Chapter 13
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Paleontologists study fossils to reconstruct prehistoric organisms. Fossils form if organisms are quickly buried, with those having hard parts more likely to fossilize. Different types of fossils provide evidence of ancient life, including permineralized remains, carbon films, molds, and casts. Trace fossils provide evidence of organism activities through tracks, burrows, and other traces. Index fossils are abundant fossils that existed for short periods and can be used to correlate rock layers. Examining undisturbed rock layers using the principle of superposition reveals their relative ages, while radiometric dating provides absolute ages in years.
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Fossils are the remains or imprints of ancient plants and animals preserved in sedimentary rock. There are three main types of fossils based on how they are formed: actual remains, imprints, and petrifactions. Fossils are useful for studying chronostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, paleogeography, paleoclimate, paleoecology, and organic evolution. They can also help discover new deposits of resources like coal and petroleum. Studying fossils provides data about past life on Earth and insights into environmental conditions over time.
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Chapter 13
- 1. Chapter 13: Clues to Earth’s Past
- 4. Paleontologists study fossils and reconstruct the appearance of animals.
- 5. Fossils: remains, imprints, or traces of prehistoric organisms
- 6. Fossils can form if the organism is quickly buried by sediments.
- 7. Organisms with hard parts are more likely to become fossils than organisms with soft parts.
- 9. Fossils in which spaces inside are filled with minerals from groundwater are called permineralized remains.
- 10. Carbon film results when a thin film or carbon residue forms a silhouette of the original organism; carbonized plant material becomes coal.
- 11. Mold: cavity in rock left when the hard parts of an organism decay.
- 12. If sediments wash into a mold, they can form a cast of the original organism
- 13. Occasionally original remains are preserved in a material such as amber, ice, or tar.
- 14. Trace fossils: evidence of an organism’s activities
- 15. Trace fossils can be footprints left in mud or sand that became stone.
- 16. Trace fossils can be burrows made by worms and other animals.
- 17. Index fossils: abundant, geographically widespread organisms that existed for relatively short periods of time.
- 18. Fossils can reveal information about past land forms and climate.
- 22. Section 2: Relative Ages of Rock
- 24. How old something is in comparison with something else is its “relative age.”
- 25. The age of undisturbed rocks can be determined by examining layer sequences.
- 26. The age of disturbed rocks may have to be determined by fossils or other clues.
- 27. Unconformities: drastic changes in rock layers
- 28. “ Angular unconformity”: rock layers are tilted, and younger sediment layers are deposited horizontally on top of the eroded and tilted layers .
- 29. DISCONFORMITY: 2 SEPARATE REGIONS OF HORIZONTAL ROCK LAYERS INTERUPTED BY UPLIFTING, EROSION FOR A PERIOD OF TIME THEN MORE DEPOSITION
- 30. Nonconformity: sedimentary rock forms over eroded “metamorphic or igneous rock.”
- 31. The same rock layers can be found in different locations; fossils can be used to correlate those rock layers .
- 32. Section 3: Absolute Ages of Rock
- 33. Absolute age: age, in years, of a rock or other object; determined by properties of atoms.
- 34. Unstable isotopes break down into other isotopes and particles in the process of radioactive decay.
- 35. The time it takes for half the atoms in an isotope to decay is the isotope’s half-life.
- 36. Calculating the absolute age of a rock using the ratio of parent isotope to daughter product and the half-life of the parent is called radiometric dating.
- 37. Potassium-argon dating is used to date ancient rocks millions of years old.
- 38. Carbon-14 dating is used to date bones, wood, and charcoal up to 75,000 years old.
- 39. Earth is estimated to be about 4.5 billion years old; the oldest known rocks are about 3.96 billion years old.
- 40. Uniformitatianism: Earth processes occurring today are similar to those that occurred in the past.