The document discusses the construction and maintenance of a fish farm. It describes selecting a suitable location based on topography, soil type, and water supply. The ideal layout includes hatchery pits, nursery ponds, rearing ponds, and stocking ponds of different sizes. Pond maintenance involves liming to control parasites, fertilizing to increase natural food sources, and harvesting fish when they reach maturity. Proper site selection and regular pond upkeep are essential for a productive and sustainable fish farming operation.
Modern developments in transport technology are from two levels; one is from an understanding of internal physiological mechanisms of the fish and the optimal requirements, ensuring maximum survival of fish under transport and the other is from a study of the environmental parameters of the medium in which fish are transported. Under anaesthesia fish can be transported without water even, provided the skin and gills are kept moist under low temperature. The cryopreservation of fish sperm for use at any convenient time can be referred to here, though this would concern seed production more directly than live seed transport.
Modern developments in transport technology are from two levels; one is from an understanding of internal physiological mechanisms of the fish and the optimal requirements, ensuring maximum survival of fish under transport and the other is from a study of the environmental parameters of the medium in which fish are transported. Under anaesthesia fish can be transported without water even, provided the skin and gills are kept moist under low temperature. The cryopreservation of fish sperm for use at any convenient time can be referred to here, though this would concern seed production more directly than live seed transport.
A fishing gear is the tool with which aquatic resources are captured, whereas the fishing method is how the gear is used. Gear also includes harvesting organisms.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Fish culture is classified based on the number of fish species as monoculture and polyculture. This is the culture of single species of fish in a pond or tank. The culture of trout, tilapia, catfish , carps are typical examples of monoculture.
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
Setting an aquarium is an important steps to maintaining healthy ornamental fishes. It gives mind relaxation and peaceful. It is a hobby and reduces the stress also
• Fish needs some extra feed
along
with
available
natural feeds in water for
their regular growth.
• This extra feed which are
provided to fish is called
supplementary feed of fish.
Rice bran
•Refined pulse and wheat roughage
•Mustard or sesame cake
•Fish-meal (fish powder)
•Blood and innards of bird or animal
•Green leaves of various vegetables
•Minerals and vitamins
•Kitchen leftovers, etc.
A fishing gear is the tool with which aquatic resources are captured, whereas the fishing method is how the gear is used. Gear also includes harvesting organisms.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Fish culture is classified based on the number of fish species as monoculture and polyculture. This is the culture of single species of fish in a pond or tank. The culture of trout, tilapia, catfish , carps are typical examples of monoculture.
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
Setting an aquarium is an important steps to maintaining healthy ornamental fishes. It gives mind relaxation and peaceful. It is a hobby and reduces the stress also
• Fish needs some extra feed
along
with
available
natural feeds in water for
their regular growth.
• This extra feed which are
provided to fish is called
supplementary feed of fish.
Rice bran
•Refined pulse and wheat roughage
•Mustard or sesame cake
•Fish-meal (fish powder)
•Blood and innards of bird or animal
•Green leaves of various vegetables
•Minerals and vitamins
•Kitchen leftovers, etc.
what is fresh water farming introduction,composition,farming strategies,identification and morphology,life cycle of frawns,water quality,ponds construction,food and feeding habits,Harvesting method of frawns, yield of farming ,advantages of prawns farming ,disadvantages of prawns farming.
Shore based aquaculture or coastal brackish water aquaculture is practiced in many countries. There are various methods of traditional culture system based on the local conditions. Shrimp culture is the main attraction of this culture system. Some other fishes and other organisms like crabs, bivalves and seaweeds are also farmed. This type of culture system is mainly found in south East Asia.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
2. CONTENT -:
INTRODUCTION
LOCATION OF A FISH FARM
1. TOPOGRAPHY
2. SOIL TYPES
3. WATER SUPPLY
LAY OUT OF FISH FARM
POND MAINTENANCE AND IMPROVEMENT
a. LIMING
b. FERTILIZATION
c. INORGANIC FERTILIZERS
d. ORGANIC FERTILIZER
e. ARTIFICIAL FEEDING
f. FISHING OR HARVESTING
3. INTRODUCTION
A fish culturist needs different types of ponds for
rearing various stages of fish ,and has to decide
on the layout of his farm and extent.
The design of fish farm and number and size of
the ponds depends on the species of the fish to
be cultured.
The primary consideration in constructing a fish
farm is the site which has to be selected on the
basis of soil , water and drainage .
4. CONSTRUCTION OF FISH FARM
LOCATION OF FISH FARM
SOIL TYPES
WATER SUPPLY
TOPOGRAPHY
LAYOUT OF FISH FARM
HATCHING PIT
NURSERY PONDS
REARING PONDS
STOCKING PONDS
5. LOCATION OF A FISH FARM-:
Success of fish farming and economy of
the contraction would depend largely on
the selection of a suitable site for the farm.
The main consideration are-
I. Topography
II. Soil types
III. Water supply
6. 1- TOPOGRAPHY-:
Topography means the
surface feature of the area ,
and is important both from
the point of view of
construction and for future
maintenance.
Ideal topography of a fish
farm site is a gently sloping
terrain of a wide valley , or a
bowl shaped area with high
lands on three sides and a
narrow outlet on the fourth Selection of land
7. Such a place chosen desirable soil and suitable
water supply
Such an area can be easily converted into a large
pond by erecting an embankment for closing the
outlet.
Dressing up the bottom of bring it to a uniform
depth and sealing the bottom to prevent leakage
may be necessary.
Construction plan should include provision for
handling flow of water and also for complete
drainage.
8. SOIL TYPES-:
Soil must be impervious so as not allow
any seepege.
Good soil – clay loam soil contain –
Clay 30 -33%
Slit 30%
Sand 45%
•Rocky and sandy soil area avoid, ordinary
heavy and silty clay are suitable – store
water long period
•Porous soil –unsuitable form stocking pond
10. WATER SUPPLY-:
It dependable source of
water supply are-
I. Lake and reservoirs
II. Springs
III. Rivers
IV. Canals
V. Wells
VI. Streams
Big tanks ,reservoir and
lakes are perhaps the
best sources of water.
11. LAYOUT OF THE FISH FARM-:
Before starting the construction , the layout plans
have to be drown for location ,deigns and the number
of various types of pond .
For subsistence fishing , only a small sized of 0.04
ha is enough ,but for commercial and experimental
farms,larger areas are needed for constructing
nursery, rearing , stocking and breeding ponds.
Various farm building such as laboratory , store
house , watchman’s residential quarters etc. are also
to be constructed.
12. 1-HATCHING PITS-
o small tanks ,usually of 2.5 m X 1.25m X 0.75m ,
for used fertilization eggs, located near riverine
collection grounds.
o Continuous but slow flow water .
Different types hatchery are found in different
area-
HAPA METHOD
FIBER GLASS JAR HATCHERY
CIRCULAR HATCHERY
13. HAPA METHOD -:
a smaller mesh cloth tank
called hapa of 2 X 1 X 0.5 m of
cheap coarse cloth and
mosquito curtain cloth, is fixed
up.
75000 fertilized eggs
containing in inner hapa ,
most of poor farmer used .
Hapa size
Hapa method in India
14. FIBER GLASS JAR HATCHERY-:
This hatchery is a specially
designed apperatus which
consist of several fiber
glass jar each of 6.35 liter
capicity .
50000 fertilized eggs are
placed in each jar ,
continuous flow of water .
Eggs are hatched within 10 -
13 hours but hatchery is
almost 100% .
This method used mainly
some species like salmoids
15. CHINESE CIRCULAR HATCHERY-:
This hatchery has four part,
mainly commercial purpose
these hatchery is used .
In these hatchery 5 lakes eggs
containing capacity.
1. OVER-HEAD STORAGE
TANK- measure 5.5 x 2.7
x2.2 m with the capacity of
about 30000 liters of water.
2. SPAWNING POND- 10x2.5 m
Length and deapth ,contain 2
lakes eggs . N.B.F.G.R. HATCHERY
16. INCUBATION POND-
Two concrete incubation ponds in each unit and
both of them are circular in shape
Each ponds has two chamber ; outer and inner
chamber’
The latter chamber is 0. 75 meter , inner chamber
there are stop cocked exit pipe hole though which
excess water removed
This circular tanks 4 diameter, these tank connect to
breeding pond and hatchling receiving pond.
17. 4. HATCHLING RECEIVING POND:
The inside dimensions are 4 x 2.5 x 1.2 m. This is
located at a lower level than the incubation
pond, so as to drain out the water from it by
gravity.
BREEDING POND INCUBATION POND
N. P HATCHLING POND RECEVING
19. POND ARE MAINLY TWO TYPES-
CEMENDED POND-
Pond made by man in large
scale fish production
commercial purpose
Selected land ploughing the
and covered with the hep of
plaster, make boundary ,fill 5
inch soil and hydrilla plant.
Give the artificial feeding
Advantage - proper water
exchange , proper disease
control
Disadvantages- highly costly ,
fish feeding giving daily.
20. NATURAL POND / EARTHEN POND
Naturally made and man
made pond
Small pond planting near
the pond and make the
boundary surrounding
pond.
Natural feeding – algae ,
hydrill, zooplankton
advantage – not more
costly ,easily make
Disadvantage- not easily
maintain ,
21. 2 - NURSERY POND-:
Measure – 15 x 15 x 1.5m and may be seasonal ,
so they are dry up during summer .
These are help in eradication of fish enemies and
increasing productivity.
3 - REARING POND -:
May be seasonal or perennial and are used for
rearing advanced fry for 2-3 months.
These ponds are made long and narrow , gently
sloping to facilitate netting and deep 1.5 m
Measure – 25 x 10 x 1.5 m
22. STOCKING POND -: THESE ARE LARGE
PERENNIAL TANKS , ABOUT 2M DEEP . THEY
ARE LONG 100 M OR MORE , FACILITATE
NETTING.
24. DIFFERENT PARTS OF GOOD POND-
The most important
feature is to have the
pond bottom slope
such that the pond can
be drained.
If the pond site has
a natural slope, the
dyke or main wall
should be
constructed at the
low level side.
25. DRAINAGE SYSTEM
It consists of the outlet system for letting water out of the pond
and the drainage ditches which carry the water away from the
pond.
26. IDEAL FISH FARM OF 5 ACRE LAND
TYPES OF POND NUMBER SIZE IN METERES OF
POND
HATCHERY PITS 6 2.5 X 1.25 X 0.75
NURSERY
PONDS
4 15 X 15 X 1.5 m
REARING
PONDS
24 25 X 10 X 2 m
STOCKING
POND
6 100 x 25 x 2 m
27. POND MAINTENANCE AND
IMPROVEMENT
The productivity of the pond depends upon its
soil base , and can be greatly enhanced by –
I. Controlling the vegetation
II. Cleaning the pond bottom
III. Liming and
IV. Fertilization
All undesirable plants and weeds removed.
The pond should be emptied , dried and
cleaned at suitable intervals.
28. LIMING -:
We are mostly used quick lime ( Cao) , raised
the pH of the water and acts as an antiparasitic
substance .
It kill the bacteria and other fish parasite.
A dose of 100 – 200 kg/ ha is sufficient if liming
is done every year.
Control the fish gill rot disease , quick lime
generally spread on the pond bottom , 10- 15
days before stocking the fish .
Leave that pond at least 2 week.
29. FERTILIZATION-:
The purpose of fertilization increase the
productivity by increasing the natural food
available.
Inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer used in fish
pond are sodium nitrate , ammonium
sulphate , ammonium nitrate , ammonium
carbonate and urea etc.
Ammonium sulphate cause phytoplankton
blooms, and heavy growth of zooplankton.
30. INORGANIC FERTILIZERS-:
In inorganic fertilizer
contain suitability of N
and P content in soil.
Phosphate fertilizer is
used 25-30 kg / ha and
is very effective in
producing algal bloom.
These are also used
better growth of natural
food in fish pond.
31. ORGANIC FERTILIZER -:
The liquid manure from stables
is very beneficial and stimulates
the growth of zooplankton and
phytoplankton.
Liquid manure is release in
small quantity only the deeper
parts .
Fish guano , farm manure ( cow
and house dung) and sewage
also consist good manure.
green manure , soya bean meal ,
cotton seed meal , mustard oil
cakes,etc.
32. ARTIFICIAL FEEDING-:
Fish production can be
increase by artificial
feeding , fish should feed
cheap and simple.
Whole grain , flour , rice
bran , oil cake , and kitchen
waste are generally used
as fish food.
Method of giving food- the
food can be kept in basket
or spread on the water.
33. FISHING OR HARVESTING-:
This is done by draining the
pond or netting .
By draining , harvesting is
completed and predators can
be dried , cleaned , repaired ,
and soil enriched by
fertilization .
However , if the ponds are
constructed in a row , loss of
water can be avoided and
ponds are drained by turns.
34. References- :
1- ‘ AN INTRODUCTION OF FISHES’
( S.S KHANA )
2- ‘FISH AND FISHERIES’
( S. N YADAV)
3- FISH PONDS FOR THE FARM
( FRANK C. EDMISTER )
4- INTERNET .