The document discusses food and feeding for aquarium fish. It provides information on the types of foods fish need, including live foods like brine shrimp and bloodworms as well as processed foods like flakes and pellets. It also discusses ingredients that make up quality fish food like proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The document emphasizes the importance of providing the right kind and amount of food, as overfeeding can dirty the tank.

1. Food and Feeding

2. The right kind of food will increase the activity and longevity of
fish and help them adapt quickly to the aquarium environment and
bringing out their best colours.
Fish foods normally contain macro nutrients, trace elements and
vitamins necessary to keep captive fish in good health. Some fish
foods also contain additives such as sex hormones or beta carotene
to artificially enhance the color of ornamental fish.
It is important to know the types of foods fish need and how much
food they need. Most fish should be fed two or three times a day.
Some fish have slow metabolisms and need be fed only once a
day. eg. goldfish.
Fish need only a small amount of food at a time.
Feeding more than needed will dirty the tank.
Stop feeding when they stop eating.
Introduction

3. The metabolism of fish is controlled by their surrounding
temperature. The lower the temperature, the lower the digestive
time.
Generally spoken, the digestive time for fish kept in 74-78
degrees is about 16-24 hours. Therefore once-a-day feeding is
ample.

4. Sources of fish food
•Fish meal (protein source) have two basic types: (a) those produced
from fishery wastes associated with the processing of fish for human
consumption (such as salmon and tuna) and (b) those from specific fish
(herring, menhaden and pollack) which are harvested solely for the
purpose of producing fish meal.
•Shrimp meal is made from cull shrimp that are being processed before
freezing or from whole shrimp that is not of suitable quality for human
consumption. The material to be made into shrimp meal is dried (sun-
dried or by using a dryer) and then ground. Shrimp meal is a source of
pigments that enhances the desirable color in the tissues of fish. It is
also a secondary supplemental protein source for fish.
•Squid meal is made from squid viscera portions from cannery plants
including the eggs and testis. Squid Meal is a highly digestible protein
source for fish which provides a full range of amino acids, vitamins,
minerals and cholesterol (1.0–1.5%) of cholesterol suitable for fish fry
and young fish.

5. •Brine shrimp (adult Artemia) is a common food source for fish that
are available in adult-form, as eggs or freeze-dried. Brine shrimp is a
source of protein, carotene (a color enhancer) and acts as a natural
laxative in fish digestive systems. Brine shrimps can also supply the
fish with vegetable matter due to their consumption of algae.
•Soybean meal is a high protein source for fish and has become a
substitute for traditionally-used marine animal meals.
•Spirulina is a blue-green plant plankton rich in raw protein,
vitamins A1, B1, B2, B6, B12, C and E, beta-carotene, color
enhancing pigments, a whole range of minerals, essential fatty acids
and eight amino acids required for complete nutrition.
•Whole wheat (carbohydrates) is not the best source of energy in fish
but is an excellent source of roughage for fish such as Goldfish and
Koi. It is also a natural source of vitamin E which promotes growth
and enhances coloration.

6. Aquarium Fish-food may include
1. live foods and
2. processed foods.
1. Live food consists of plants, animals and microorganisms that do not cause harm to
the fish. Live foods are always better than dried processed foods as they contain
better quality of protein than dried foods.
2. Processed foods include fresh, frozen, freeze-dried, and canned foods.
a) Fresh foods can be small bits of meats, vegetables and fruits like beef, chicken,
pea, beans, peeled apple etc.
b) Canned foods provide a balanced diet and comes in a variety of forms such as
flakes, pellets, granules etc. Among canned foods flaked food is the most common
food used and is best for small fish. Pellets such as the floating ones and sinking
ones are suited for big fishes. Pelleted forms, some of which sink rapidly, are often
used for larger fish or bottom feeding species such as loaches or catfish.
c) Frozen diet such as shrimp or bloodworms provide a good source of digestible
protein.
d) Insect larvae, worms, meats etc are available in freeze dried forms. They should be
moistened before feeding.

7. Live foods
Live fish food include earthworms, sludge worms, water fleas, bloodworms, and
feeder fish. Food for larvae and young fish include infusoria (Protozoa and other
microorganisms), newly hatched brine shrimp and microworms.
These are the most preferred type of food for fishes, but are difficult to get. However,
freeze dried forms of earthworms, tubifex etc. are available now.
Feeder fish is the generic name for certain types of inexpensive fish
commonly fed as live prey to captive animals such as sharks and turtles.
The species of fish usually sold as feeder fish are invariably some of the easiest fish
for fishkeepers to rear and breed, such as goldfish and guppies. Typically, these
species are tolerant of overcrowding and have a high fecundity and rapid growth rate.
In some cases, species of predatory animals, typically large fish such as catfish and
cichlids but sometimes also animals such as freshwater turtles, are provided with
feeder fish because they accept them more readily than alternatives.

8. Species used as feeder fish
Several fast-growing and hardy species are commonly sold and
used as feeder fish. Depending on the locality, feeder fish may
include:
•Low-quality, common livebearers, usually guppies, mosquito fish
and platies
•Small cyprinids, particularly rosy red minnows and goldfish
•Unwanted livebearer and cichlid fry
•Female Siamese fighting fish
•Young tilapia
•Defective and weak fry
•Young Bluegill
•Certain Tadpoles

9. Prepared foods
Prepared foods are those foods that are non-living and are made by the aquarist or
bought already prepared for consumption for fish.
Dry foods
Flake food is a type of proprietary or artificially manufactured fish food consumed by
a wide variety of tropical and saltwater fish and invertebrates. It is ideally suited to top
dwellers and mid-water fish though numerous bottom dwelling species consume flake
food once it has settled on the bottom. Flake food is baked to remove moisture and
create the flaking, thus allowing for a longer shelf life. Generally the more moisture a
particular example of fish food contains, the more readily it will deteriorate in quality.
Dry foods is also available as pellets, sticks, tablets, granules, and wafers,
manufactured to float or sink, depending on the species they are designed to feed.
Vacation food
Vacation foods — also known as "food blocks" — are designed to be placed inside the
aquarium to forgo feeding while the owner is absent. These blocks release small
amounts of food as they dissolve. Food blocks can be a good choice for smaller
tropical fish, but can pollute the water.
Additional Types

10. Freeze-dried and frozen fish diets
Freeze-dried and frozen fish foods were primarily developed for tropical and marine
fish and are useful in providing variety to the diet or specialist feeding needs of some
species. These include tubifex worms, mosquito larvae, bloodworms, water fleas
(Daphnia and Cyclops spp.) along with brine shrimp (Artemia salina).
Medicated fish food
Medicated fishfood is a safe and effective methods to deliver medication to fish. One
advantage is that medicated food does not contaminate the aquatic environment and
also, unlike bath treatments, does not negatively affect fish, filtration and algae growth
in the aquarium. The parasites will get treated spot on by medicated food, because the
fish is ingesting it.

11. Ingredients of quality fish food
Fish food should ideally provide the fish with fat (for energy) and
amino acids (building blocks of proteins) and the fish food (whether
flake or pellet) must be speedily digested in order to prevent build up of
intestinal gas, renal failure and infections (such as swim bladder
problems and dropsy) and to avoid aquarium pollution due to excessive
ammonia. Aquatic diets for carnivores must contain vegetable matter
such as spirulina.
* Amino acids are the basic components of proteins. An example of an
aquatic diet that is a good source of amino acid is a crumbled hard
boiled egg offered to small fry. Large amounts of DL-Methionine
enhance the headgrowth of the Lionhead goldfish.

12. • Fats that are broken down into fatty acids are the main source of
energy in fish especially for the heart and skeletal muscles. Fats also
assists in vitamin absorption. Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble
or can only be digested, absorbed, and transported in conjunction
with fats.
• Carbohydrates are molecular substances that include sugars,
starches, gums and celluloses. Most of the carbohydrates that are
incorporated into aquatic diets are of plant origin and are sources of
the enzyme amylase. Carbohydrates, however, are not a superior
energy source for fish over protein or fat but digestible carbohydrates
do spare protein for tissue building. Unlike in mammals, glycogen is
not a significant storage depot of energy in fish.

13. Culture of Foodstuffs
Having appropriate food organisms and prepared foods present
almost continuously is required for optimal growth and survival.
Here again, there has been syncretization in wild studies such as
Riley & Holt (1993) in studying gut contents of larval fishes as well
as documented trials and errors in trying to grow and feed cultured
foods (principally algae, rotifers, crustaceans, e.g. Hoff, 1999.) to
cultured fish larvae. The road to discovering and providing proper,
palatable foodstuffs at appropriate intervals and attractive formats has
been a long and expensive one in many cases.

14. Plankton Culture
Various species of phyto- and zoo-plankton are cultured to feed different
species of larval fishes, often in a dual step fashion, growing phyto-
plankton to feed the zooplankton to feed the fishes in turn. The plankton
cultures are typically kept under controlled conditions (light,
temperature) in separate rooms to prevent contamination. Some
examples of commonly employed cultured live foods are detailed below.
Of the microalgae Isochrysis galbana can be grown under fluorescent
lights per Hoff and Snell (1987). Isochrysis is used both as a water
conditioner and as food for zooplankton.

15. A common rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, is often used as a
first food, often followed by nauplii of the Brine Shrimp,
Artemia salina. Rotifers can be cultured in as small as 10-
gallon aquaria at a salinity of 25ppt, on a combination of
Culture HUFA (tm) and concentrated Isochrysis paste.
Culture densities typically range from 100-250/ml.
Certainly key in fish culture worldwide is the hypersaline
crustacean called Brine Shrimp, Artemia salina. Rather
than having to collect and hold them as food items, Artemia
cysts are often decapsulated with household chlorine bleach
that then can be refrigerated in a saturated salt solution, and
hatched as needed.

16. Provision of Foodstuffs
It’s not enough to simply know and have on hand nutritious foods for
cultured ornamental fishes. Their actual delivery in palatable formats,
in sufficient concentration, at appropriate times is also critical. For the
first few weeks of Clownfishes lives they require frequent (a dozen or
more times per day) administration of nutritious foods where and
when they metamorphose into small fishes, ultimately "settling",
otherwise being more mobile than prevailing water movement.
Foods, either live and/or prepared should be fed several times daily,
ideally on a continuous "as-needed" basis, and reciprocally never to
excess. Various devices have been devised for automatically supplying
these foods, from computerized peristaltic pumps to automated flake
food feeders, to simply pinching low-fat dry foods between culturists’
fingers.