Marine ecology is the study of relationships between marine organisms and their physical and biological environments. Key features of marine ecology include the vast size of the ocean, its depth and continuous circulation. Marine environments can be divided horizontally into coastal, neritic and oceanic zones, and vertically into euphotic, mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones. Estuaries are productive ecosystems where freshwater mixes with saltwater, supporting diverse biota and acting as nurseries for many species. Mangroves and coral reefs are biologically rich ecosystems that protect coastlines and build land.
Marine ecology deals with the study of the environment and life in marine waters. It involves the study of marine organisms and their habitat. The details of marine ecosystems are given in this module.
Marine ecology deals with the study of the environment and life in marine waters. It involves the study of marine organisms and their habitat. The details of marine ecosystems are given in this module.
Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams and springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. This module explains the characteristics of aquatic ecosystems-freshwater ones.
It is my academic presentation file which I presented with my friend in the last semester exam. It describe the major estuaries in Bangladesh. Also input these estuaries geographical location , characteristics , physio - chemical parameters , species abundance ,importance etc. ...
The plankton is divisible into two main groups, the phytoplankton and the zooplankton. The primary productivity which we discussed in chapter 10 is primarily the functional aspect of phytoplankton - the other chlorophyll bearing organisms are also to be included, but in most water bodies such as the culture pond an index of primary productivity could be obtained by the mass or number of phytoplankton in a unit volume of water
A presentation for Marine Biology about Estuaries which includes its origin, classifications, types, physical characteristics, ecosystems, and human impact. Examples of estuaries are also included in this presentation.
Zooplankton distribution and seasonal successionAl Nahian Avro
The seasonal distribution of the major components of the zooplankton community, protozooplankton, copepods and cladocerans, along a eutrophication gradient were examined in order to establish if eutrophication through increases in phytoplankton biomass and productivity has an impact on biomass and composition of the zooplankton community
Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams and springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. This module explains the characteristics of aquatic ecosystems-freshwater ones.
It is my academic presentation file which I presented with my friend in the last semester exam. It describe the major estuaries in Bangladesh. Also input these estuaries geographical location , characteristics , physio - chemical parameters , species abundance ,importance etc. ...
The plankton is divisible into two main groups, the phytoplankton and the zooplankton. The primary productivity which we discussed in chapter 10 is primarily the functional aspect of phytoplankton - the other chlorophyll bearing organisms are also to be included, but in most water bodies such as the culture pond an index of primary productivity could be obtained by the mass or number of phytoplankton in a unit volume of water
A presentation for Marine Biology about Estuaries which includes its origin, classifications, types, physical characteristics, ecosystems, and human impact. Examples of estuaries are also included in this presentation.
Zooplankton distribution and seasonal successionAl Nahian Avro
The seasonal distribution of the major components of the zooplankton community, protozooplankton, copepods and cladocerans, along a eutrophication gradient were examined in order to establish if eutrophication through increases in phytoplankton biomass and productivity has an impact on biomass and composition of the zooplankton community
Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
Almost all natural bodies of water bear fish life, the exceptions being very hot thermal ponds and extremely salt-alkaline lakes such as the Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake. The fishes belong to the most numerous and diversified group among vertebrates. They dominate the water bodies of the world through a variety of morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations. They have been in existence for more than 450 million years. A total of 24618 species of fishes belonging to 482 families and 4258 genera have so far been described. About 58% of the fish species are marine while 41% are freshwater inhabitants and 1% migrants. In our Indian region alone, there are 2,500 species of which 930 are inhabitants of freshwater and the rest live in the seas. In other words, India harbours 11.5% of the fish fauna so far known in the world. There are over 800 living species of sharks and rays, 30 species of chimaeras and ratfishes, 6 species of lung fishes, 1 species of coelacanths, 36 species of long ray finned bichirs, sturgeons and paddlefishes. The Neopterygii are the rest of the known species of modem fishes. All these fishes inhabit various niches in the aquatic environment. The diversified habitats of fishes include open oceans, deep oceanic trenches, nearshore waters, saline coastal embayments, brackishwaters, estuaries, intermittent streams, tiny desert springs, vernal pools, cold mountain streams, lakes, ponds, etc.
Biological oceanography gradually grew into a major scientific discipline with all these observations of marine organisms and their environments. In this episode, the following modules are highlighted:1. Nature of marine environment, 2. Classification of Marine environment, 3. Role of abiotic parameters on marine life, 4. Marine Flora , and 5. Marine Fauna.
A ppt about Properties of Assessment Method presented in our Assessment for Student Learning.
For students, teachers and other people who wants to know about the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. Biologists early became intrigued with the
amazing variety of life to be found along
the shores and among the coral reefs.
HMS Challenger (1872) – the first to be
specifically equipped for the study of the
sea.
4. It is an interactive science that studies the
basic structural and functional relationships within
and among living populations and their physical-
chemical environments in marine ecosystem.
5. Estuaries
Subtopics:
• Ecological features of the sea Ecological features of the sea
Zonation
Mangroves and Coral Reefs
Marine Biota and Communities
7. Features of Marine Ecology
1. The sea is big – it covers 70% of the Earth’s
surface.
2. The sea is deep and life extends to all its
depths
- Although apparently there are no abiotic
zones in the ocean, life is much denser around
the margin of continents and island.
8. 3. The sea is continuous, not separated as our
land and fresh water habitats.
4. The sea is in continuous circulation- air
temperature differences between poles and
equator set up strong winds such as the trade
winds (blowing steadily in the same direction the
year around) which, together with rotation of
the Earth, create different currents.
Features of Marine Ecology
9. 2 types of water movement that
contributes to coastal fertility
Upwelling- occurs where the winds consistently
move surface water away from precipitous
coastal slopes, bringing to the surface cold
water rich in nutrients which have been
accumulating in the depths.
-The most productive marine area is located in
this region.
10. Insert Figure
The major currents acts as giant pinwheel (gyres)
which run clockwise in the northern hemisphere
and counter clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
11. Example:
Peru Current- it creates one of the richest
fisheries in the world.
It also support large population of seabirds that
deposits countless tons of nitrate and phosphate-
rich guano on coastal island.
Out-welling-occurs which nutrient-rich
estuarine water move out the sea.
12. 5. The sea is dominated by waves of many kind
and by tides produced by the pull of moon and
sun.
Tides are chiefly responsible for the mark
periodicities. Tides have periodicity of about
121/2 hours.
High tides- occur in most localities twice daily,
being about 50 minutes later on successive day.
13. 6. The sea is salty- the average salinity or salt
contents is 35 parts of salts by weight per 1000
parts of water, or 3.5%.
Sea water has the pH of 8.2
14. 7. The concentration of dissolved nutrients is
low and constitutes an important limiting
factor in determining the size of marine
population.
Every two weeks when sun and moon are
“working together” the amplitude of tides
increased.
15. Spring tides- when high tides are very high and
low tides are very low.
Neap tides- when the sun and moon cancel one
another. The tidal range varies from less than 1
foot in the open sea to 50 feet in the certain
enclosed bays.
16. 8. The ocean and some groups of organisms
that live in it are older than the ocean floor,
which is constantly altered and renewed by
tectonic and sedimentary processes.
- the sea floor is apparently slowly spreading
outward from mid-ocean ridges, pushing
continents apart as it progresses.
Example: continental drift
22. What is zonation ?
Figure 2.2 Main division of the marine environment
23. Zonation is a bit of biological terminology
that refers to the way an ecosystem can be
divided up into zones based on a particular
factor, such as altitude or latitude.
Zonation
25. Life Zones in the Ocean
I. Horizontal zones
- Those extending from the sea.
26. A.Coastal Zone:
- region in which tides expose the sea bottom for
some part of each day. The habitats are
alternately submerge under salt water and
waterlogged for hours and then exposed to the
air and dried out for hours. Also known as littoral,
near shore, and intertidal zone.
27. B. Pelagic Zone:
- located seaward of the coastal zone’s low-tide
mark, this contains the vast open waters of the
ocean. Two subdivisions are recognized:
28. b. Oceanic Zone
- the region of the sea extending to the edge of
the continental shelf, over the continental slope,
and over ocean floor. It is characterized by
darkness and tremendous pressure. Vertical line
zones are significant here.
a. Neretic Zone
- the water underlying the continental shelf. With
the exemption of Antarctica, these waters
usually extend to a depth of 600 ft. Sunlight
penetrates the entire water column.
29. Life Zones in the Ocean
II. Vertical line zones of the oceanic zone
30. A.Neustic zone:
the thin film or “skin” formed by surface tension
at the surface of the water.
B. Euphotic zone:
the top of the water column as far down as light is
available for photosynthesis. Depending upon
water clarity, the bottom of the euphotic zone is
about 500 ft. below sea level. Also known as
epipelagic zone.
31. C. Aphotic zone:
the remainder of the water column below the
euphotic zone. Food chains usually begin with
detritus or living algae and bacteria sinking
from above. This zone is further subdivided
by depth as follows:
32. Mesopelagic zone: 500 to 3,280 ft. below the sea
surface.
Bathypelagic zone: 3,280 to 13,000 ft. below the
sea surface.
Abyssopelagic zone: 13,000 to 20,000 ft. below
the sea surface.
Hadal zone: 20,000 to 35,000 ft. below the sea
surface.
33. III. Benthic Zone
This zone contains all the habitats of the sea
bottom, whether in coastal, continental shelf,
or deep sea environments. Organisms may live
within the bottom material or on its surface.
Life Zones in the Ocean
36. Emergent land plants that tolerate the
salinities of the open sea.
Mangrove and Coral Reefs
37. This ecosystem traps and cycles various
organic materials, chemical elements, and
important nutrients. Mangrove roots act not
only as physical traps but provide attachment
surfaces for various marine organisms.
Many of them attached to organisms filter
water through their bodies and, in turn, trap
and cycle nutrients.
38. It provides:
- Protection
- Food
- Shelter
- Extension coast
- Building islands
- Major energy input into fisheries
39. Florida’s mangroves are tropical species;
therefore, they are sensitive to extreme
temperature fluctuations as well as
subfreezing temperatures.
Research indicates that salinity, water
temperature, tidal fluctuations, and soil also
affect their growth and distribution.
40. Coral Reefs
- Widely distributed in swallow waters of
warm seas.
- Among the most biologically productive,
taxonomically diverse and aesthetically
celebrated of all communities.
41. Three types of Reef according to Darwin
a.Barrier reefs along continents
b.Fringing reefs around islands
c.Atolls, which are horseshoe-shaped ridges of
reefs and islands with lagoon in the center.
42. In certain conditions coral reefs develop far
from the continents, around small islands, or
towards the edge of the continental shelf.
Here the reefs do not join up to the mainland,
but grow upwards on all sides. Large, elongated
structures far offshores are called barrier
reefs. They are separated from the land by a
lagoon. When barrier reefs grow up in remote
ocean areas, they are termed bank reefs.
43. Mooréa Fringing Reef
A fringing reef is a type of coral reef that
extends outward from the shore of an island
or mainland, with no body of water separating
land reef. The fringing reef pictured here
surrounds much of the Polynesian island of
Mooréa.
44. By submarine volcanic activity
- Pacific reef developed into basaltic rock.
Biological deposition of calcium carbonate
is the means by which the reef builds up
to sea level.
46. ESTUARY
Semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has
a free connection with the open sea
Strongly affected by tidal action
Within it sea water mixed with fresh water
Estuarine or blackish water is classified as
oligomeso or polyhaline according to average
salinity
47. Physical condition in estuaries are stressful
with low species diversity
The food conditions are also favorable that
the region is packed with life
It belongs to the important class of
“fluctuating water-level ecosystems”
48. CLASSIFICATIONS WILL BE PRESENTED
BASED ON:
a) GEOMORPHOLOGY
b) WATER CIRCULATION AND
STRATIFICATION
c) SYSTEMS ENERGETICS
49. According to GEOMORPHOLOGY
1. DROWNED RIVER VALLEYS
are developed along coastlines with
relatively low and wide coastal plain
2. FJORD-TYPE ESTUARIES
are deep U-shaped coastal indentures
gouged out by glaciers and generally with a
shallow sill at their mouths formed by terminal
glacial deposits.
50. 3. BAR-BUILT ESTUARIES
are shallow basins, often partly exposed at
low tide, enclosed by a chain of offshore bars
or barrier islands, broken at intervals by inlets.
4. ESTUARIES PRODUCED BY TECTONIC
PROCESSES
are coastal indentures formed by
geological faulting or by local subsidence often
with large inflow of fresh water.
51. RIVER DELTA ESTUARIES
Found at the mouths of large rivers such as
the Mississippi or the Nile.
Semi-enclosed bays, channels, and brackish
marshes are formed by shifting silt
deposits.
52. 1. Highly stratified or “salt-edge” estuaries.
The river water is more dominant over tidal
actions. This will exhibit a salinity profile with a
“halocline” or zone of sharp change in salinity
from top to bottom.
CIRCULATION AND STRATIFICATION
53. 2. The partially mixed or moderately
stratified estuary.
Fresh water and tidal inflow are more nearly
equal. Turbulence is the dominant mixing
agent. This create a complex pattern of layers
and water masses.
CIRCULATION AND STRATIFICATION
54. 3. The completely mixed or vertically
homogenous estuary.
Tidal action is strongly dominant and
vigorous. The water tends to be well mixed
from top to bottom and the salinity relatively
high.
CIRCULATION AND STRATIFICATION
55. HYPERSALINE ESTUARY
Flow of fresh water is small, the tidal
amplitude low, and the evaporation is very
high. Salinity may rise above that of the
ocean.
56. ECOSYSTEM ENERGETICS
1. Physically stressed systems of wide
latitudinal range.
Subjected to high energy breaking waves,
strong tidal currents, severe temperature or
salinity rocks, low nighttime oxygen, or high rates
of sedimentation.
57. 2. Natural arctic ecosystems with ice stress.
Exemplified by glacial fjords, winters ice
stressed intertidal zones and under—ice
communities on arctic coast.
ECOSYSTEM ENERGETICS
58. 3. Natural temperate coastal ecosystems with
seasonal programming.
The more subdued tides, waves and currents
in the semi-enclosed basins provide energy
subsidies rather than stresses.
ECOSYSTEM ENERGETICS
59. 4. Natural tropical coastal ecosystems of high
diversity.
Temperature, salinity, and other physical
factor stresses are low so that much energy of
special adaptation can go into diversity rather
than into “anti-thermal maintenance”
ECOSYSTEM ENERGETICS
60. 5. Emerging new systems associated with
man.
These are ecosystems developed for
adaptation for man-made wastes.
ECOSYSTEM ENERGETICS
61. Biota of hypersaline estuaries is of marine
origin.
Seafood population are observable in
estuaries.
Estuaries are used as nursery grounds because
of protection and abundant of food.
II. BIOTA AND PRODUCTIVITY
62. Intertidal and adjacent shallow-water zones
--- most productive and most important part
of the estuaries.
Estuaries are more productive than either
the sea on one-side or the freshwater
drainage on the other.