Introduction to Riverine systems in India, Origin hills, East and West coast riverine systems, tributaries of major rivers, length, catchment areas and Ichthyo-faunal diversity and major fisheries of riverine systems
Modern developments in transport technology are from two levels; one is from an understanding of internal physiological mechanisms of the fish and the optimal requirements, ensuring maximum survival of fish under transport and the other is from a study of the environmental parameters of the medium in which fish are transported. Under anaesthesia fish can be transported without water even, provided the skin and gills are kept moist under low temperature. The cryopreservation of fish sperm for use at any convenient time can be referred to here, though this would concern seed production more directly than live seed transport.
A fishing gear is the tool with which aquatic resources are captured, whereas the fishing method is how the gear is used. Gear also includes harvesting organisms.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Modern developments in transport technology are from two levels; one is from an understanding of internal physiological mechanisms of the fish and the optimal requirements, ensuring maximum survival of fish under transport and the other is from a study of the environmental parameters of the medium in which fish are transported. Under anaesthesia fish can be transported without water even, provided the skin and gills are kept moist under low temperature. The cryopreservation of fish sperm for use at any convenient time can be referred to here, though this would concern seed production more directly than live seed transport.
A fishing gear is the tool with which aquatic resources are captured, whereas the fishing method is how the gear is used. Gear also includes harvesting organisms.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
the presentation provides the details regarding the murrels or snakeheads which includes the basic taxonomy, some of the important species, distribution, special characters, its aquaculture potential, food and feeding habits, sexual dimorphism, parental care, age at maturity, the maturity stages, breeding season, courtship and mating, natural spawning, fecundity, induced spawning using ovaprim and HCG and LHRHa, and also the detailed facts regarding larval reariing.
Fish Taxonomy & Charateristics
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata (Back bone present)
Supraclass Agnatha (Jawless Fish)
Class Myxini (Hagfish)
Class Cphalospidomorphi (Lamprey)
Supraclass Gnathostomata (Jawed Fish)
Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish)
Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)
what is Fish blood.reading this you will know about fish blood.a short description about fish blood
source:<a>bd tips tech</a> the best bangla tech site http://www.bdtipstech.com
the presentation provides the details regarding the murrels or snakeheads which includes the basic taxonomy, some of the important species, distribution, special characters, its aquaculture potential, food and feeding habits, sexual dimorphism, parental care, age at maturity, the maturity stages, breeding season, courtship and mating, natural spawning, fecundity, induced spawning using ovaprim and HCG and LHRHa, and also the detailed facts regarding larval reariing.
Fish Taxonomy & Charateristics
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata (Back bone present)
Supraclass Agnatha (Jawless Fish)
Class Myxini (Hagfish)
Class Cphalospidomorphi (Lamprey)
Supraclass Gnathostomata (Jawed Fish)
Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish)
Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)
what is Fish blood.reading this you will know about fish blood.a short description about fish blood
source:<a>bd tips tech</a> the best bangla tech site http://www.bdtipstech.com
Its about major rivers of north India. It helps you all to know some information about north Indian river which flows in many north Indian states including Pakistan also. It contains major information of rivers. Hope you all like it.
East and west coast river system Kufos kerala ashish shauAshish sahu
More than 90 per cent of India's total surface run-off flows into the Bay of Bengal and the rest into the Arabian Sea. Only small area in Rajasthan has internal drainage. The drainage systems flowing into the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal are separated by a water divide extending approximately along the Western Ghats, Aravallis and Yamuna Sutlej divide. The Indian Drainage System is distinguished as Himalayan Drainage System and Peninsular Drainage System. The Himalayan Rivers are mostly perennial and youth having gorges, V-shaped valley and depositional features like deltas whereas Peninsular Rivers are seasonal and do not have extensive network of tributaries. Here, we are giving general knowledge list of the east and west flowing rivers with their characteristics.
More than 90 per cent of India's total surface run-off flows into the Bay of Bengal and the rest into the Arabian Sea. Only small area in Rajasthan has internal drainage. The drainage systems flowing into the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal are separated by a water divide extending approximately along the Western Ghats, Aravallis and Yamuna Sutlej divide. The Indian Drainage System is distinguished as Himalayan Drainage System and Peninsular Drainage System. The Himalayan Rivers are mostly perennial and youth having gorges, V-shaped valley and depositional features like deltas whereas Peninsular Rivers are seasonal and do not have extensive network of tributaries. Here, we are giving general knowledge list of the east and west flowing rivers with their characteristics.
Many of the rivers are older than Himalayas and cut across it whereas peninsular drainage is much older and includes numerous rivers. Rivers of peninsular are matured with almost graded profiles and mostly super-imposed in nature i.e. follow the gradient or fault valley. These are devoid of meanders and have fixed course unlike Himalayan drainage. In the above list gives complete revision capsule of general knowledge related to the characteristics of east and west flowing rivers in India
River long water course that flows down a slope along a bed between banks. It originates from a 'source' and culminates to a sea or lake at its 'mouth'. Along its length it may be joined by smaller rivers called 'tributaries'. A river and its tributaries form a 'river system'. Land surfaces are never perfectly flat, and as a result the runoff water after precipitation tends to flow downward by the shortest and steepest course in depressions formed by the intersection of slopes. Runoff water of sufficient volume and velocity join to form a stream that, by the erosion of underlying earth and rock, becomes deep enough to be fed ground water or when it has as its source an ultimate water reservoir, for example, the ganges flowing from the Gangotri Glacier and the brahmaputra from the Manas Sarovar.
Its about major rivers of south ( peninsular plain) India. It helps you you all to know some information about south Indian rivers which flows in many south Indian states which ends in Bay of Bengal. It contains major information and data including map and pictures also. Hope you all like it.
Its about major rivers which flows in the Eastern states of India (7 sisters). It helps you to know about the rivers of eastern rivers of India. it contains major information like length, mouth, distribution, etc. with images too. I hope you all like it.
Successstory of a Gujarat Inland wetland farmer by Bhaskar.pdfB. BHASKAR
Inland open water wetlands are Potential source for culture based capture fisheries, a success story of small scale wetland farmer of Gujarat, Inland Fishes and prawns
Major Ornamental fish Exporters contact details in India by BB. BHASKAR
Major Ornamental fishes and plants exporters registered contact details in East and West coast states of India. mission Ornamental fisheries,
List of state wise Public aquariums, Indigenous Fresh water and Marine water ornamental fish aquarium, and ornaments brood bank capital and operational cost for set up and for promoting ornamental fish farming for small scale livelihoods and entrepreneurs
IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN SUPPORTING LIFE ON THE PLANET By B.pptxB. BHASKAR
2024 World water day theme: Water for peace.
World water resources, its percentage share in human & other animals body, health maintenance, agricultural production sector for achieving food security, industrial sector, poverty alleviation. World prospects on water use efficiency & saving water quality for drinking, food production & other applications through responsible uses
Threatned Sharks Rays and Chaimera along Arabian sea By B.pptxB. BHASKAR
Introduction about sharks, Rays and Chaimeras, Fishery exploitation status along Arabian Sea waters, present threatened families of sharks, Rays and Chaimeras
Fish stem cells and their applications by BB. BHASKAR
Different types of stem cells in humans and Fishes, importance and Application of fish stem cells in Aquaculture, conservation and fish health healing mechanism, UV-rays protection and other intigrated uses of stem cells for industrial purpose, fish cell culture
Fishes unique care wishes on occasion of valentine's day wishesB. BHASKAR
Loving beautiful fishes also caring youngones. Male fishes Show their love in care by bearing female fishes parental care risk.
male fishes only pairing with single females fishes throughout its lifespan and guards their eggs by incubation during birth till hatching out
Lobster breeding seedproduction and rearing and fattening in CagesB. BHASKAR
Commercially important exploited Lobster species of India, Breeding, seed production, larval rearing and nursery rearing, pit culture and open sea cage culture of lobsters, cost economic of lobster Aquaculture, water quality & feeding management, SWOT Analysis in experimental lobster farming. Constraints and Recommendations
Continents of the world and FAO fishing areas, Ocean fisheries and coastal countries, large seas, marine capture fisheries production of the world major fishing areas, generals, and species.
Past to present fish Seed production in India ln states, UTs and Indian major carps brood stock maintainace, breeding, maturation stages, embryonic developmental stages, fish spawn, Fry, Quality checking, Quarantine principle for seed quality.
Dams Impacts on environment with special focus on Wild Fisheries.pptxB. BHASKAR
Major Indian Rivers and their Dams
Species diversity reported along streches of Rivers, Dams impacts on capture fisheries due to habitat alterations, world scenario of Dams impacts
Fish Products Exporters registered under MPEDA in India by B.pdfB. BHASKAR
Address and contact details of Fish and Fishery products Exporters from different states and UT's registered under Marine products Export development Authority (MPEDA)of India, helpful for interested Aqua farmers, entrepreneurs interested for export of seafood and professionals awareness
Efficient utilization of Fish waste.pptxB. BHASKAR
Introduction to fish waste, % of fish body parts and their by products potential valuable applications. Utilization of Shell fishes waste, smart sensors in detection, AI application in valorize of big data fish reducing fish waste
Fish Farmer Producer Organization FFPOs.pptB. BHASKAR
PMMSY guidelines on Fish Farmer Producer Organization(FFPOs), Objectives, composition & managing committee of FFPOs, Implementation agencies, Responsibilities of CBBOs, financial support, payment releasing pattern, monitoring and evaluation of FFPOs, annexures relavant to FFPOs and case study.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...
Riverine fisheries of India By B.pptx
1. Major Riverine systems and Ichthyo-
Faunal Diversity (Fisheries) of India
By
Bhukya Bhaskar
Fisheries
Ref: B.K DAS et al. 2021
2. Introduction
• India is bestowed with 14 major, 44 medium, and numerous minor rivers
that run through 2.52 lakh Kms contributes to current production of 1 Lakh
ton.
• For optimally harnessing the potential of riverine fisheries, the Department
is focusing on conservation of indigenous fisheries resources and
restoration of natural productivity by practice of river ranching and 41
Conservation and Awareness in Riverine Fisheries programme sanctioned
under Blue Revolution in 9 States /UTs.
• Production of native species in the rivers by seed ranching of native stock,
upgradation of riverine landing centers and instruments to provide financial
assistance for fishermen wellbeing are being targeted.
• Planning is also ongoing for implementing river ranching, as a pilot-based
activity under central sector scheme, in six states in two phases with total
budget outlay of Rs. 2.81 crores to ranch 1.40 crores fingerling.
• The first phase will be launched by end of September while the second
phase will begin in October.
• To support the fishermen, the Department has sanctioned the following
with an investment of Rs 1,710 crores:
3. River System
• All major rivers of India originate from one of the
following main watersheds:
1. Aravalli range
2. Himalaya and Karakoram ranges
3. Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India
4. Vindhya and Satpura ranges and Chotanagpur
plateau in central India
4. Ganges River System
• The major rivers in this system are (in order of merging, from west to east)
1. Ganges - 2,525 kilometres (1,569 mi)[8] Starting from Gangotri Glacier, Uttarakhand, India
2. Chambal - 1,024 kilometres (636 mi) Flows through Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and
merges into Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh
3. Betwa - 676 kilometres (420 mi) Not Himalayan river, covers Madhya Pradesh and Uttar
Pradesh before merging Yamuna
4. Yamuna - 1,376 kilometres (855 mi) Yamuna runs its most of the course parallel to Ganga
before contributing its water to Ganga at Prayagraj. Largest of Ganga's southern tributaries
5. Gomti - 529 kilometres (329 mi) Starts near the junction of three borders viz. Nepal,
Uttarakhand and UP
6. Ghaghra - 1,156 kilometres (718 mi) Starts in Nepal near Uttarakhand
7. Son - 784 kilometres (487 mi) Not Himalayan river, covers MP, UP, Jharkhand and Bihar.
Second Largest of Ganga's southern tributaries
8. Gandak - 652 kilometres (405 mi) Starts from Nepal
9. Kosi - 725 kilometres (450 mi) Starts from Nepal
10. Brahmaputra - 3,969 kilometres (2,466 mi) Merges with Ganga in Bangladesh. By now, flow
velocity of both rivers slow down to considerable extent as they are in plains now.
Before entering Bangladesh, near Farakka in Malda District, Ganga leaves a distributary Hoogly,
450 kilometres (280 mi) which provides water for irrigation in West Bengal
5. Brahmaputra River System
• Brahmaputra River basin across Northeast India
• The Brahmaputra river originates / starts from Tibet.
1. Yarlung Tsangpo River - 2,809 kilometres (1,745 mi) originates and forms
the upper stream of Brahmaputra in Tibet
2. Siang - 184 kilometres (114 mi) main river after it enters India in the state
of Arunachal Pradesh
3. Dibang - major tributary flowing through Arunachal Pradesh before
merging into the Brahmaputra River in Assam
4. Lohit - one of the three major tributaries of Brahmaputra flowing through
Arunachal Pradesh from the easternmost India
5. Brahmaputra - 916 kilometres (569 mi) runs across the state
of Assam from East to West, entering Bangladesh afterwards
6. Teesta - 324 kilometres (201 mi) one of the largest tributaries of
Brahmaputra; originating in the borders of Sikkim and Tibet, flowing South
it joins Brahmaputra in Bangladesh
7. Jamuna River (Bangladesh) - 196 kilometres (122 mi) the Brahmaputra is
known as Jamuna in Bangladesh
• Brahmaputra has Total length of 3,969 kilometres (2,466 mi) as per latest
mapping.
6. Indus River System
• The Indus River originates in the northern slopes of the Kailash range near Lake
Manasarovar in Tibet.
• Most of the river's course runs through neighbouring Pakistan, as per as regulation
of Indus water treaty of 1960, India can use only 20 percent of the water in this
river.
• A portion of it does run through Indian territory, as do parts of the course.
• The rivers forming Panjnad are Chenab, Satluj, Jhelum, Ravi and Beas These
tributaries are the source of the name of the Punjab of South Asia; the name is
derived from the panch ("five") and aab ("water"), hence the combination of the
words (Punjab) means "land with the water of five rivers". The Indus is 3,610
kilometres (2,240 mi) long.
• The major rivers in Indus river system are (in order of their length):
1. Indus - 3,610 kilometres (2,240 mi)
2. Sutlej - 1,372 kilometres (853 mi)
3. Chenab - 1,090 kilometres (680 mi)
4. Jhelum - 725 kilometres (450 mi)
5. Ravi - 729 kilometres (453 mi)
6. Beas - 484 kilometres (301 mi)
7. Shyok - 216 kilometres (134 mi)
8. Zanskar - 196 kilometres (122 mi)
9. Galwan - 138 kilometres (86 mi) tributary of Shyok
9. • Following rivers flow from the Aravalli range, both northwards to Yamuna as well as southwards to Arabian Sea.
• North-to-south flowing rivers, originate from the western slopes of Aravalli range in Rajasthan, pass through the southeastern
portion of the Thar Desert, and end into Gujarat.
– Luni River, 495 kilometres (308 mi) originates in the Pushkar valley near Ajmer, ends in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch.
– Sakhi river, 265 kilometres (165 mi) ends in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch.
– Sabarmati River, 371 kilometres (231 mi) originates on the western slopes of Aravalli range of the Udaipur District, end
into the Gulf of Cambay of Arabian Sea.
• West to north-west flowing rivers, originate from the western slopes of Aravalli range in Rajasthan, flow through semi-arid
historical Shekhawati region, drain into southern Haryana. Several Ochre Coloured Pottery culture sites, also identified as late
Harappan phase of Indus Valley civilisation culture, has been found along the banks of these rivers.
– Sahibi River, originates near Manoharpur in Sikar district flows through Haryana, along with its following tributaries:
• Dohan river, tributary of Sahibi river, originates near Neem Ka Thana in Alwar district).
• Sota River, tributary of Sahibi river, merges with Sahibi river at Behror in Alwar district.
• Krishnavati river, former tributary of Sahibi river, originates near Dariba zinc and lead mines in Rajsamand district of
Rajasthan, flows through Patan in Dausa district and Mothooka in Alwar district, then disappears in Mahendragarh
district in Haryana much before reaching Sahibi river.
• West to north-east flowing rivers, originating from the eastern slopes of Aravalli range in Rajasthan, flow northwards
to Yamuna.
– Chambal River,1,024 kilometres (636 mi) a southern-side tributary of Yamuna river.
• Banas River, 529 kilometres (329 mi) a northern-side tributary of Chambal river.
– Berach River, 236 kilometres (147 mi) a southern-side tributary of Banas River, originates in the hills
of Udaipur District
» Ahar River, 100 kilometres (62 mi) a right-side (or eastern side) tributary of the Berach river, originates
in the hills of Udaipur District, flows through Udaipur city forming the famous Lake Pichola.
» Wagli Wagon River a right-side tributary of the Berach River.
» Gambhiri River a right-side tributary of the Berach river.
» Orai River a right-side tributary of the Berach River.
10. The East Coast River System
• It is a composite system of rivers, the main constituents of
which are the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the
Cauvery, having a combined length of about 6,437 km.
• The total catchment area is 121 million ha.
• This system drains the entire peninsular India, east of
Western Ghats in the west and southern parts of central India
including Chotta Nagpur hill ranges.
• These East Coast rivers drain into the Bay of Bengal.
• Mahanadi has all the Indian Major carps common with the
Ganga system.
• The other river of the East coast system, besides their own
indigenous fish fauna of several carp species including
Gangetic carp, catfishes, murrels, prawns.
• Tributaries of the Cauvery from the Nilgiris have cold water
fish like trout and tench.
11. The East Coast River System
• i) The river Mahanadi
• It is a river of eastern India. The Mahanadi rises in the Satpura Range
of central India, and flows east to the Bay of Bengal. The Mahanadi
drains most of the state of Chhattisgarh and much of Orissa and also
Jharkhand and Maharashtra. It has a length of about 860 km. Near
the city of Sambalpur, a large dam, the Hirakud Dam is on the river.
• Fish and Fisheries
• The river mainly harbours the hill stream fishes. The most common
fishes are Chela untrahi, Erethistes conta and Arius gagora.
12. The East Coast River System
• ii) The river Godavari
• The river with second longest course within India, Godavari is often referred to as
the Vriddh (Old) Ganga or the Dakshin (South) Ganga. It is about 1440 km long. It
originates from Deolali hills near Nasik and Mumbai in Maharashtra around 380 km
distance from the Arabian Sea, but flows southeast across south-central India
through the states of Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh, and
empties into the Bay of Bengal in the Northern Western Ghats. Its catchment area
is 315,980 km2. It is a seasonal river, widened during the monsoons and dried
during the summers. Its main tributaries are Manjira, Wainganga (secondary
tributaries – Penuganga and Wardha) and Indravati. Its minor tributaries are Purna,
Maner, Sabari etc. There is no major dam. However, several small dams have been
built across the tributaries of Godavari and long irrigation canals form a network of
water bodies.
• Fish and Fisheries of Godavari
• The most common fishes in this river include fishes such as carps (Labeo fimbriatus,
Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo calbasu, Catla catla ), c atfishes (Mystus seenghala,
Mystus aor, Silonia childreni, Wallago attu, Pangasius pangasius, Bagarius
bagarius) and Hilsa ilisha. Of the several carp species, L. fimbriatus is found to
dominate and this is followed by C. mrigala. Macrobrachium
malcolmsonii (Godavari prawn) is the prawn common in this river. Fishing gears
that are commonly employed are gillnets (set gillnet, drift gillnet, drag gillnet,
barrier gillnet), seines (shore seine, large seine and drag net) and cast net.
13. The East Coast River System
• iii) The river Krishna
• The Krishna is one of the longest rivers of India (1120 km in length).
• Its c atchment area is 233,229 km2.
• It originates at Mahabaleswar in Maharashtra, passes through Sangli and meets the
sea in the Bay of Bengal at Hamasaladeevi in Andhra Pradesh.
• The Krishna river flows through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh.
• Its most important tributary is the Tungabhadra River, which itself is formed by the
Tunga and Bhadra rivers that originate in the Western Ghats.
• Other tributaries include the Koyna, Bhima, Mallaprabha, Ghataprabha, Yerla,
Warna, Dindi, Musi and Dudhganga rivers.
• There are dams (anaicuts) or weirs and barrages. Several reservoirs have been built
on the rivulets, and some major dams as the Lakkavali, Tungabhadra, Koina and
Vanivilas Sagar have been constructed.
• The conditions of flow, nature of river bed and other features of the Krishna river
system are quite similar to Godavari system.
• Fish and Fisheries of Krishna
• The fish species composition is similar to the Godavrai system. The major fishes of
the river include carps (Labeo fimbriatus, Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo calbasu, Catla
catla ), c atfishes (Mystus seenghala, Mystus aor, Silonia childreni, Wallago attu,
Pangasius pangasius, Bagarius bagarius) and Hilsa ilisha. Fishing gears employed
are similar to the Godavrai system.
14. The East Coast River System
• iv) The river Cauvery
• It is one of the great rivers of India. This river is also called Dakshin Ganga. It o riginates in
the Brahamagiri hills in the Western Ghats range of Karnataka state, and from Karnataka
through Tamil Nadu, it empties into the Bay of Bengal. The source of the river is Talakaveri
located in the Western Ghats about 5,000 feet (1,500 m) above sea level. It flows generally
south and east for around 765 km, emptying into the Bay of Bengal through two principal
mouths. Its basin is estimated to be 27,700 square miles (71,700 km²), and it has many
tributaries including Shimsha, Hemavati, Arkavathy, Kapila, Honnuhole, Lakshmana Tirtha,
Kabini, Lokapavani, Bhavani, Noyyal and Amaravati. The large Mettur dam has been
constructed across Cauvery in Tamil nadu. In Tamil nadu, i n the Thanjavur delta, the river
divides into a northern branch, the Coleroon and a southern branch, the Cauvery proper.
The Lower anaicut is across the river, Coleroon and the Upper anaicut and Grand anaicut are
across Cauvery proper.
• Fish and Fisheries of Cauvery
• Eighty three species of fishes belonging to 23 families have been reported from the Cauvery
river. They are:
• Carps: Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Cyprinus carpio, Tor putitora, Barbu s
carnaticus , B. dubius, Labeo kontius, Cirrhinus cirrhosa, Acrossocheilus
hexagonolepis, Osteochilus hexagonolepis, Osteochilus brevidorsalis
• Catfishes: Mystus seengala, M. aor, Wallago attu, Pangasius pangasius, Silonia
silondia, Glyptothorax madraspatanum
• Miscellaneous : Notopterus notopterus, Channa marulius, Osphronemus goramy
• Fishing gears employed
• They are similar to the Godavrai system. They include gillnets (set gillnet, drift gillnet, drag
gillnet, barrier gillnet), seines (shore seine, large seine and drag net) and cast net.
15. The WEST Coast River System
• The combined length of this system is 3,380 km. Its total catchment area is 69.6 million ha. It drains the west of
Western Ghats. It includes the basins of the Narmada, Tapti and the drainage of Gujarat. The Narmada and the
Tapti are the longest rivers of this system and have rich fish fauna. The fish fauna of this system mainly consists
of carps, catfishes, mahseers, murrels, perches, prawns etc.
• i) The river Narmada
• The Narmada is a river in central India. It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India,
and is a total of 1,289 km (801 mi) long. Of the major rivers of peninsular India, only the Narmada, the Tapti
and the Mahi run from east to west. It rises on the summit of Amarkantak Hill in Bilaspur district of Madhya
Pradesh state, and for the first 320 km (200 miles) of its course winds among the Mandla Hills, which form the
head of the Satpura Range; then at Jabalpur, passing through the 'Marble Rocks', it enters the Narmada Valley
between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, and pursues a direct westerly course to the Gulf of Cambay. Its total
length through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat amounts to 1312 km (815 miles), and
it empties into the Arabian Sea in the Bharuch district of Gujarat. Its total c atchment area is 94,235 km2 lying in
Madhyapradesh and Gujarat with 18 tributaries with catchment area ranging from 1,350 to 6,330 km2. Of
these, 16 are in Madhyapradesh and two are in Gujarat.
• Fish and Fisheries of Narmada
• The fisheries of the river Narmada consists of the following species.
• Carps: Tor tor, Labeo fimbriatus, L. calbasu, L. bata, Labeo kontius, Cirrhinus mrigala, C. reba, Catla catla,
Puntius sarana.
• Catfishes: Mystus seengala, M. aor, M. cavasius, Wallago attu, Rita pavimentata, Ompok bimaculatus
• Miscellaneous : Notopterus notopterus, Channa spp., Mastecembelus spp, minnows.
• Fishing gears employed
• They include cast net, gill net, long lines etc.
16. The West Coast River System
• ii) The river Tapti
• The Tapti is a river of central India. It is one of the major rivers of peninsular India
with the length of 724 km. It rises in the eastern Satpura Range of southern
Madhya Pradesh state and flows westward, draining Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra
and South Gujarat before emptying into the Gulf of Cambay of the Arabian Sea, in
the State of Gujarat. The Western Ghats or Sahyadri range starts south of the Tapti
River near the border of Gujarat and Maharashtra. The Tapti River basin lies mostly
in northern and eastern districts of Maharashtra but also covers Betul, Burhanpur
districts of Madhya Pradesh and Surat district in Gujarat as well. The principal
tributaries of Tapti River are Purna River, Girna River, Panzara River, Waghur River,
Bori River and Aner River.
• Fish and Fisheries of Tapti
• Fishing season commences from September to October and continues till the onset
of monsoon. Fishing operations are extensive after Jan - Feb. Cheer fishing also
takes place during Nov – Jan with scare line and a composite net made by towing
two cast nets. Fishing gears employed are similar to the Narmada rivers sytem.
• The fisheries of the river Narmada consists of the following species.
• Carps: Tor tor, Labeo fimbriatus, L. calbasu, L. bata, L. kontius, L. boggut, Cirrhinus
mrigala, Puntius sarana.
• Catfishes: Mystus seengala, M. aor
• Miscellaneous : Channa spp., Mastecembelus armatus, Clupisoma garua
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