Erosional forces
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Erosion is the wearing away and movement of surface materials by forces like water, wind, or glaciers. There are several types of erosion including plucking by glaciers, which picks up debris, and abrasion, where wind acts like a sandblaster wearing down rocks. Wind erosion can scatter dust over large areas through deflation and form sand dunes or dust storms in dry, unvegetated regions. Glaciers are powerful erosion agents that can carve U-shaped valleys and leave behind deposits like moraines, eskers, and till when they melt. Erosion shapes the Earth's surface over time.
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Erosion and Deposition
TRUE OR FALSE: The Earth’s surface has stayed the same for thousands of years
FALSE: the Earth’s surface is always changing
EXAMPLE
EROSION & DEPOSITION
EROSION
Is the process by which natural forces move weathered rock and soil from one place to another.
Sediment – material moved by erosion .
DEPOSITION
Occurs where the agents of erosion lay down sediment.
Mass Movement
Any one of several processes that move sediment downhill.
Different types of Mass Movement
Landslide
- occurs when rock and soil slide quickly down a steep slope.
Different types of Mass Movement
Mudflow
- mudflow is a rapid downhill movement of a mixture of water, rock, and soil.
Different types of Mass Movement
Slump
- a mass of rock and soil suddenly slips down a slope.
Different types of Mass Movement
Creep
- very slow downhill movement of rock and soil.
Water Erosion
Rills and Gullies
Rills
- tiny grooves in the soil.
Gully
- a large groove , or channel, in the soil that carries runoff after a rainstorm
Streams and Rivers
Stream
- a channel along which water is continually flowing down a slope.
River
- a large stream
Amount of Runoff
In an area depends on five main factors:
1st – amount of rain
2nd – vegetation
3rd – type of soil
4th – shape of the land
5th – how people use the land
Erosion by River
Through erosion, a river creates a waterfalls, flood plains, meanders, and oxbow lakes.
Waterfall
May occur where a river meets an area of rock that is very hard and erodes slowly.
Flood plain
Flat, wide area of land along a river.
Meander
A loop like bend in the course of the river
Oxbow lake
A meander that has been cut off from the river.
Deposits by River
Deposition creates landforms such as alluvial fans and deltas. It can also add soil to a river’s flood plain.
Alluvial Fans
A wide, sloping deposit of sediment formed where a stream leaves a mountain range.
Deltas
Sediment deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake.
Groundwater Erosion
Groundwater can cause erosion through a process of chemical weathering.
Stalactite – hangs down from the roof of a cave.
Stalagmite – pointed piece of rock that sticks u p from the floor.
How Water Erode and Carries Sediment
Most sediment washes or falls into the river as a result of mass movement and runoff. Other sediment erodes from the bottom or sides of the river.
Abrasion- is the wearing away of rock by grinding action.
- occurs when particles of sediment in flowing water bumped into the steam again and again.
Erosion and Sediment Load
A river’s slope, volume of flow, and the shape of its trembled all affect how fast the river flows and how much sediment it can erode.
Slope
Is the amount the river drops toward sea level over a give distance.
Volume of Flow
A river’s flow is the volume of water that moves past a point on the river on a given time.
Streambed Shape
Affects the
Chapter 8- erosional forces
1. Erosional forces like gravity, wind, water, and glaciers cause erosion by removing and transporting surface materials from one location to another through processes like mass movement.
2. Mass movement occurs as gravity pulls materials like rock and sediment down slopes, sometimes causing rapid events like landslides but sometimes occurring so slowly they are barely visible.
3. Glaciers are large masses of snow and ice that erode land as they move and later deposit sediments elsewhere, leaving behind features like moraines, eskers, and glacial till.
Erosion and Landforms
In these slides you will learn briefly about difference about weathering and erosion, different types of erosion and cycle of erosion, transport agents and landforms what are its influences on topography and types of Landforms..
Periglacial Processes
Periglacial processes occur in areas surrounding glaciers where freeze-thaw action takes place. This leads to the formation of various landforms through processes like solifluction, frost heaving, and mass movement. Permafrost and seasonal thawing causes saturated soil to flow downhill, forming lobes and terraces. Patterned ground also results from frost action pushing stones upwards until they roll downhill into organized patterns.
#15 Erosion
Water, wind, and glaciers are the three main causes of erosion. Water erosion, through rain, rivers and oceans, is the greatest cause as moving water scours surfaces and carries sediment. Waves erode coastlines and pile up sand dunes. Wind erosion dries out land and blows away topsoil in sandstorms, though it can also deposit nutrient-rich dust. Glaciers scour out wide, u-shaped valleys as they move and leave behind moraines when retreating, which can form glacial lakes.
EROSION.pptx
Cave formation begins when rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and soil, becoming acidic and able to react with and erode limestone bedrock. As acidic groundwater travels through the ground, it dissolves the limestone, gradually forming caves. Erosion is the wearing away and transport of weathered materials by forces like wind, water, or ice. Water is the most common erosional agent, carrying huge volumes of sediment from sources along rivers, coasts, and oceans to areas of deposition like deltas and beaches.
Erosion & deposition
This document discusses erosion, deposition, and the agents that cause them. It defines erosion as the movement of rock material from one place to another by various agents like wind, water, waves, gravity, and glaciers. Deposition occurs when eroded sediments are dropped in a new location as the speed of the transporting agent decreases. The main agents of deposition are wind, water, and ice, which drop sediments when they slow down. The key difference is that weathering breaks down rocks, erosion transports materials, and deposition drops the materials in a new place.
Weathering and erosion
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces through various processes like plant growth, water, freezing and thawing. Erosion is the movement of weathered material from one location to another by forces like water, wind, glaciers and gravity. Deposition is the placement of eroded pieces of Earth's surface in a new location, like sand dunes formed by wind or new islands created from sediment deposited by rivers in the ocean. Over time, weathering, erosion and deposition break down bedrock into soil and shape the landforms on Earth's surface.
GCSE Geography Coasts Revision
The document discusses various coastal processes and landforms. It describes the processes of swash and backwash that create different types of waves. It also discusses various erosional processes like hydraulic action, abrasion, and corrosion that lead to cliff recession. Coastal landforms like wave-cut platforms, headlands and bays, stacks and stumps are formed through these erosional processes. Coastal management techniques like groynes, sea walls, and beach replenishment are used to reduce coastal erosion.
Exogenic Processes.pptx
Weathering breaks down rock at the Earth's surface, while erosion transports material via agents like water, wind, or ice. Deposition occurs when erosional agents deposit sediment in their destination environment, changing the shape of the land. Common exogenic processes include water erosion creating landforms like deltas and glacial erosion carving valleys. Wind erosion also shapes desert landscapes through deposition of materials like loess and sand dunes.
Wind and waves (earth science)
Seeks to understand how nature behaves by observing and correlating available factual information. Our understanding of science is therefore based upon, and limited by, the factual information available.
Weathering, Erosion and Deposition.(3rd/4th grade teach)
Ties weathering, erosion and deposition together as one continuing process for younger elementary students.
Geography Chapter 2.4 external forces
Weathering and erosion slowly alter landscapes over time through physical and chemical processes. Weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces of sediment through mechanical and chemical breakdown without changing the rock's composition. Erosion then transports this weathered material like sediment, forming new landforms as it is deposited by forces such as wind, water, ice or gravity. These gradual changes to the earth's surface through weathering and erosion impact how humans interact with their environment.
exogenic-processes-170817105133 (1).pdf
This document discusses various exogenic (surface) processes that shape the Earth's surface through erosion and weathering. It describes different types of physical and chemical weathering that break down rock material. Erosion by water, wind, ice and gravity is then able to transport this weathered material. Mass wasting specifically refers to the movement of this loosened material down slopes due to gravity, which can occur through sliding, flowing or falling. The material is eventually deposited through sedimentation.
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Landscapes
This document discusses weathering, erosion, and deposition processes that shape the Earth's surface. It explains that weathering breaks down rock through physical or chemical means. Erosion then transports weathered material, which is eventually deposited elsewhere. The main agents of erosion are water, wind, ice, and gravity. Glaciers in particular played a major role in shaping landscapes like those in New York State. The document also examines how climate, rock type, and other geologic factors influence landscape development over time.
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Weathering, Erosion and Deposition.(3rd/4th grade teach)
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Ancient cultures used mythology and everyday objects to name constellations, and modern astronomy recognizes 88 constellations. Some constellations are only visible part of the year as the Earth revolves around the Sun, but circumpolar constellations in the northern sky appear to circle around Polaris and can be seen all year. Astronomers measure stars' absolute and apparent magnitudes, parallax, distance in light-years, and determine temperature based on color, with hotter stars appearing blue-white and cooler stars orange or red.
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Comets are made of dust, rock and frozen gases that vaporize as they near the Sun, forming a coma and tail. Comets eventually break apart after passing by the Sun multiple times. Small pieces of comets are called meteoroids, which appear as meteors or "shooting stars" when burning up in Earth's atmosphere, or meteorites if they reach the ground. Asteroids are rocky bodies like planets that mainly orbit in a belt between Mars and Jupiter.
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The document provides an overview of the solar system, including its origin and components. It discusses:
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2) The inner planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, including characteristics such as temperatures, atmospheres, and evidence of past water on Mars.
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Ch 23
The document summarizes key properties and motions of Earth and the Moon. It describes how Earth rotates on its axis, causing day and night, and revolves around the Sun, causing years. It also explains that the Moon rotates on its axis and revolves around Earth, and that the changing angles of sunlight cause its phases to cycle over 29.5 days.
Ch 23
Earth rotates on its axis, causing day and night. It also revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit, causing seasons due to its tilt. The tilt causes different angles of sunlight between the hemispheres throughout the year. The moon rotates at the same rate as it revolves around Earth, always keeping the same face visible. The moon has different phases as it orbits Earth due to the varying amounts of illumination visible from Earth. Eclipses occur when Earth or the moon block sunlight from the other.
Ch 22 2
The document provides an overview of exploring space through electromagnetic radiation and different forms of telescopes, satellites, space probes, and missions. It discusses Edwin Hubble discovering the expanding universe, the Hubble Space Telescope, early space missions using rockets, satellites orbiting Earth today for communication and weather, space probes like Voyager capturing images of planets, the first American and Soviet astronauts, Apollo missions landing on the Moon, space stations like Mir and the International Space Station, and past and future Mars missions including the Cassini probe to Saturn.
Chapter 22
The document discusses exploring space through electromagnetic waves and telescopes on Earth and in space. It covers early space missions including Sputnik and missions to study planets. Current and future space missions are exploring Mars and building space stations for long term living in space through international cooperation.
Ch 19 ppt
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Ocean waves are formed by wind blowing over water, with wavelength being the horizontal distance between wave crests and wave height being the vertical distance between crest and trough. Breakers occur when the top of a wave moves faster than the bottom, causing it to collapse. Tides are large gravitational waves caused by the moon and sun, with high tide occurring when the tidal crest reaches shore and low tide when the trough arrives, and tidal range referring to the difference between high and low tide levels. Tidal bores can form when a rising tide enters a narrow river from a wider sea area.
Climate good one
1. A climate is determined by averaging temperature, precipitation, and other factors over many years and influences the types of plants and animals and how people live in a particular area.
2. Latitude, proximity to large bodies of water, ocean currents, mountains, and urban environments impact local climates by affecting temperatures and precipitation patterns.
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Weather refers to the current state of the atmosphere regarding elements like temperature, wind, and moisture. Various factors influence weather, including the sun heating the air and evaporating water from surfaces, which forms clouds and can lead to precipitation when the water condenses. Weather patterns result from the movement of air masses with different properties interacting, such as cold fronts where colder air advances under warmer air. Meteorologists study weather to make forecasts by analyzing weather maps, temperature and pressure readings, and storm conditions.
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The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the early atmosphere and how it has changed over time with the introduction of oxygen and the ozone layer. It then discusses the composition of the modern atmosphere and layers, including the troposphere where humans live and the protective ozone layer in the stratosphere. It also addresses how atmospheric gases transfer heat energy via radiation, conduction and convection, and how wind patterns are formed.
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The document summarizes major periods in geologic time from the Precambrian era to present day. It describes how trilobites and other early life evolved and adapted to changing environments over millions of years. Major events included the formation of Pangaea during the Paleozoic era and mass extinctions at the boundaries of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. During the Mesozoic, dinosaurs and early mammals appeared while flowering plants evolved in the Cretaceous period. The Cenozoic era saw continued evolution of mammals, mountain building, and the emergence of humans.
Chapter 13
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Chapter 11 Earthquakes
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Chapter 10 ii
1) Scientists discovered underwater mountain ranges called mid-ocean ridges using sound waves, and Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading to explain them.
2) Seafloor spreading involves hot material rising at ridges and flowing sideways, carrying the seafloor away as new material cools and forms at the cracks.
3) Evidence for seafloor spreading includes younger rocks at ridges and magnetic reversals recorded in strips of rock parallel to ridges.
Chapter 10 ii
The document summarizes key aspects of plate tectonics theory including:
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2) Seafloor spreading was discovered at mid-ocean ridges and explained how new crust is formed through magma rising at these ridges and pushing plates apart over time.
3) Earth's crust is broken into plates that move atop the mantle, interacting at plate boundaries through spreading, subduction, and transformation, causing volcanic and seismic activity.
Erosional forces
Erosion is the wearing away and movement of surface materials by forces like water, wind, or glaciers. There are several types of erosion including plucking by glaciers, which picks up debris, and abrasion, where wind acts like a sandblaster wearing down rocks. Wind erosion can scatter dust over large areas through deflation and form sand dunes or dust storms in dry, unvegetated regions. Glaciers are powerful erosion agents that can carve U-shaped valleys and leave behind deposits like moraines, eskers, and till when they melt. Erosion shapes the Earth's surface over time.
Section ii and iii
Soil formation is a long process influenced by climate, rock type, vegetation, and time. Soil is composed of mineral particles, organic matter, air, and water. It has distinct layers called horizons that differ in composition and depth of organic matter and minerals. Soil type depends on climate, parent rock material, vegetation, and time for development, with some soils taking thousands of years to form.
Ch 7 1 - weathering
Weathering breaks down rocks into sediment through mechanical or chemical processes. Mechanical weathering physically breaks rocks into fragments through forces like wind, water, plant roots, or ice wedging. Chemical weathering uses chemical reactions to dissolve or change minerals, often involving carbonic acid, plant acids, or oxidation when iron is exposed to oxygen. The rates of mechanical versus chemical weathering depend on climate, with mechanical weathering dominating in cold climates and chemical weathering faster in warm, wet climates.
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Erosional forces
- 1. Erosional Forces FACTORS SUCH AS WIND AND WATER MOVE MATERIALS !
- 3. Through the process of deposition, sediments are dropped by erosion agents as they lose energy.
- 4. Mass movement occurs as gravity moves materials down a slope as one large mass.
- 5. Slump: material slips down a curved surface as one large mass.
- 6. Sediments slowly shift down hill in the process of creep.
- 7. Rockfalls and rock slides occur when rocks break off or slip suddenly down a hill.
- 8. A mudflow is a thick mixture of water and sediments flowing downhill.
- 10. Sometimes builders and residents make slopes ,more unstable by making them steeper.
- 11. Another source of instability is the removal of vegetation.
- 13. Steep slopes can be made safer with vegetation, drainage pipes, and walls of concrete or railroad ties.
- 14. Glacier: large mass of ice and snow; moves slowly
- 15. Glaciers are the most powerful erosion agent.
- 16. As glaciers move they pick up boulders, gravel and sand in an erosion process called plucking.
- 19. As a glacier moves forward over land it can transport huge volumes of sediment and rock .
- 20. When glaciers melt and retreat they leave behind till (boulders, sand, clay and silt)
- 21. A moraine is a ridge, or pile, of deposit left at the end of a glacier
- 22. Outwash: material deposited in layers by the meltwater of a glacier, with largest pieces closer to the glacier.
- 23. Esker: type of outwash deposit formed as meltwater rivers within the ice deposit sand and gravel within their channels.
- 24. Continental glacier: huge masses of ice and snow now covering only about 10% of Earth in areas near the poles.
- 25. In the past, as much as 28% of Earth was covered with glaciers.
- 26. Ice ages: periods of widespread glaciation over the last 2 million to 3 million years.
- 27. The average air temperature on Earth was about 5 degrees Celsius lower during ice ages than today
- 28. The last major ice age was about 18,000 years ago.
- 29. Valley glaciers exist in mountains.
- 30. Cirques: bowl-shaped basins in the sides of mountains, created by valley glaciers.
- 31. Arete: long ridge that forms when two valley glaciers erode a mountain side by side.
- 32. Horn: forms when valley glaciers erode a mountain from several directions.
- 33. Glacially eroded valleys have a U shape, as opposed to the V shape left by stream erosion.
- 34. Glaciers have changed, and continue to change, the shape of Earth’s surface.
- 47. A mound of sediments drifted by the wind is called a dune