The document discusses coldwater fish species found in the Himalayas and peninsular India, detailing their habitat, temperature preferences, and adaptations to the environment. It highlights the species' diversity, including both indigenous and exotic fish, and examines the impacts of introduced species on local ecosystems. Additionally, it covers the challenges faced in fisheries management and aquaculture development in these regions.

1. Ashish sahu

2. INTRODUCTION
 High Oxygen
 Low Carbon dioxide
 Inorganic soil
 Sparse vegetation and food
 Low fertility & high transparency

3. CONTD…
 High & mid-latitude lakes,rivers,streams,their
tributaries & reservoirs dammed across such rivers
 Located 914m above msl
 Temperature : 0°-20°C
 IMCs do not survive

4.  Contribute less to total inland fish production
 but comprise unique biodiversity with valuable
indigenous germplasm & maintain
environmental quality in hills
 Trouts & salmons are the only exotic game
fishes introduced

5. • Coldwater species – in Himalayas & Peninsular hill
ranges
• Maintain relatively low temperatures & supports
low productivity
• Waters of temperature within the tolerance of
trouts of family Salmonidae are termed cold
• 0°-20°C, optimum 10°-12°C

6. DISTRIBUTION
 258 species spread over the Himalayas & the
Peninsular Plateau
 Belong to 21 families & 76 genera

7. CHARACTERISTIC OF COLD WATER STREAM
 V-shaped valley
 High gradient
 Clean water
 Rocky and gravelly bottom
 Little organic matter and cool temperature.

8. DISTRIBUTION IN THE INDIAN HIMALAYAS
 Depends on the flow rate, nature of substratum, water
temperature & availability of food
 Torrential streams-3 zones based on dominant species
& hydrological features (Sehgal,1988)
 1. Headwater zone: inhabited by rheophilic loaches &
catfishes – Nemacheilus gracilis, N.stoliczkae &
Glyptostemum reticulatum

9. CONTD…
2. Large stream zone: formed by the
joining of headwater streams,inhabited
by Diptychus maculatus & Nemacheilus
spp.
In the upper reaches of the most
torrential section of this zone inhabits
snow trouts – Schizothoraichthys
esocinus, S.progastus, Schizothorax
richardsonii & Schizopygopsis
stoliczkae
Intermediate reaches occupied by

10. CONTD...
 Least rapid reaches occupied by Garra
gotyla,Crossocheilus diplochilus,Labeo dero &
L.dyocheilus
 3. Slow moving meandering zone: inhabited by
a large number of cold & eurythermal species-
Barilius spp.,Tor spp.,catfishes,Homalopterid
fishes & snakeheads(Channa spp.)

12. CONTD…
• Menon(1954) recognised 6 major groups of
Himalayan fishes based on morphological
characteristics which enable them to inhabit
the torrential streams
• 1. dwelling in shallow,clear coldwater in
foothills without any striking modification to
current-Labeo spp., Tor spp., Barilius spp., &
Puntius spp.
• 2.inhabiting the bottom water layers in deep
fast current, with powerful muscular
cylindrical body –Schizothoracines &
introduced trouts

13. CONTD…
• 3. sheltering among pebbles & stone to ward off the
strong current- Crossocheilus diplocheilus
• 4. sheltering among pebbles & shingles in shallows
with special attachment devices – loaches,
Nemacheilus spp., Botia spp. & Amblyceps spp.
• 5. cling to exposed surfaces of bare rocks in lower
current with adhesive organs on the ventral side –
Garra, Glyptothorax,Glyptosternum
• 6. cling to exposed surfaces of bare rocks in fast
current, with limpet shaped bodies & mouth, gills, &
fins highly moified - Balitora

14. TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE
 Endemic Schizothoracines(Schizothoraichthys
esocinus & Diptychus maculatus) - cold
stenothermic
 Exotic Brown trout – upper tolerance 20°C.
 Carps, mahseers & lesser barils – tolerate over
25°C.
 Schizothoracines & brown trout – remain
active in near zero temperatures which
prevail in lesser & greater Himalayan streams
during December & January

15. MIGRATION
 Steep fall in temperature during winter months
 Schizothoracines migrate from head waters to
lower altitude & represent a sizeable part of the
catch in large rivers & their tributaries

16. THERMAL LIMITS
 Snow trout: 5°-25°C
 Mahseer: 10°-30°C
 Exotic trouts: 4°-20°C
 Carps: 7°-32°C

17. CATEGORIZATION
• On the basis of temperature tolerance:
1. Eurythermal :- having broad temperature tolerance
level-S.richardsonii,Cyprinus carpio & Barilius
bendelisis
• 2. Stenothermal :- having a narrow temperature
tolerance level nearly upto freezing point of water-
Salmo trutta fario (brown trout),Salvilinus
fontinalis(Eastern brook trout) & Diptychus
maculatus(Tibetian snow trout)

18. COLDWATER RESOURCES
WATER RESOURCES LENGTH/AREA
HIMALAYAN & DECCAN PLATEAU RIVER SYSTEMS 1000 km
BRACKISH WATER LAKES (> 3000 masl) 2340 ha
FRESHWATER NATURAL LAKES (1500-2000 masl) 18150 ha
KASHMIR HIGH MOUNTAIN LAKES ( > 3000m asl) 400 ha
VALLEY WETLAND ECOSYSTEM 3000 ha
SHIVALIK HIMALAYAN LAKES 74 ha
CENTRAL HIMALAYAS ( FRESHWATER LAKES IN KUMAON REGION) 355 ha
WATER AREA UNDER RESERVOIRS 265000 ha

19. ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS
• Endowed with great powers of locomotion & streamlined
bodies
• Possess structures adapted for clinging, burrowing or
otherwise to withstand fast water currents
• Very little food available – so mouth modified for rasping
encrusted organisms & removing algal slime off the
submerged rocks
• Lips modified for removing periphytic organisms- in snow
trout, mahseer, certain minor carps & minor catfishes

20. CONTD…
• not adapted for feeding in deep &
muddy waters
 Adapted to live in highly oxygenated
waters – so gill openings narrowed &
gills reduced – so cannot live in
waters poor in oxygen

21. OXYGEN LIMITS
 Snow trout : 5-8 ppm
 Mahseer : 5-7 ppm
 Exotic trouts : 6-9 ppm

22. SPECIES DIVERSITY
 Indigenous + exotic – 258 species
spread over the Himalayas & the
Peninsular plateau
 21 families & 76 genera
 Vast & varied piscine diversity – tiny
loaches to mighty mahseers
 Known for sports,for food & for
ornamental value

23. SPORT FISHES
 Principal species of sport value in Kashmir,Himachal
Pradesh,Uttarakhand,North-Eastern states,Nilgiris,Kodai
hills & Munnar ranges:
 Brown trout – Salmo trutta fario
 Rainbow trout – Salmo giardneri
 Golden mahseer – Tor putitora
 Deep bodied mahseer – Tor tor
 Copper mahseer – Tor mosal
 Black mahseer – Naziritor chelynoides
 Chocolate mahseer – Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis

24. Salmo trutta fario
Brown trout

25. Salmo giardneri
Rainbow trout

26. Tor putitora
Golden mahseer

27. Tor tor
Deep bodied mahseer

28. Tor mosal
Copper mahseer

29. Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis
Chocolate mahseer

30. FOOD FISHES
 Snowtrouts- schizothorax spp., Schizothoraichthys
spp. & Lepidopygopsis typus
 Tor spp., Common carp,& a few minor carps(L.dero &
L.dyocheilus)
 But contribution to commercial fisheries is low:
* slow growth & small size – fetch low price
* main gear – cast net –one man unit – so hardly any
community fishing
 Meagre transportation facilities

31. ORNAMENTAL FISHES
 Many colourful & fascinating species recognised
as ornamentals
 uplands of N-E Himalaya known as Repository of
Ornamental fish species

32. INDIGENOUS COLDWATER FISHES
 Mahseer ,Snow trout & Indian hill trout
 Important mahseers:
 Tor tor(Hamilton): head shorter than depth of
the body
 Attains a length of 1.5m
 Occurs along the foothills of Himalayas from
Kashmir to Assam & in R.Narmada & R.Tapti
 Prolonged breeding season

33. IMPACTS OF INTRODUCTION OF EXOTICS
 Schizothoracines losing ground in Dal lake in kashmir
due to highly fecund Common carp
 Both have identical feeding habits – feeding on
detritus and benthos
 Brown trouts also prey upon younger stages of
Schizothoracines
 Common carp & Silver carps introduced in
Gobindsagar & Pong reservoirs & in Dal & Kumaon
lakes now dominates the catches

34. FISHERIES
Divided into two:
1.Subsistence Fishery
2.Recreational Fishery
Commercial fishery is on a limited scale – low
fish production because of low biological
productivity

35. HIMALAYAS – 2 ZONES
 1. Rithron Zone
 2.Potamon Zone

36. RITHRON ZONE
 Monthly mean temperature: 17.3°C
 High concentration of DO: 10.1 mg/l
 Fast current: 0.9 – 1.8 m/s
 Turbulent water
 Rocky substratum with sand & silt patches
& some pools
 Stenothermic fishes – brown trout & snow
trout

37. POTAMON ZONE
 Higher mean water temperature: 22.1°C
 DO: 8 mg/l
 Current velocity: 0.5 - 0.7 m/s
 Subsratum – boulders, stones, gravel & patches of
aquatic vegetation
 Fish fauna is eurythermic/warm-stenothermic

38. SPORT & RECREATIONAL FISHERY
 Tor putitora,Tor tor & Salmo trutta
 Trout : in J&K,Himachal Pradesh and to a lesser in
the Central & East Himalayas
 Permitted to be caught in the rod & line using
both artificial & live baits
 Mahseer : Tor putitora,Tor tor, & Tor mosal
 Wide range distribution in the Himalayan rivers

39. MAHSEER FISHING
 5 principal ways for Mahseer fishing
 Fly fishing
 Spinning
 Live bait fishing
 Gram fishing
 Paste fishing

40.  The subsistence & commercial fisheries exploit
carps(Labeo & Tor spp.),lesser barils(Barilius
spp.),Schizothoracines(Schizothorax spp.&
Schizothoraichthys spp.),Garrids(Garra spp.),
Sisorids(Glyptothorax spp. & Glyptostemum spp.)

41. • North – Western Himalayas:
• 8 species of fish – commercial importance
• Relative occurrence in catches:
• Schizothorax richardsonii – 64 %
• S.esocinus – 6.8%
• Garra gotyla – 5.7%
• Tor putitora – 3.9%
• Labeo dero – 0.2%
• Other fishes – 8.5%

42.  S.esocinus contributed 53.2 % of the total
catch in the coldwater stretches of the Indus
river & 21.9% in the Jhelum river(1998)

43. GEARS USED
• Cast nets, drag nets, stake nets, bag nets
• Traps, nooses,harpoons
• Poison:
Sap of Euphorbia rogleana
Powdered seed of Xanthoxylum alatum
Powdered seed of Cascaria tormentosa

44. LAKES
 Wular, Dal,Manasbal- situated in Kashmir valley
at an altitude of 1537-1587m asl
Schizothoracines: S.niger,S.micropogon,
S.curvirostris,S. planifrons,S.esocinus
Labeo dero,L.dyocheilus,C.latus,Puntius
conchonius,Glyptothorax kashmeriensis
 1959- Common carp –introduced in Kashmir to
augment fish production

45. • Kumaon lakes- Khurpatal, Nainital, Sattal,
Bhimtal & Naukuchiatal-in Uttar Pradesh
• Bhimtal – largest lake- 72 ha
• Naukuchiatal – deepest(40-80m)
• Except Khurpatal – infested with aquatic
macrophytes
• Nainital – polluted
• Silver carp & Grass carp – introduced in
Bhimtal lake in 1985-’86
• Lakes Zumsar & Gadsar have an endemic
Schizothoracine – Diptychus maculatus

46. RESERVOIRS
 Himachal pradesh – 3 reservoirs
Gobindsagar – Sutlej river at 560m(16867ha)
Pong – Beas river at 436m(24529ha)
Pandoh – Beas river 987m(200 ha)

47. GOBINDSAGAR RESERVOIR
• 1978 : Sutlej – Beas link completed : divert Beas
water into Gobindsagar to augment the power
generation & irrigation capacity of the reservoir
• Blending of cool Beas water & warmer Sutlej water
in the reservoir –unique pattern in thermal and
oxygen regime,& dissolved chemical components :
impact on biota
• Prior to dam construction, upper reaches of Sutlej
had 30 species of fish

48.  Dominant Species: Tor putitora,Labeo dero,
L.dyocheilus, Schizothorax & Aorichthys
seenghala
 1961-62: Gobindsagar stocked with IMCs
followed by a regular stocking of Common
carp
 1979 – appearance of silver carp & its
establishment - change in catch structure:
Silver carp dominated all other species
 Today, introduced Silver carp & Common carp
dominate the total catch

49.  Other commercially important species: Catla, Tor
putitora,L.rohita, Mrigal,L.calbasu, A.seenghala,
S.plagiostomus
 Total fish catch increasing but percentage
contribution of indigenous Tor putitora has been
decreasing

50. PONG RESERVOIR
Shallow water body with lower productivity than
Gobindsagar
Fish fauna dominated by catfishes,minor carps,etc
Stocking of Common carp & IMCs altered the catch
structure –
Rohu,A.seenghala,L.calbasu,T.putitora,Mrigal,W.att
u,Common carp,L.dero,Catla & Channa spp.
Maximum annual yield – 33.2kg/ha recorded in
1987-’88

51. IMPACT
Construction of Gobindsagar & Pong reservoirs –
perinneal source of fish supply for people of HP &
adjoining states
Certain species – adversly affected:
Tor putitora- no longer able to migrate to Kangra
valley due to dam at Pong
Luckly self-reproducing stocks were established
within the new limits
Schizothoracines were also seriously affected

52. PANDOH RESERVOIR
• Small, forms part of Beas – Sutlej link, diverting
Beas water to Sutlej basin
• Water temperature is cool, 16.5 - 10.5°C.
• Used for occassional recreation/sport fishing
• Brown trout,L.dero,L.dyocheilus,T.putitora,…

53. AQUACULTURE
 Very recent in origin,Still in developing stage
 Earlier restricted to Government farms/
hatcheries-to maintain some broodstocks for
annual seed production of Brown trout – to
maintain sport fishing population

54. EXOTIC SPECIES CULTURE
Effort for trout culture in uplands – initiated since
1863
Sir Francis Day (1863)–made an unsuccessful
attempt to introduce eyed eggs & fry of Brown
trout & Lock-leven trout in the Nilgiri hills
Mr. F.T.Michell (1900)– succeeed in introuction
of eyed eggs of Brown trout in the Harwan
hatchery in J&K

55. RAINBOW TROUT
Has better growth & maximum cultivable traits
amongst coldwater species
But farming needs high investment- pond
construction,procurement of
seed,feed,maintenance of fish health & quality
water requirement
Rearing & breeding – in trout farms at Kokernag
in J&K and Patlikuhl in HP

56. BROWN TROUT
Methodology for reduction in mortality at
different stages- ova,alevin,fry & fingerling
Percentage survival raised to 80% from 20%
between green egg to early fry stage

57. TROUT PRODUCTION
25 trout hatcheries - 1.5-2.0 million trout seeds per
year-for farm rearing & stocking in streams for
angling
Maximum from J&K and HP
current prduction of rainbow trout: 300-5OO T
potential to increase many folds if:
The losses from disease can be controlled
Other financial assistance including management
support,marketing facility & processing is extended to
hill states

58. CARPS
3 strains of exotic carps:
Cyprinus carpio var. communis – scale carp
Cyprinus carpio var. nudus – leather carp
Cyprinus carpio var. specularis – mirror carp
Introduced in the Himalayan lakes to provide faster
growing fish in hills

59. MONOCULTURE OF EXOTIC CARPS
 In village ponds of Kashmir
 Using kitchen refuse & other runoff from the
village as a source of input

60. MIXED CULTURE
IMCs do not grow well in uplands, so Chinese
carps have been taken as candidate species
Feasible fish farming techniques for hill region by
DCFR(NRCCWF)
Polyculture including Common carp,Silver carp
& Grass carp – 2 or 3-4 fish/m².

61. INDUCED BREEDING
DCFR has succeeded in induced breeding of
Silver carp & Grass carp at high altitudes at
1600m asl
6-7 years to mature in high altitudes
Advanced maturity by hormonal feeding of brood
stock
Bred by injecting Ovaprim @ 1.3-1.6 ml/kg in 2-
3 doses during 14-16 hours at 22- 23°C.
Helps seed production during suitable growing
period(April-October)

62. INDIGENOUS SPECIES CULTURE
• Different species of: snow trouts (Schizothoraichthys esocinus,
S.progastus , Schizothorax richardsonii, S. niger and S. curvifrons)
• mahseers (Tor putitora and Tor tor)
• Tor putitora, S. progastus and S. richardsonii are
preferred-wide range of distribution in the Himalayas
• Anthropogenic & environmental stresses- decline in
fishery
• Succeeded in artificial propogation – to restore fishery
• Pure healthy seeds of Schizothoraichthys
niger,S.esocinus,S.micropogon & S.richardsonii

63. DEVELOPMENT ISSUES
 J&K and HP – significant progress in capture
fisheries – sport fishery & aquaculture
 North-Eastern states – development is in very low
level
 Arunachal Pradesh & Sikkim has gained some
momentum
 Cold water fishery contribute to food & nutrition
in hill regions
 So need due importance in terms of finance
infrastructure & modern institutional backup
facilities

64. POSSIBLE MEASURES FOR FISHERIES
DEVELOPMENT
Horizontal & vertical expansion of fish culture
activities:suitable water bodies should be
identified & brought under any one of the three
pronged farming practices-
 1. Trout farming :-suitable above 1500m asl at
4-20°C
 2.Polyculture:- 700-1500m asl ,Chinese carps
 3.eco-climatic conditions below 500m asl-
composite culture of IMCs & Chinese carps

65. CONTD…
 paddy cum fish culture: initiated in Arunachal &
Manipur need to be expanded to other hills also
Production enhancement in lentic systems:
 By intensive culture practices- rational stocking &
harvesting,cage & pen culture based on
autochthonus productivity of water body
Development of ornamental fishery:
 N.E hills – number of ornamental fish species
 Collection,breeding & rearing – provide lucrative
profession

66. CONSERVATION & MANAGEMENT
• Increased use of river water for irrigation,
hydropower production,municipal & industrial
purpose & inputs of pollutants- affects fish
stocks
• Stock enhancement – by regular releases of
hatchery produced fingerlings
• Better estimates of carrying capacity-better
regulation of recreational fishing,stocking rates
can also be determined

67. CONTD…
 Increased demand for trout fishing in
Himalayas – authorities enforced a reduction
in bag limit & closed certain streams
 Study on recapture of tagged fish – needed to
estimate the percentage return of stocked fish
 Need to improve infrastructure for
recreational fishing – attract more tourists
 In Kashmir 273km of streams available for
trout fishing,HP- 184km,UP- 150km

68. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Now at 4% growth in farming, production of
brown trout is 150 T – can be increased to
200T
Domestic demand is 800T – so steps must be
taken to increase production
Further promote feed industry & preservation
units at high altitudes
Also short & long duration transportation of
trouts will come into operation

69. CONTD..
Establishment of carp hatcheries in lower
altitudes – to meet the demand of local farmers
Tremendous potential for running water fish
culture based on exotic carps- should be
encouraged by providing knowhow & seed to
farmers

70. Contd…
Approach for overall fisheries development:
Expansion of fish culture activities in all potential
areas
Integrated aquaculture
Stock diversification
Implementation of suitable production
enhancement measures in lakes & reservoirs
Development of ornamental fishery
Promotion of fishery based eco-tourism at suitable
states

71. PENINSULAR INDIA
 Western ghats
 Aravali range
 Vindhya mountain
 Satpura mountain

72. WESTERN GHATS
Western ghat area
Three major drainage system.
Rivers and streams do not show zonetion of
water parameter.
102 Fish species found in Western Ghats area
Various spp of cyprinidae are dominant
Exotic varity of spp are also found

73. SPECIES DIVERSITY
 Cyprinids : Labeo spp.,Cirrhinus spp.,Puntius
spp. & Tor spp.
 Endemic mahseers: T.khudree & T.mussullah
 Exotics : C.carpio,C.carassius,Tinca tinca,
O.mosambicus & S.giardneri

74. SEED PRODUCTION
 Since 1970 the Tata Electric Companies (TEC)
fish seed farm at Lonavla, Maharashtra.
 1970s- both T. khudree a nd T. tor were
successfully bred using hypophysation
 Successful artificial breeding of Tor putitora,
a Himalayan species, was achieved in the
same fish farm in 1995 and 1996

75.  "Rehabilitation and Development of Mahseer
Fishery in the Rivers and Reservoirs of Western
Ghats“- project of the Department of Fisheries,
Karnataka-1987

76.  Indian trout (Raiamas bola) -have excellent potential
to become a sport fish in streams & rivers of the
Western Ghats where mahseer is not common
 Subsistence fishery based on the captured of medium-
sized fish, Barilius gatensis, Puntius carnaticus
, P.sarana, Labeo spp. , Cirrhinus fulungee
,Crossocheilus latius, Garra spp.,Mystus
malabaricus, M. vittatus, Xenentodon cancila, Channa
gachua & Mastacembelus armatus

77. LAKES
 Ooty (2500 m altitude, 34.0 ha) in Nilgiris
 the Kodaikanal (2285 m, 26 ha)
 the Berijam in the Palni Hills
 All 3 situated in the state of Tamil Nadu
 Two smaller lakes, the Devicolam (6.0 ha) and
the Letchmi Elephant (2.0 ha) are in the
Munnar High Range
 Lake Yercaud (1340 m, 8 ha) in Shevaroy
Hills
.

78. COMMON SPECIES
 Danio spp, Rasbora daniconius , Gambusia
affinis, rainbow trout and common carp

79. RESERVOIRS
 Lonavla & Walwahn-Maharashtra
 V.V. Sagar, K.R. Sagar & Tungabhadra -
Malnad area of Karnataka
 Mettur, Upper Bhawani, Mukurti, Parson's
Valley, Avalanche, Emarold, Pykara,
Sandynulla & Glenmorgan - Tamil Nadu
 Kundallay & Maddupatty -High Range of
Kerala.

80.  Lonavla, Walwahn, Upper Bhawani, Mukurti,
Parson's Valley, Avalanche, Emarold, Pykara,
Sandynulla, Glenmorgan, Kundally & Madupatty-
important for their commercial & sport fisheries
for trout, mahseer & common carp

81. AQUACULTURE
• Introduction and development of aquaculture of
trout in Munnar High Range, Kerala, attemped in
1909 with the importation of eyed eggs of brown
trout(not succeed)
• preference was switched over to the rainbow
brought in from Sri Lanka
• by 1941 a trout farm was established at
Eravikolam, followed one at Rajamallay
• More recently, these hatcheries in High Range
were taken over by the Tata Tea Company.

82.  aquaculture of mahseer (Tor khudree) –in
Lonavla in a privately owned hatchery of the
Tata Electric Companies
 brood stock is collected from the Walwahn
reservoirs during July-August using gill nets
 main objective of the aquaculture of rainbow
trout in the Western Ghats- to meet the
requirements of the sport and recreational
fishery

83. INTRODUCTION OF EXOTICS
 Trout in Nilgiris: first attempt to transplant
trout in Tamilnadu, India
 Sir Francis Day – 2 attempts to introduce
Brown trout in 1863 & 1866 – unsuccessful
 1906 – Wilson succeeded in transplanting &
culture in a scientific manner
 Mirror carp introduced in 1939 in Niligiri
from Ceylon .

84. • Trout in Kodai hills: first in Kodaikanal lake in 1894 – but
unsuccessful
• 1943 – Freeman transplanted fingerlings of Rainbow trout
from Munnar High Range Angling Association
• Tench introduced in 1874 Ooty lake from England by Mac
• Carrassius sp was introduced in 1874 from Central America
in Ooty lake

85.  Trout in Kashmir: first attempt in 1900- brown trout but
unsuccessful.
 Mr. F.T.Michell (1900)– succeeed in introuction of eyed eggs
of Brown trout in the Harwan hatchery in J&K
 5 species of trouts & salmons introduced in Kashmir –
Brown,Rainbow,Eastern brook,the Splake(hybrid of Lake trout
& Brook trout) & the Sebago salmon
 Brown & Rainbow trouts acclimatized well both in streams &
farms
 Eastern Brook trout – low fecundity & viability of fertilized
eggs – hinder its spread

86.  Trout in HP : first attempted in 1909-brown
trout itroduced in beas rver in kullu velly.
 Rainbow trout from Kashmir in 1919
 Culture abandoned due to susceptibility to
infections
 Trout in Kumaon Himalayas: 1910, trout
spp
 Do not prove success because of high
summer temperatures

87. TROUT HATCHERIES
 Avalanche Hatchery: at an altitude of 2280m
 First to built in the country
 7 stocking ponds, 20 uncemented nurseries
 Water supply from near by stream
 Stripping season: September to February
 Survival from green egg to fry: 16.91-67.44%

88. AVALANCHE HATCHERY

89.  Rajamallay Hatchery: small, at an altitude of
2295m asl
 4 nursery & 6 stocking ponds
 Stripping season: October - January

90.  Hatcheries at Achhabal, Laribal & Harwan:
 In Kashmir
 Achhabal- water supply from a spring, Laribal
& Harwan from streams
 Achhabal – one of the largest & biggest in the
state
 Stripping season: Mid-November to end-
December

91. contd…
 Barrot Hatchery:
 At an altitude of 2068m in HP
 water supply from a spring
 Stripping season same as in Kashmir: Mid-
November to end December

92. Contd…
 Kulu Hatcheries:
 Mahili & Patlikuhl
 At an altitude of 1462m
 Fed by streams
 Hatching troughs have individual water
supply

93. CONSERVATION & MANAGEMENT
 Conserving the spawning ground of trout
 Studying the carrying capacity of trout streams
to make sport fishery attactive
 Conserving masheers and snowtrouts to save
them from extinction
 Improving existence trout hatchery
 Evolving dry, compound pelleted feeds for trout.

94. CONTD..
• Improving existance stock of brown and
rainbow trouts to produce healthy disease
resistance stock.
• Increasing selectivity of fast growing rainbow
trout strains to increase trout production on
commercial lines.
• Establishing farms and hatcheries for extensive
production of mahaseer and snow trout.

95. CONTD…
 Regulations for trout fishing need to be revised-
to ensure a high and sustained fish yield to
anglers
 finances and manpower should be made
available- for better management
 protection of spawning fish from poachers and
of spawning beds

96. REFERENCES
• Cold water fisheries of India: V.G.Jhingran &
K.L.Sehgal
• http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/water/water_quality
_management/monitoringpubs/coldwater.pdf
• Fish & fisheries of India: V.G.Jhingran
• Twenty five years of research on coldwater
fisheries in India: K.L.Sehgal
• Handbook of fisheries & aquaculture: ICAR
2011
• http://www.fao.org
• http://agritech.tnau.ac.in

97. THANK YOU