecosystems. The document examines the fish production and ecology of estuaries like the Hooghly, Krishna, Godavari, Mahanadi, Chilka, Pulicat Lake, and Kerala backwaters. It provides details on fish catches, species diversity, and threats like overfishing in several of India's important estuarine systems.
This document summarizes information about Indian major carps and their reproductive biology. It discusses that the three major carps - Catla, Rohu and Mrigal - attain sexual maturity in their second year. Males mature earlier than females. Spawning occurs during the monsoon season in river systems. Carp eggs consist of a yolk surrounded by membranes and a micropyle. Hatching and larval development are also described. Methods for seed collection, induced breeding and hatchery operations are provided.
India has rich marine fishery resources due to its long coastline and exclusive economic zone covering over 2 million square kilometers. The marine fish production has increased significantly over time to over 3 million metric tons annually, contributing approximately 40% of India's total fish production. Important fishery resources include varieties of fishes, crustaceans, mollusks, and seaweeds. The west coast accounts for 55% of total landings while the east coast accounts for 45%. Key species landed include oil sardine, Indian mackerel, penaeid prawns, croakers, and cephalopods.
This document discusses induced breeding techniques in fish. It provides background on the historical development of induced breeding starting in the 1930s. The key steps discussed are collecting pituitary glands from ripe fish, preserving and storing the glands, determining appropriate doses of pituitary gland extract or synthetic hormones to inject into breeding fish, and collecting eggs and sperm. Factors that influence successful induced breeding include water conditions, climate, turbidity, and light levels.
This document discusses the importance of various physical and chemical parameters of water for successful aquaculture. It outlines key water quality factors like temperature, depth, transparency, and dissolved oxygen levels. Temperature affects fish metabolism and physiology, with high temperatures being lethal. Water depth should be between 1.5 to 3 meters. Transparent water supports higher plankton production and fish growth. Dissolved oxygen, pH, hardness, carbon dioxide, and nutrient levels also impact fish health and pond productivity. Maintaining suitable ranges of these parameters is essential for aquaculture.
This document defines aquaculture as the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic plants. It involves interventions like regular stocking, feeding, and protection from predators to enhance production. India has a long coastline and extensive water resources that are well suited for aquaculture. The purpose of aquaculture includes increasing food production and income, as well as generating employment. There are various types of aquaculture defined by factors like the water system used, type of water, stocking combinations, and integration with other farming systems.
A fishing gear is the tool with which aquatic resources are captured, whereas the fishing method is how the gear is used. Gear also includes harvesting organisms.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Coracles are dominant fishing craft in South Indian reservoirs. They are made of a large, circular basket with low sides and a hide covering. Fishermen use gill nets, shore seines and longlines from coracles. Catamarans, made of 3-5 logs tied together, are used in pairs for boat seines and individually for longlines and cast nets. Common inland fishing gears include cast nets, gill nets, seines, lift nets, drag nets, hooks and lines, and traps. Trawlers have been tried experimentally in some Indian reservoirs.
This document discusses mangrove and estuarine ecosystems. It defines an estuary as a place where freshwater rivers meet salty ocean water, forming a transition zone. Estuaries include river mouths, coastal bays, tidal marshes, lagoons, and deltas. The document notes that estuaries are highly productive ecosystems due to the mixing of fresh and saltwater. It provides examples of major Indian estuaries located along the Bay of Bengal and smaller west coast estuaries. The document also describes mangroves as salt-tolerant forests found in coastal regions that protect shorelines and serve as fish breeding grounds.
So this is a visual PPT, made with reference book - Applied Fishery Science By S.M Shafi and most of the data was collected from FAO and CMFRI . Molluscan fisheries here in this PPT is related with India so most of the organisms are indigenous. Have a look . It would be pictorial but once you know about the topic it's the best
The document discusses the construction and maintenance of a fish farm. It describes selecting a suitable location based on topography, soil type, and water supply. The ideal layout includes hatchery pits, nursery ponds, rearing ponds, and stocking ponds of different sizes. Pond maintenance involves liming to control parasites, fertilizing to increase natural food sources, and harvesting fish when they reach maturity. Proper site selection and regular pond upkeep are essential for a productive and sustainable fish farming operation.
The document discusses India's inland water resources including rivers, reservoirs, lakes, tanks, ponds, wetlands, lagoons and estuaries. It notes that rivers cover over 1.9 lakh km and reservoirs cover over 3.15 million hectares. Major river systems include the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus, and rivers along the east and west coasts. Inland fisheries production has increased from 0.75 million tonnes in 1950-51 to over 8 million tonnes in 2009-10. States like West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are major producers.
This document discusses sewage-fed fish culture, which involves using treated sewage water to culture fish. It provides background on the history and present status of sewage-fed fish culture. The key processes involved are primary and secondary sewage treatment through sedimentation, dilution, and storage before releasing into fish ponds. Farmers culture various fish species using techniques like pond preparation, primary fertilization through sewage, stocking, feeding, and harvesting fish for market. While sewage-fed culture benefits waste recycling and low input costs, it can also pose health risks if not properly managed.
1) Fish possess various adaptive structures like electric organs, poison glands, and sound producing organs. This document focuses on bioluminescence organs.
2) Bioluminescence involves the production of light by living organisms through a chemical reaction between luciferin and luciferase enzymes. It is common in marine life.
3) Fish bioluminescence can involve symbiotic bacteria or intrinsic photophores. Photophores are light-emitting organs that vary in structure and function between fish species.
Almost all natural bodies of water bear fish life, the exceptions being very hot thermal ponds and extremely salt-alkaline lakes such as the Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake. The fishes belong to the most numerous and diversified group among vertebrates. They dominate the water bodies of the world through a variety of morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations. They have been in existence for more than 450 million years. A total of 24618 species of fishes belonging to 482 families and 4258 genera have so far been described. About 58% of the fish species are marine while 41% are freshwater inhabitants and 1% migrants. In our Indian region alone, there are 2,500 species of which 930 are inhabitants of freshwater and the rest live in the seas. In other words, India harbours 11.5% of the fish fauna so far known in the world. There are over 800 living species of sharks and rays, 30 species of chimaeras and ratfishes, 6 species of lung fishes, 1 species of coelacanths, 36 species of long ray finned bichirs, sturgeons and paddlefishes. The Neopterygii are the rest of the known species of modem fishes. All these fishes inhabit various niches in the aquatic environment. The diversified habitats of fishes include open oceans, deep oceanic trenches, nearshore waters, saline coastal embayments, brackishwaters, estuaries, intermittent streams, tiny desert springs, vernal pools, cold mountain streams, lakes, ponds, etc.
The cold water fisheries deal with fisheries activity in water where temperature of water ranges from 5 to 25 degrees centigrade. The water temperature under cold water fisheries should not be more than 25°C even in summer. Such conditions in India occur in Himalayan and peninsular regions.
9 Finest Coldwater Aquarium Fish
Orangethroat Darter.
Three-Spined Stickleback.
Orange-Spotted Sunfish.
Diamond Sturgeon.
Siberian Sturgeon.
Sterlet.
Fathead Minnow.
Southern redbelly dace.
Tench.
Rosy Barb. Hailing from Afghanistan and Bangladesh, this little fish is tolerant of temperatures in …
Gold Barb. The gold bard, or Chinese barb, is an extremely popular cold-water fish. Any aquarium …
Two Spot Barb. This fish hails from Nepal, India, and Pakistan. The omnivorous two spot barb …
Bloodfin Tetra. Natives to Southern Brazil and Paraguay, both the standard bloodfin .
Coldwater fish in terms of the aquarium trade refers to any fish species that prefer cooler water temperatures. The optimal temperatures for these fish hover around the 68-degree mark, although each species’ temperature range may vary from the norm.
1) Inland waters comprise approximately 0.01% of total water on Earth but are home to 40% of all fish species and 20% of vertebrate species. Inland fisheries include capture fisheries from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs as well as culture fisheries where fish are farmed.
2) China is the world's largest producer of inland fish followed by India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Cambodia. Major inland fish species vary by region but include carp, catfish, tilapia, and others. Inland fisheries provide food and livelihoods for billions of people globally.
3) Threats to inland fisheries include pollution, habitat
This document discusses the aquatic adaptations of birds and mammals. It describes morphological, anatomical, and physiological adaptations that allow birds like ducks and geese to live in aquatic environments. These include webbed feet, waterproof feathers, nasal flaps, and salt glands. Mammals like platypuses also have adaptations for aquatic life such as webbed feet and electrosensory bills. The document concludes that nature continues to amaze with the variety of adaptations that allow species to exploit different environments.
Fish tagging methods allow biologists to gather information about fish populations. There are biological, chemical, and physical tagging methods. Biological methods use natural marks like parasites or morphology. Chemical methods involve immersing, injecting, or feeding fish dye to mark them. Physical methods include internal tags like coded wire tags or PIT tags, and external tags like strap tags, dart tags, and anchor tags. Tagging provides data on movement patterns, population estimates, growth, and mortality to further understanding of fisheries.
The document discusses food and feeding for aquarium fish. It provides information on the types of foods fish need, including live foods like brine shrimp and bloodworms as well as processed foods like flakes and pellets. It also discusses ingredients that make up quality fish food like proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The document emphasizes the importance of providing the right kind and amount of food, as overfeeding can dirty the tank.
Plankton are small organisms that drift or float in marine and freshwater ecosystems. They include algae, bacteria, protozoa, and tiny animals. Plankton are the base of aquatic food webs, providing a food source for larger animals and ultimately humans. Their abundance varies depending on factors like light availability and nutrient levels. Plankton inhabit all bodies of water and play an important role in biogeochemical cycles.
This document discusses estuaries and estuarine fisheries in India. It defines an estuary and notes that India has over 55 estuaries along its eastern and western coasts, totaling approximately 30,000 square kilometers. Several major river systems like the Ganges, Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna form highly productive estuarine ecosystems. The document examines the fish production and ecology of estuaries like the Hooghly, Krishna, Godavari, Mahanadi, Chilka, Pulicat Lake, and Kerala backwaters. It provides details on fish catches, species diversity, and threats like overfishing in several of India's important estuarine systems.
This document summarizes information about Indian major carps and their reproductive biology. It discusses that the three major carps - Catla, Rohu and Mrigal - attain sexual maturity in their second year. Males mature earlier than females. Spawning occurs during the monsoon season in river systems. Carp eggs consist of a yolk surrounded by membranes and a micropyle. Hatching and larval development are also described. Methods for seed collection, induced breeding and hatchery operations are provided.
India has rich marine fishery resources due to its long coastline and exclusive economic zone covering over 2 million square kilometers. The marine fish production has increased significantly over time to over 3 million metric tons annually, contributing approximately 40% of India's total fish production. Important fishery resources include varieties of fishes, crustaceans, mollusks, and seaweeds. The west coast accounts for 55% of total landings while the east coast accounts for 45%. Key species landed include oil sardine, Indian mackerel, penaeid prawns, croakers, and cephalopods.
This document discusses induced breeding techniques in fish. It provides background on the historical development of induced breeding starting in the 1930s. The key steps discussed are collecting pituitary glands from ripe fish, preserving and storing the glands, determining appropriate doses of pituitary gland extract or synthetic hormones to inject into breeding fish, and collecting eggs and sperm. Factors that influence successful induced breeding include water conditions, climate, turbidity, and light levels.
This document discusses the importance of various physical and chemical parameters of water for successful aquaculture. It outlines key water quality factors like temperature, depth, transparency, and dissolved oxygen levels. Temperature affects fish metabolism and physiology, with high temperatures being lethal. Water depth should be between 1.5 to 3 meters. Transparent water supports higher plankton production and fish growth. Dissolved oxygen, pH, hardness, carbon dioxide, and nutrient levels also impact fish health and pond productivity. Maintaining suitable ranges of these parameters is essential for aquaculture.
This document defines aquaculture as the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic plants. It involves interventions like regular stocking, feeding, and protection from predators to enhance production. India has a long coastline and extensive water resources that are well suited for aquaculture. The purpose of aquaculture includes increasing food production and income, as well as generating employment. There are various types of aquaculture defined by factors like the water system used, type of water, stocking combinations, and integration with other farming systems.
A fishing gear is the tool with which aquatic resources are captured, whereas the fishing method is how the gear is used. Gear also includes harvesting organisms.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Coracles are dominant fishing craft in South Indian reservoirs. They are made of a large, circular basket with low sides and a hide covering. Fishermen use gill nets, shore seines and longlines from coracles. Catamarans, made of 3-5 logs tied together, are used in pairs for boat seines and individually for longlines and cast nets. Common inland fishing gears include cast nets, gill nets, seines, lift nets, drag nets, hooks and lines, and traps. Trawlers have been tried experimentally in some Indian reservoirs.
This document discusses mangrove and estuarine ecosystems. It defines an estuary as a place where freshwater rivers meet salty ocean water, forming a transition zone. Estuaries include river mouths, coastal bays, tidal marshes, lagoons, and deltas. The document notes that estuaries are highly productive ecosystems due to the mixing of fresh and saltwater. It provides examples of major Indian estuaries located along the Bay of Bengal and smaller west coast estuaries. The document also describes mangroves as salt-tolerant forests found in coastal regions that protect shorelines and serve as fish breeding grounds.
An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free connection with the open sea and within which sea water mixes with fresh water. This module highlights the details of estuaries as one of the productive coastal ecosystems.
The document summarizes several marine ecosystems. It describes how oceans cover 70% of the Earth's surface and include shorelines like tidal flats and mangrove forests. Specific ecosystems are found around the world, depending on climate and geography. These include coral reefs, estuaries, salt marshes, mangrove forests, and the deep sea. Salt marshes are coastal wetlands flooded by tides that are dominated by salt-tolerant grasses. The intertidal zone is the shore area above and below the water line during tides, containing habitats for starfish and coral. Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees adapted to harsh coastal conditions.
Estuaries are transitional zones where rivers meet the sea. They are characterized by varying salinity levels due to mixing of fresh and salt water. Estuaries contain diverse habitats and are among the most productive ecosystems. They provide many resources including fisheries, tourism, transportation and cultural values. However, estuaries face threats such as land reclamation, pollution, overfishing and natural hazards. Protecting these fragile ecosystems and their services is important for both environmental and economic reasons.
Lakes, rivers, and estuaries were described. Lakes form in basins surrounded by land and are fed by rivers or streams. The top 10 countries by number of lakes were listed, with Canada having the most. Rivers are defined as flowing bodies of water with channels. Rivers are classified by factors like flow patterns, ecosystem, geology, and recreational difficulty. Estuaries are coastal areas where rivers meet the sea, creating brackish water. Estuaries are classified based on their formation and water circulation patterns.
Marine biomes make up the largest percentage of aquatic biomes on Earth and involve a medium to high percentage of salt in the water. They include oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries. Coral reefs are usually found in shallow, warm waters and are important for controlling carbon dioxide levels and protecting coasts from strong currents. Estuaries involve both freshwater and salt water, protecting water quality while serving as centers of coastal communities. Marine biomes contribute substantially to global oxygen production and carbon dioxide absorption.
This document provides an introduction to marine ecosystems. It discusses the key characteristics of marine ecosystems, including the biotic and abiotic components. It also describes several types of marine ecosystems in more detail, including oceans, estuaries, on-shore ecosystems, and coral reefs. For each ecosystem type, it outlines the defining features, environmental factors, and common plant and animal species found there. The goal is to study and understand these different marine environments and the life they support.
This document provides an overview of marine ecology and ocean zones. It begins by outlining the objectives and essential question regarding marine ecology and ocean zonation. It then defines marine ecology as the study of biotic and abiotic interactions in marine ecosystems. The document proceeds to describe the five oceans on Earth and the key features of marine ecology, including the vastness and salinity of the ocean. It also outlines the horizontal zones of the ocean including the intertidal, neretic and oceanic zones. Finally, it details the vertical zonation of ocean life based on depth and light availability.
Freshwater biology is the study of freshwater ecosystems and the relationships between organisms in freshwater environments and their physical and chemical surroundings. It seeks to understand freshwater biomes like rivers, ponds, lakes, wetlands, groundwater, and how living things interact in these environments. Freshwater biomes cover around 20% of the Earth's surface and contain a diversity of species, though they face threats from pollution and waste. The properties of freshwater, like its low salt concentration, allow unique plants and animals to thrive in freshwater ecosystems around the world.
The document summarizes key information about water bodies on Earth. It discusses the distribution of major water bodies like oceans and seas. It describes features of the ocean floor like the continental shelf, slope, deep sea plain, and ocean deeps. It discusses ocean currents in the Indian Ocean and how they change direction with the monsoons. It also summarizes tides including their causes, types like spring and neap, and their uses. Finally, it outlines important methods for conserving the oceans.
Estuaries are coastal bodies of water where freshwater from rivers meets and mixes with saltwater from the sea. They exist in a transitional zone where tidal effects and freshwater inputs influence the environment. Estuaries come in different forms depending on their geological origin and range from coastal plain and bar-built systems to tectonic and fjord-type estuaries. India has many economically and ecologically important estuaries located mainly along its eastern coastline that are threatened by pollution, development, and other human impacts.
This document discusses water resources on Earth. It covers the water cycle, distribution of water between oceans, glaciers, groundwater, and surface water. It describes the hydrologic cycle and major zones in oceans. It also discusses freshwater resources like glaciers, permafrost, surface water bodies, wetlands, floods, and groundwater. Groundwater is stored in aquifers and some key interactions between groundwater and streams are mentioned. Lastly, it notes some human activities that impact water quality and the importance of water resource management.
Brackish water is water with more salinity than freshwater but not as much as seawater. It results from mixing fresh and salt water, such as in estuaries. Brackish water habitats include estuaries, mangrove swamps, brackish marshes, and brackish seas and lakes. While hostile to most plants, brackish water can be used for irrigation if properly managed to leach salts, or mixed with freshwater. Other uses include industrial cooling, desalination for drinking water, and in the petrochemical industry.
Lakes are helpful in controlling weather and local climate. Lakes are helpful for creating irrigation facilities and recreation. In some places, lakes are good sources for water supply for drinking. Every lake, is unique in terms of its size, morphometry, water availability, water chemistry, physics, hydrology and biology. There are several type, kinds and categories of lakes in the world.
The document discusses various transitional depositional environments between continental and marine settings. It describes deltas, lagoons, estuaries, tidal flats, and barriers. Deltas form where rivers enter standing bodies of water, and can be classified as river-dominated, tide-dominated, or wave-dominated based on dominant processes. Estuaries are drowned river valleys influenced by both freshwater and seawater. Lagoons are coastal bodies of water separated from the ocean by barriers, and can be choked, restricted, or leaky depending on water exchange. The key difference between estuaries and lagoons is that estuaries have faster water flow while lagoons have more sluggish flow
This document discusses various aspects of water resources and water management. It begins by defining water and providing general facts about the global water supply, including that only 3% is freshwater. It then discusses different sources of fresh water such as surface water, groundwater, frozen water, and desalination. It also covers water management, the need for water resource management, water efficiency strategies like reducing leaks and consumption, and water conservation methods for households, commercial, and agricultural use like low-flow fixtures and drip irrigation. The overall document provides a broad overview of water resources, sources, uses, and strategies for effective management and conservation of this vital resource.
This document summarizes different types of freshwater ecosystems. It discusses lakes, ponds, wetlands, and rivers. Lakes and ponds can form naturally or be created by humans for uses like power generation and recreation. Wetlands are areas covered by fresh water and include marshes with non-woody plants and swamps dominated by woody plants. Wetlands provide benefits like filtering pollution and reducing floods. Rivers originate from snow melt and change as they flow from mountains, becoming warmer and slower.
Marine ecology is the study of relationships between marine organisms and their physical and biological environments. Key features of marine ecology include the vast size of the ocean, its depth and continuous circulation. Marine environments can be divided horizontally into coastal, neritic and oceanic zones, and vertically into euphotic, mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones. Estuaries are productive ecosystems where freshwater mixes with saltwater, supporting diverse biota and acting as nurseries for many species. Mangroves and coral reefs are biologically rich ecosystems that protect coastlines and build land.
This document summarizes different aquatic biomes, including freshwater and marine ecosystems. It describes freshwater biomes like ponds and lakes, streams and rivers, and wetlands. It then outlines marine biomes such as oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries. Specific details are provided on the characteristics of different zones within aquatic ecosystems, like the littoral, limnetic, and profundal zones of ponds and lakes, and the intertidal, pelagic, benthic, and abyssal zones of oceans.
Similar to Estuarine fisheries resource of India By B.pptx (20)
Short note poster on Importance of Mola a fresh water indigenous fish specie...B. BHASKAR
Short note poster on Importance of Mola a fresh water indigenous fish species potential for nutritional sensitive Aquaculture
Rich in Vitamin-A and high nutritional value low cost fish for nutritional security
Breeding and seed production techniques for Mola carplet fish.pptxB. BHASKAR
Mola is a carplet, Taxonomic classification, distribution, biology,
induced breeding and hatcheryy seed production of Mola fresh water fish, had high nutritional values, especially rich in Vit-A
Successstory of a Gujarat Inland wetland farmer by Bhaskar.pdfB. BHASKAR
Inland open water wetlands are Potential source for culture based capture fisheries, a success story of small scale wetland farmer of Gujarat, Inland Fishes and prawns
Major Ornamental fish Exporters contact details in India by BB. BHASKAR
Major Ornamental fishes and plants exporters registered contact details in East and West coast states of India. mission Ornamental fisheries,
List of state wise Public aquariums, Indigenous Fresh water and Marine water ornamental fish aquarium, and ornaments brood bank capital and operational cost for set up and for promoting ornamental fish farming for small scale livelihoods and entrepreneurs
IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN SUPPORTING LIFE ON THE PLANET By B.pptxB. BHASKAR
2024 World water day theme: Water for peace.
World water resources, its percentage share in human & other animals body, health maintenance, agricultural production sector for achieving food security, industrial sector, poverty alleviation. World prospects on water use efficiency & saving water quality for drinking, food production & other applications through responsible uses
Threatned Sharks Rays and Chaimera along Arabian sea By B.pptxB. BHASKAR
Introduction about sharks, Rays and Chaimeras, Fishery exploitation status along Arabian Sea waters, present threatened families of sharks, Rays and Chaimeras
Fish stem cells and their applications by BB. BHASKAR
Different types of stem cells in humans and Fishes, importance and Application of fish stem cells in Aquaculture, conservation and fish health healing mechanism, UV-rays protection and other intigrated uses of stem cells for industrial purpose, fish cell culture
Fishes unique care wishes on occasion of valentine's day wishesB. BHASKAR
Loving beautiful fishes also caring youngones. Male fishes Show their love in care by bearing female fishes parental care risk.
male fishes only pairing with single females fishes throughout its lifespan and guards their eggs by incubation during birth till hatching out
Lobster breeding seedproduction and rearing and fattening in CagesB. BHASKAR
Commercially important exploited Lobster species of India, Breeding, seed production, larval rearing and nursery rearing, pit culture and open sea cage culture of lobsters, cost economic of lobster Aquaculture, water quality & feeding management, SWOT Analysis in experimental lobster farming. Constraints and Recommendations
Continents of the world and FAO fishing areas, Ocean fisheries and coastal countries, large seas, marine capture fisheries production of the world major fishing areas, generals, and species.
Past to present fish Seed production in India ln states, UTs and Indian major carps brood stock maintainace, breeding, maturation stages, embryonic developmental stages, fish spawn, Fry, Quality checking, Quarantine principle for seed quality.
Dams Impacts on environment with special focus on Wild Fisheries.pptxB. BHASKAR
This document provides an overview of several major rivers in India, including the Ganga, Godavari, Krishna, and Brahmaputra rivers. It discusses the fish diversity found in these river basins, listing the number of fish species identified in various studies of sections and tributaries of the rivers. It also outlines some of the dams, barrages, reservoirs, and other structures built on the rivers, and describes impacts to fisheries and aquatic ecosystems from these constructions. Wildlife sanctuaries and other protected areas located within the river basins are also briefly mentioned.
Endocrine Organs and their physiological functions in fishes by B.pptxB. BHASKAR
This document discusses the endocrine organs and their physiological functions in fish. It describes the pituitary gland as the "master gland" that controls other endocrine glands through hormone secretion. It then discusses 12 specific endocrine glands in fish and the hormones they secrete. The remainder of the document provides details on the structure and functions of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and other glands. It focuses on the cells that make up the glands and the roles of the hormones they secrete.
Fish Products Exporters registered under MPEDA in India by B.pdfB. BHASKAR
Address and contact details of Fish and Fishery products Exporters from different states and UT's registered under Marine products Export development Authority (MPEDA)of India, helpful for interested Aqua farmers, entrepreneurs interested for export of seafood and professionals awareness
Introduction to Riverine systems in India, Origin hills, East and West coast riverine systems, tributaries of major rivers, length, catchment areas and Ichthyo-faunal diversity and major fisheries of riverine systems
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
2. Introduction
• India is a South Asian country situated between the Himalayas in the north and the Indian Ocean in the
south and flanked on either side by Pakistan and Burma.
• India is covers a total area of 3287728 km2(FAO).
• India's fisheries resources are rich and diverse as they are plentiful, comprising ocean, rivers, floodplains,
estuaries, mangroves, estuarine impoundments, lagoons, upland lakes, reservoirs and ponds.
• With its 8,129 km long coastline, India has blessed with 2.02 million sq. km Exclusive Economic Zone
(EEZ) which includes, West coast 0.6981, East coast 0.516, Andaman & Nicobar 0.566 & Lakshadweep
0.230 million sq. km (EEZ act 1976).
• India estuaries about 0.29 million ha
• Estuarine water resources of India
• The total estuarine water resources of India are estimated to be 1.44 million ha. The state-wise break up (
in lakh ha.) is as follows: West Bengal, 2.10; Odisha, 4.17; Andhra Pradesh, 0.79; Tamil Nadu, 0.56;
Puducherry, 0.01; Kerala, 2.43; Karnataka, 0.08; Goa, 0.12; Maharashtra, 0.10; Gujarat, 3.76, and
Andaman and Nicobar, 0.37. The Odisha, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Kerala have rich
estuarine resources.
• The major estuaries, viz. Hooghly-Matlah, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Cauvry, Vellar and
brackishwater lakes of Chilka and Pulicat on east coast and the estuaries of the Narmada, Tapi, Mahi,
Mandovi-Zuari and backwaters of Kerala and Vembanad lake on west coast are important fishery
resources
4. Estuary Defined as
• The term estuary may be defined “as the tidal mouth of a great river, where
the tide meets the current”.
• It is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free connection with
the open sea and within which sea water is measurably diluted with
freshwater derived from land drainage.
• A more comprehensive definition that an estuary is “an inlet of the sea”
reaching into three sectors:
• a) A marine or lower estuary, having free connection with the open sea
• b) A middle estuary subjects to strong salt and freshwater mixing
• c) An upper or fluvial estuary, characterized by freshwater but subject to
daily tidal action
• “an estuarine system is a coastal indentation that has a restricted
connection to the ocean and remains open at least intermittently”. The
estuarine system can be subdivided into three regions:
• a) A tidal zone
• b) A mixing zone – the estuary proper
• c) A near shore turbid zone.
• The salinity of the estuarine waters varies between 0.5 and 35%. Estuarine
water is extremely variable in its salinity,
5. • The tropical estuarine environment can be divided
into four broad categories, viz.
• Classification of estuaries 1. Based on
environment:
• a) Open estuary
• b) Estuarine coastal waters
• c) Blind estuary
• d) Coastal lake
6. Classification of estuaries 1. Based on environment:
• a) Open estuaries: These estuaries are never isolated from the sea. The extensive
delta of the Ganga river forms the country’s largest estuarine system (Hooghly-
Matlah) in the Indian Ocean. The tidal impact of the system is felt up to 200km from
the mouth. The Mahanadi and Godavari are also open type of estuaries.
• b) Estuarine coastal waters: The effect of the discharge from the Ganga (Hooghly)
is felt more than 100 km in the Bay of Bengal. The shallow nature of such tropical
coastal waters and their physical conditions of lowered salinity and high turbidity
makes them at least partly estuarine in character, particularly as regards their fish
fauna.
• c) Blind estuaries: The estuaries in this category are usually relatively small, both in
length and catchments areas. During summer these estuaries are temporarily closed
by a sand bar across sea mouth and during this period there is no tidal range and thus
no tidal currents. The mouth opens only during the rainy season and at that time a
normal estuarine salinity gradients is established. A number of this type of estuaries
are located in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka coasts.
• d) Coastal lakes: The coastal lakes have some form of connection to the sea and at
the same time they receive freshwater through a river or number of rivers. Two of
the best examples of coastal lakes in the country are Chilka (Odisha) and Pulicat
(Andhra Pradesh) on the east coast. Both support important
• fisheries. The former is the largest brackish water lake in India.
7. 2. Estuaries Based on the pattern of salinity distribution
• Estuaries can be divided into three main groups based on the
pattern of salinity distribution, viz. Positive, Negative, and
Neutral estuaries.
• a) Positive estuary: When the freshwater inflow exceeds
evaporation, the estuary is defined as positive estuary. In
positive estuary, the outgoing freshwater float on top of the
saline water that has entered the estuary from the sea and
water gradually mixes vertically from the bottom to the top.
• b) Negative estuary: When evaporation exceeds the freshwater
inflow, the estuary is defined as native. In a negative estuary
the sea and freshwater both enter estuary on the surface and
after evaporation they leave the estuary as an outgoing bottom
current. Higher rate of evaporation increases the value of
surface salinity.
• c) Neutral estuary: Evaporation and freshwater inflow are in
approximate equilibrium and in such situation a static salinity
regime occurs. This category of estuaries are almost absent as
evaporation and freshwater inflow are never equal.
8. 3. Geomorphic classification Based on geomorphology estuaries
• Divided into four main groups.
• a) Coastal plain estuaries (Drowned river valleys): They are the most common types of
estuaries and are formed by the lower reaches of river valleys and drowned river mouths.
They are formed by a rise in sea level when river valleys became increasingly more flooded
by melting glaciers. Estuaries of this type are generally elongated and shallow, branched and
irregular in outline and at the upstream end all
• receive a river or a numbers of rivers. These estuaries are regarded as true estuaries. Most of
the Indian estuaries belong to this category.
• b) Bar-built estuaries: The extensive development of sand bars, parallel to coastline in the
form of a chain of islands, may enclose a large shallow body of water receiving the
freshwater discharge of a number of rivers. The enclosed shallow area may develop into a
large estuary. Normally, this type of estuaries has narrow connection with the sea, e.g. Vellar
estuary of Tamil Nadu.
• c) Tectonically produced estuaries:The first stage in the formation of tectonic estuary is (
when the rapid movement of earth’s crust causes a large piece of land to sink, or subside
depression or basin. These drastic changes typically occur along fault lines during
earthquakes. If the depression sinks below sea level, ocean water may rush in and fill it. The
same geological force that create these depression often from a series of natural channels that
drain fresh water farm nearby river and streams into these newly formed basins. The mixture
of seawater and fresh water creates a tectonic estuary. Estuaries formed in this manner are
typically very deep and surrounded by mountainous areas.
• Eg. San Francisco Bay, on the west coast of the United states is an excellent example of the
tectonic estuary.
• d) Fjord type estuaries: Such type estuaries (c and d) are not found in India.The former is
produced due to land subsidence or land slide or volcanic eruption, whereas Fjord is glacially
over deepened valleys into which sea water penetrates.
9. Estuarine eco-system In general, estuaries are the most productive natural
ecosystem in the world. The regions for its high productivity are:
• a) Abundant availability of primary productive units (autotrophs), the
phytoplankton, phytobenthos (benthic algae) is green rooted plants (mostly
mangrove trees) which insure maximum utilization of sunlight for organic
production. This organic matter is used as a source of energy by all
heterotrophic organisms, viz. animals and some groups of bacteria.
• b) Oxygen content of estuarine water is comparatively high from other
natural water bodies due to tidal currents causing high turbulence
• c) Rapid regeneration and conservation of nutrients due to the biological
activity of primary consumers, viz. zoo-benthos (filter feeding benthic
organism) and zooplankton present in the estuary
• d) Estuary also receives enormous quantities of organic detritus from
intertidal wetlands around the estuarine system. Organic detritus is an
important food in estuaries and is considered as rich source of energy for
estuarine organisms
• e) Most of the tropical estuaries are bordered by mangrove forests. It is
• reported that mangrove swamps of Sunderbans produce organic detritus
from rich mangrove vegetation @ 8 tonnes/ha/year through regular litter
deposition;
• f) The estuary is often called as “nutrient trap” as it receives abundant
quantities of nutrients from freshwater discharge of river as well as land
drainage.
10. Estuaries of East coast
• 1. Hooghly-Matlah estuarine system
• Hooghly-Matlah estuarine system located in west Bengal is the
largest among the Estuaries on the Indian coast covering the
Gangatic delta called Sunderbans, which is world largest delta.
The total area of the estuarine system is about 8,029 km2.
• The Hooghly estuary (main channel) is a distributor of the river
Ganga.
• The annual flow of freshwater in the Ganga is estimated at
142.6 billion m3 resulting from the melting of snow in the
Himalayas during the spring, summer, and monsoon from June
to September.
• The river Ganga has an annual runoff of 493 km3 and carries
616×106 tonnes of suspended solids to the Hooghly estuary.
Whereas, the annual flow rate is reported to be 67,200, 16,200
and 62,100 million cubic feet from the main Hooghly channel,
Damodar and Rupnarayan rivers, respectively, and the latter
two rivers are the main tributaries of the Hooghly.
• It is a positive estuary of mixohaline in nature exhibiting semi-
diurnal type of tide.
• The active tidal regime is felt up to a distance of 200 km which
was felt up to a distance of 300 km upstreams during pre-
Farakka barrage period.
• Tidal characteristics, spring and neap tide pattern at the mouth
of the estuary is the highest for the east coast.
• Tidal high water elevation is 5.7 m on an average and the
highest recorded is 7m.
• 1.1Fishery:
• A total of 172 species of fishes are recorded from the
estuary, of which 73 occupy the freshwater zone and 99,
the higher saline
• Hooghly-Matlah estuarine system located in west Bengal is
the largest among the Estuaries on the Indian coast
covering the Gangatic delta called Sunderbans, which is
world largest delta.
• The total area of the estuarine system is about 8,029 km2.
• The Hooghly estuary (main channel) is a distributor of the
river Ganga.
• The annual flow of freshwater in the Ganga is estimated at
142.6 billion m3 resulting from the melting of snow in the
Himalayas during the spring, summer, and monsoon from
June to September.
• The river Ganga has an annual runoff of 493 km3 and
carries 616×106 tonnes of suspended solids to the
Hooghly estuary.
• The annual flow rate is reported to be 67,200, 16,200 and
62,100 million cubic feet from the main Hooghly channel,
Damodar and Rupnarayan rivers, respectively, and the
latter two rivers are the main tributaries of the Hooghly. It
is a positive estuary of mixohaline in nature exhibiting
semi-diurnal type of tide.
• The active tidal regime is felt up to a distance of 200 km
which was felt up to a distance of 300 km upstreams
during pre-Farakka barrage period.
• Tidal characteristics, spring and neap tide pattern at the
mouth of the estuary is the highest for the east coast.
Tidal high water elevation is 5.7 m on an average and the
highest recorded is 7m.
11. 2. Mahanadi estuary
• Odisha has several estuaries, of which Mahanadi estuary (latitude 20018’N and
longitude 86043’E) forms the important fishery. It is a median type estuary, the
total approximate area of this estuarine system is 30,000 ha, opens into the Bay of
Bengal at Paradip along with two distributaries, viz. Devi and Looni. The tidal
influence of this estuary is felt up to 42 km upstream from the sea face where
mangroves occupy about 120 km2 region. Odisha has rich mangroves in this
estuary with considerable variation between spring and neap tides. The maximum
tidal elevation in the estuary is 2.85m. The annual flow rate is reported to be
66,640 million m3.
• 2.1 Fishery: A total of 134 fish species has been recorded from the entire estuarine
stretch between Tirtal and Paradip.
• The fish and prawn fauna available during 1961-64 were hilsa (2.6 to 38.6%), other
clupeids (13.7 to 47.3%),Mugilcephalus and Liza spp. (22.1 to 44.1%), prawns
(12.4%), thread fins(5.4%),Latescalcarifer3.7%,sciaenids(4.9%), catfishes (1.9%) and
miscellaneous (10.6%).
• Presently, a total of 90 species of fish and prawn are recorded in the commercial
fish landings and the fish composition mainly comprises of mullets, viz.
Mugilcephalus and Liza spp. (18.2%), prawns (14.2%),Harpodon nehereus (10.9%)
and others. Presence of both adult and juveniles hilsa is recorded in the estuary
during monsoon months. The post-larvae of Penaeusmonodon were also
encountered almost throughout the year.
12. 3. Godavari estuarine complex
• The Godavari estuarine complex (18,000 ha in area) on the Andhra coast is the second
largest estuarine system in the country. It is located between latitude 16051’N and longitude
8205’E). At the estuarine zone, Godavari divides itself into two distributaries, viz. Gautami
and Vasistha, the latter is again divided into Vasistha proper and Vanatheyan to meet the
Kakinada Bay.
• On the other hand, two branches of Goutami, viz. Coringa and Goderu, meet the sea
through mangrove swamps (180 km2).
• The Gautami is the main estuary of the system where tidal influence isfelt up to 45 to 48 km
from the sea face.
• The annual freshwater discharge of Godavari varies from 80,137m3/sec (cusec) 3.1Fisheries:
Earlier studies during 1960 revealed that a total of 185 species of fish was recorded from the
estuary among which 72% were euryhaline, 12.2% almost marine and 15% freshwater.
• Freshwater species were recorded only during flood season. The mullets, viz.
Mugilcephalus,Valamugilspeigleri, Liza subviridis, L. macrolepis, L. oligolepis (melinoptera),
Valamugilseheli, constituted one-third of the fish catch. Other important commercial fish
species were Pristipoma hasta (Pomadosys argenteus), Leiognathus sp., Gerresfilamentosus,
Caranx sp., Sillagosihama, Gobius sp., Sciaena (Daysciaena) albida,
Platycephalusmaculipinna, Latescalcifer etc.
• Total annual fish landings of the Godavari estuary along with the contribution made by its
branches, viz. Vasistha- Vainathayan were 3,916.0 tonnes and 3,156.13 tonnes between
1963-64 and 1964-65 respectively. Among the contribution of different fish groups during
1963-64, prawns and crabs were dominant (57.8%) followed by Mugil spp. (13.14%), shark
and rays 8.9%, pomfrets(6.6%), mackerel (4.75%), clupeids (3.5%), ribbon fish (3.3%) and
perches (1.7%).
13. 4 Krishna estuarine system
• Krishna is the second largest estuarine system (Latitude 16015’N and longitude 82005’E) in
Andhra Pradesh.
• The entire system is estimated to be about 320 km2. Before it (Krishna proper) meets the
sea, it divides into three distributaries, namely Krishna proper in the west, Gollumuthapaya
in the east, and Nadimeru in the middle.
• The tidal effects is felt up to 6 to 22 km from the mouth of the estuary depending on the
month of the year.
• The tidal high water elevation is 2 to 3m on an average.
• Inadequate freshwater influx into the estuarine system because of the construction of the
barrages across the river has greatly affected the usual flow patter of the system.
• A considerable increase in the salinity all over the estuary has been observed barring
monsoon. On the whole, the ecology of estuary has undergone a major change.
• 4.1Fisheries: A total of 47 fish species belonging to 30 families and 40 genera are recorded
from the estuary.
• The availability of freshwater and oligohaline species are meager as hyper-saline condition is
observed in the estuarine stretch almost throughtout the year barring a short period of
monsoon. Even then a wide variety of fish and prawn diversity was observed in this estuary.
• The dominant species contributing the fishery were Mugilcephalus, Lizamacrolepis, clupeids
(Tenualosailisha, and Hilsakelee), Chanoschanos, Latescalcarifer, Sillagosihama,
Mystusvittatis, Scatophagusargus, Etroplussuratensis, Rhinomugilcorsula, Polydactylus
indicus, Valamugilcunnesius, Rastrelliger kanagurata, Caranx spp., Theraponjarbua, Arius
spp., and Trichurus spp.
14. 5. Muthupet estuary
• Muthupet estuary is situated in Nagai district (latitude
10020’N and longitude 79035’E) of Tamil Nadu.
• Vennar canal of Cauveri dividing into five channels open to
Muthupet estuary and ultimately opens into Palk Bay.
• The total water spread area of the estuary is estimated to be
about 20,000 ha.
• The 73 species of fishes were recorded from this estuary and
of these 2 species were freshwater, 31 species were resident
and 40 species were migrants. Out of these, 60 species of
fishes were of commercial importance.
• The fishery mainly comprised Tenualosailisha, Hilsakelee,
Escualosathoracata, Nematolosanasus, Anguilla bicolor
bicolor, Chaos chanos, Plotosuscanius, Mystusgulio,
Strongylurastrongylura, Platycephalus indicus, Latescalcarifer,
Arius maculates, Leiognathus equula, Johniusbelengari,
Scatophagusargus, Pseudapocrypteslanceolatus,
Glossogobiusgiuris etc.
15. 6. Chilka lake
• Chilka lake is situated (latitude 19028-19054’N and longitude 85005-
85038’E) on the east coast of India in Puri, Khurda and Ganjam districts of
Odisha.
• It is a pear-shaped brackishwater lake connected with the sea through two
openings, viz. the first is a natural feeder channel meets the sea through a
single mouth at northern extremities of lake.
• The second one is a man made artificial channel meets the sea (Palur Bay)
near the confluence of Rasikullya estuary at southern extremity of the lake.
• 6.1Fisheries: In Chilkalake, 217 fish species comprising 147 genera, 71
families and 15 order were recorded.
• During the period the commercially important fish species available in the
lake were Tenualosailisha, Mugilcephalus, Liza macrolepis, Latescalcarifer,
Eleutheronematetradactylum, Plotosuscanius, Mystusgulio,
Etroplussuratensis, Pseudosciaenacoibor, Nematalosanasus,
Osteogeniosusmilitaris, Gerressetifer, Strongylurastrongylura etc. Among
prawns, Penaeus indicus, P. monodon, Metapeneausmonoceros, M.
dobdoni, and among crabs, Scylla sreeata and Portunus sp. Were most
commercially important species.
16. 7. Pulicat lake
• The Pulicatlake is one of the biggest brackishwater lake on the east coast of India.
• Major portion of the lake located ( latitude 13026’ and 13043’N) and longitude (80003’ and 80018’E) in the
Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh and the rest portion in Chingleput district of Tamil Nadu, where it joins the
Bay of Bengal by a narrow mouth.
• The total area of the lake is 350km2. The lake receives freshwater through two seasonal rivulets and
Kalangiriver.
• The drainage area is about 4,400 km2. Presently, the average depth ranged from 0.7 to 3.0 m, whereas, during
1970s the average depth was 1.5 m with maximum being 9 m. Tidal effect is felt up to a distance of 6 to 10 km
from the lake mouth and the tidal high water elevation is only 25 to 30 cm.
• 7.1Fisheries: A total of 65 species of the fishes were recorded from the lake. The most dominant prawn species
were P. indicus, P. semisulcatus, P. monodon and Metapeneaus monoceros, M. dobsoni etc. Mullets from the
next group with M. cephalus as the dominant species and their contribution varied between 194 and 382
tonnes/year.
• Other contributors were perches (82 to 135 tonns), clupeids (72 to 126 tonnes), thread fins (9 to 29 tonnes),
crab mainly Scylla serrata (23 to 102 tonnes) and others (16 to 21 tonnes).
• During 1980s the annual average catch was recorded at the highest peak of about 9,000 tonnes, which
presently declined to 4,545 tonnes and 3,892 tonnes during 2007-08 and 2008-09 respectively.
• The dominant fish prawn species, namely Mugilcephalus, Liza tade, Liza parsia, Chanoschanos, Plotosuscanius,
Hilsakelee, Penaeus indicus, P. monodon, M. dobsoni, M. monoceros, M.brevicornis, in the lake during 1970s
and 1980s have shown a sharp decline or total absence in the catch. Presenly, the fishery of the lake is mainly
dominated by P. indicus (50%) and mullets, Mugilcephalus, Liza tade, L. parsia (20%) and others (30%).
• Systematic and updated checklist of estuarine fishes contains 330 species distributed under 205 genera, 95
families, 23 orders and two classes. The most diverse order was perciformes with 175 species, 100 genera and
43 families reported in Tamil Nadu estuaries
17. Estuaries of the west coast
• 1 Vembanad lake: Kerala offers extensive
backwaters at the coast of Arabian Sea.
VembanadKol - Wetland System, one of the
Ramsar sites in Kerala (declared in November
2002),is the largest estuarine system of the
western coastal wetland systems (09 00' 10°40' N
latitude and 76° 00 -77° 30 E longitude), and is
spread over the districts Alappuzha, Kottayam,
Ernakulam and Thrissur in Kerala. The Vembanad
Wetland is a complex aquatic system of 96 km
long coastal back waters, lagoons mangroves and
reclaimed lands, with intricate networks of
natural channels and man made canals extending
from Kuttanad in the south to the Kol lands of
Thrissur in the north. The total area of the
wetland system is 1521.5 km 2 approximately 4%
of the State's geographic area. The total area of
lake is about 250 km2 and extending 80 km from
Munamban in the north to Alleppey in the south.
The width of the lake varies from 500 m to 4 km
and depth from less than 1 to 12 m.
• 1.1Fishery: A total of 104 species of fish, 9
species of shrimps and prawns and 5 species of
molluscs were recorded from the lake.
Etroplussuratensis, Channa striatus
C.diplogramme, a few species of native
catfishes, namely Horabagrusbrachysoma
Labeo dussumieri, freshwater prawn
(Macrobrachium rosenbergii, M. idella),
WallagoAttu, are the major species available in
the lake.
• 2. Ashtamudi lake:
• Ashtamudi lake, another Ramsar site located
near the southern part of Kerala is known for its
rich clam fishery resources. Due to high rate of
fishery, a great reduction of clam
Paphiamalabaricawas recorded that made the
Keralagovernment to impose a ban on the
fisheries. Salinity is high near the bar mouth
33ppt which gets decreased to 5 ppt at the
upper reach. Dissolved oxygen shows a
variation from 1.17 to 2.79 ml/litre.
18. Cont...
• 3. Estuary of Karnataka: The Karnataka
having a coastline of 300 km is
enriched with 26 estuarine
environments with a total area of
7,213.5 ha in the three coastal
districts: Dakshina Kannada- 5 (1,140
ha), Udupi - 8 (1,885 ha) and Uttara
Kannada- 13 with an area of 4,188 ha .
• The important ones are Nethravati-
Gurupur, Mulki, Coondapur, Pavenja,
Gangoli, Kali, Aghanashin, Sharavati
etc. The total estuarine area of the
state is estimated to be about.
• Vast information on the hydro-
biological parameters of some of the
estuaries is available.
• Nethravati-Gurupur, Mulki estuaries of
south Kannada and Kali estuaries of
north Kannada are the most important
• 3.1 Fishery: Nethravathi estuary is
rich in finfish and shell fishes. The
common shell fishes are
Sillagosihama,Thrissoclesmystax,Ilisha
IndicaKavalacovalPlatycephalusscaber
, Lutjanusfulviflama,
Gerresfilumentosus Leiognathus spp,
Sphyraena sp., Pristipomasp,
Mugilcephalus, Liza parsia,
Stelophorusindica, Etroplussuratensis,
E.canarensis, Horabagrusbrachysoma,
Caranxcarangus, Belonecancila,
Tachysurus spp., Pseudosciaena sp.,
GobiussppMystus. Of these,
Mugilcephalus. Liza tade,
Sillagosihama, and
Tachysurusspp.were available almost
throughout the year, with the former
two species weredominant in the
catches. Apart from having a rich fish
and prawn fauna, the other estuaries
of Karnataka areequally rich in
brackish water shrimp and fish seed
resources.
19. Cont...
• 4. Mandovi-Zuari estuarine complex: Goa has seven major rivers of which the Mandovi and
Zuari with Camberjua canal (latitude14°54-15 48 N and longitude74° 20'E) form the largest
estuarine complex. Both the estuaries open in the Arabian Sea through Aguada and
Marmugao Bay. The total area covered by the estuariesin Goa including Mandovi-Zuari
estuarine complex is approximately 12.000 ha. InMandovi-Zuari the tides are of mixed semi-
diurnal type and their maximum range isabout 2 meter.
• 4.1Fishery: Mandovi-Zuari estuaries are potential sources of fin, shellfishes and theirseeds.
The fishery is contributed mainly by Harpodon nehereus,
PolydactylusindicusEleutheronematetradactylum, Arius sp., Coilia sp.,
Etroplussuratensismullets, anchovies, sciaenidsand prawns. It is reported that the seeds
(mostly mysisstage) of commercially important prawns were observed in surface and
bottomzooplankton samples. These were Metapenaeusdobsoni, M. affinis, M.
monocerosParapeneopsisstylifera, Penaeus merguiensis, P. indicus, P. monodon andP.
semisulcatus in order of abundance. Total ingress of penaeid prawn larvae in theMandovi-
Zuari was more during full moon and high tide compared to new moon andlow tide periods.
Principal gears operated in the Mandovi estuary were trawl nets, stakenets. gill nets, cast
nets, bag nets etc. Seines and trawl nets contributed about 60% of the total catch of the
estuary
• 5. Damanganga estuary: The Damanganga estuary (latitude 20° 25'N and longitude) on the
west coast is a minor estuary of Gujarat and opens into the Arabian Seanear Daman.
• 5.1 Fishery:
• Presently 23 species of fishes are recorded from the estuarine systemHarpodon nehereus
(48.75%) and Liza parsia (22.35%) contributed maximum to the fishery.
20. Cont...
• 6. Tapi estuary: Tapi (latitude 21° 20'N and longitude 74° 30'E) is regarded as one of the
major estuaries on the west coast. It is the second largest among the estuaries ofGujarat and
open into the Arabian Sea in Surat. Once it was a potential source of fishproduction, but
after the construction of Ukai dam and number of weirs across the river, the congenial
estuarine environment has been adversely effected due to inadequate freshwater discharge
from the upstream. Presently the tidal impact is felt up to a distance of 45 km. The total area
of the estuarine system is about 14,250 ha. The average rainfall is 775 mm.
• 7. Narmada estuary: The Narmada is one of the major estuaries on the west coast ofIndia.
The estuarine system (latitude 20°40'N and longitude 80°45'E) extends fromRajpipla to
Bharuch for a distance of about 135 km and opens into Arabian Sea throughGulf of Cambay
in the district of Bharuch, Gujarat. The entire estuarine system isestimated to be about
14,250 ha. The usual flow of Narmada river is restricted bycommissioning of a dam, as a
result a considerable reduction in freshwater availability at the down stream including
estuary has been observed. Moreover, the development of sand bars at the mouth of the
estuary reduces the tidal ingress into the system.
• 7.1Fisheries:
• Narmada estuarine system is very rich in fishery resources. The estimated average annual
fish yield of the estuary during 1990s ranged between 11,000 and14,000 tonnes. The fish
catches in the estuary consisted of Tenualosailisha (hilsa)Mugilcephalus, Liza parsia, L.
macrolepis, Harpodon nehereus, LatescalcariferChanoschanos,
Eleutheronematetradactylum, Arius arius, PolynemusindicusEtroplussuratensis, E. maculatus,
etc, while prawn comprised mainly Macrobrachiumrosenbergii formed the prime fishery of
therovenbergi and Penaeusindicus, and M rosenbergii formed the prime fishery of
theestuary.
21. • 8. Mahi estuary: Along the west coast, Mahi estuary (latitude
20°20'N and longitude73° 05'E) is an important major estuary
in Gujarat. The estuary opens into the Arabian Sea.
• 9. Sabarmati estuary: There are 82 rivers and streams passing
through Gujarat. Outof these Narmada, Tapi, Mahi and
Sabarmati are the important ones. Sabarmati estuary(latitude
22°19'N and longitude 72° 38'E) of the western India
debouches in the Gulfof Khambhat of Arabian .
• 9.1Fishery: Information on fish and fisheries of the estuary is
meagre. Fishery activitiesare fairly common in the estuarine
system during monsoon. However, during post-monsoon and
winter, fishes, viz. Labeo bata, L. rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus
mrigala,Sparata seenghala, Salmophasia bacaila.
Notopterusnotopterus, and Osteobramacotio, are available
from the freshwater stretch of the estuary. The principal
fishinggears are the cast and gill nets.
22. a) Map showing the locations of the estuaries studied in this work. The Narmada, Tapi,
Mandovi and the Mahi estuaries fall in the Arabian Sea and the Hooghly, in the Bay of Bengal.
(b) Location of the Gulf of Cambay receiving the Mahi, Narmada and the Tapi rivers.
Ref: Waliur Rahaman
23. References
• Acharya. K.V.*, Dadhaniya P., Shendage A., Badne A.,Chavan A. Estuarine
Fisheries Resource of India. International Journal of Sciences & Applied
Research . IJSAR, 6(1), 2019; 01-12 .
• 1.Data Sources: Handbook on Fisheries Statistics, 2014
• 2.Data Sources: For this study secondary data were used. Relevant
secondary data were collected from FAO database, publication and various
research bulletins.
• 3.Data Type: Secondary Data Collected from various annual reports,
research papers and conferences published time by time by Department of
Animal Husbandry Dairying &Fisheries (DAHDF).
• 4.Catch statistics Data collected by the Central Inland Fisheries Research
Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore
• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-Map-showing-the-locations-of-the-
estuaries-studied-in-this-work-The-Narmada-Tapi_fig1_251552691
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S027843431630551
9
• K.R. Mangalaa a, D. Cardinal a, J. Brajard a, D.B. Rao b, N.S. Sarma b, I. Djour
aev a, G. Chiranjeevulu b, K. Narasimha Murty b, V.V.S.S. Sarma. 2017.
Silicon cycle in Indian estuaries and its control by biogeochemical and
anthropogenic processes.
• Continental Shelf Research. Volume 148, 15 September 2017, Pages 64-88