Chapter25
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Ancient cultures used mythology and everyday objects to name constellations, and modern astronomy recognizes 88 constellations. Some constellations are only visible part of the year as the Earth revolves around the Sun, but circumpolar constellations in the northern sky appear to circle around Polaris and can be seen all year. Astronomers measure stars' absolute and apparent magnitudes, parallax, distance in light-years, and determine temperature based on color, with hotter stars appearing blue-white and cooler stars orange or red.
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basicastronomy-physicalscience-200202141650.pptx
1. The document describes celestial motions like the celestial sphere, equator, ecliptic, solstices, equinoxes, and constellations. It also discusses models of the universe from ancient Egyptians to Copernicus, including geocentric models of Pythagoras, Ptolemy, and Copernicus' heliocentric model.
2. The second part of the document covers Kepler's laws of planetary motion - that planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus, areas are swept in equal times, and the square of periods is proportional to the cube of distances. It also discusses problems applying Kepler's laws.
3. The document provides a concise overview of important concepts
Stars - Basic Properties/H- R Diagram
The document discusses properties of stars and methods astronomers use to study them. It describes the composition of the Sun and how its composition is similar to other stars and gas giants. It then explains different types of groups stars can be found in, including constellations, clusters, and binary systems. The document also discusses methods astronomers use to measure stellar distances and properties, including parallax, apparent and absolute magnitude, luminosity, and spectral classification. It introduces the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and how it relates stellar properties like mass, luminosity, temperature and size.
Constellations
This document discusses key concepts in astronomy including constellations, celestial coordinates, the celestial sphere, and the zodiac. It defines constellations as areas of the sky containing groups of stars and other objects. Modern astronomy divides the sky into 88 constellations. Celestial coordinates like declination and right ascension are used to specify the positions of stars and constellations on the celestial sphere. The zodiac represents an annual cycle of twelve constellations along the ecliptic.
Ch. 25
The document summarizes key concepts about stars and the universe from an Earth science textbook chapter. It discusses the properties of stars like color, temperature, binary systems, parallax and measuring distances. It explains stellar evolution through different stages like the main sequence and red giant phases. It also describes galaxies like spiral, elliptical and irregular types as well as the structure and types of the Milky Way galaxy. Hubble's law connecting galaxy redshifts and expansion of the universe is explained in the context of the Big Bang theory.
Notes revolution rotation
This document provides information about key concepts in astronomy including:
1) It outlines structures that will be discussed such as the solar system, planets and their moons, stars and galaxies.
2) It defines and compares astronomical terms such as axis of rotation, period of rotation, period of revolution, and ellipses.
3) It explains units of measurement used in astronomy like Astronomical Units and light years.
L02 night
The document discusses several methods for locating astronomical objects in the night sky, including using constellations, coordinates, and accounting for the effect of precession over time. It also covers the motion of stars across the sky due to the Earth's rotation and defines key angular measurement terms. The first homework assignment is due on Monday.
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Comets, asteroids, meteors
Comets are made of dust, rock and frozen gases that vaporize as they near the Sun, forming a coma and tail. Comets eventually break apart after passing by the Sun multiple times. Small pieces of comets are called meteoroids, which appear as meteors or "shooting stars" when burning up in Earth's atmosphere, or meteorites if they reach the ground. Asteroids are rocky bodies like planets that mainly orbit in a belt between Mars and Jupiter.
Chapter 24
The document provides an overview of the solar system, including its origin and components. It discusses:
1) The modern view that the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust that condensed to form the Sun and planets as it contracted.
2) The inner planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, including characteristics such as temperatures, atmospheres, and evidence of past water on Mars.
3) The outer planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, noting their large sizes and gaseous compositions. Moons and rings are also mentioned.
Ch 23
The document summarizes key properties and motions of Earth and the Moon. It describes how Earth rotates on its axis, causing day and night, and revolves around the Sun, causing years. It also explains that the Moon rotates on its axis and revolves around Earth, and that the changing angles of sunlight cause its phases to cycle over 29.5 days.
Ch 23
Earth rotates on its axis, causing day and night. It also revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit, causing seasons due to its tilt. The tilt causes different angles of sunlight between the hemispheres throughout the year. The moon rotates at the same rate as it revolves around Earth, always keeping the same face visible. The moon has different phases as it orbits Earth due to the varying amounts of illumination visible from Earth. Eclipses occur when Earth or the moon block sunlight from the other.
Ch 22 2
The document provides an overview of exploring space through electromagnetic radiation and different forms of telescopes, satellites, space probes, and missions. It discusses Edwin Hubble discovering the expanding universe, the Hubble Space Telescope, early space missions using rockets, satellites orbiting Earth today for communication and weather, space probes like Voyager capturing images of planets, the first American and Soviet astronauts, Apollo missions landing on the Moon, space stations like Mir and the International Space Station, and past and future Mars missions including the Cassini probe to Saturn.
Chapter 22
The document discusses exploring space through electromagnetic waves and telescopes on Earth and in space. It covers early space missions including Sputnik and missions to study planets. Current and future space missions are exploring Mars and building space stations for long term living in space through international cooperation.
Ch 19 ppt
The document summarizes different features of the seafloor geography. It describes the continental shelf, continental slope, abyssal plains, seamounts, mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, and resources found in different areas of the seafloor. It also discusses life in the oceans including producers, consumers, food chains, reproduction, plankton, nekton, benthos, beach habitats, estuaries, coral reefs, and pollution sources affecting the oceans.
Chapter 18 section iii
Ocean waves are formed by wind blowing over water, with wavelength being the horizontal distance between wave crests and wave height being the vertical distance between crest and trough. Breakers occur when the top of a wave moves faster than the bottom, causing it to collapse. Tides are large gravitational waves caused by the moon and sun, with high tide occurring when the tidal crest reaches shore and low tide when the trough arrives, and tidal range referring to the difference between high and low tide levels. Tidal bores can form when a rising tide enters a narrow river from a wider sea area.
Climate good one
1. A climate is determined by averaging temperature, precipitation, and other factors over many years and influences the types of plants and animals and how people live in a particular area.
2. Latitude, proximity to large bodies of water, ocean currents, mountains, and urban environments impact local climates by affecting temperatures and precipitation patterns.
3. Climate changes over short term seasons and long term periods due to factors like the Earth's orientation to the Sun, volcanic eruptions, and human activities like burning fossil fuels.
Ch 16 weather
Weather refers to the current state of the atmosphere regarding elements like temperature, wind, and moisture. Various factors influence weather, including the sun heating the air and evaporating water from surfaces, which forms clouds and can lead to precipitation when the water condenses. Weather patterns result from the movement of air masses with different properties interacting, such as cold fronts where colder air advances under warmer air. Meteorologists study weather to make forecasts by analyzing weather maps, temperature and pressure readings, and storm conditions.
Atmosphere 15
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the early atmosphere and how it has changed over time with the introduction of oxygen and the ozone layer. It then discusses the composition of the modern atmosphere and layers, including the troposphere where humans live and the protective ozone layer in the stratosphere. It also addresses how atmospheric gases transfer heat energy via radiation, conduction and convection, and how wind patterns are formed.
Geologic time chapter 14
The document summarizes major periods in geologic time from the Precambrian era to present day. It describes how trilobites and other early life evolved and adapted to changing environments over millions of years. Major events included the formation of Pangaea during the Paleozoic era and mass extinctions at the boundaries of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. During the Mesozoic, dinosaurs and early mammals appeared while flowering plants evolved in the Cretaceous period. The Cenozoic era saw continued evolution of mammals, mountain building, and the emergence of humans.
Chapter 13
Paleontologists study fossils to reconstruct prehistoric organisms. Fossils form if organisms are quickly buried, with those having hard parts more likely to fossilize. Different types of fossils provide evidence of ancient life, including permineralized remains, carbon films, molds, and casts. Trace fossils provide evidence of organism activities through tracks, burrows, and other traces. Index fossils are abundant fossils that existed for short periods and can be used to correlate rock layers. Examining undisturbed rock layers using the principle of superposition reveals their relative ages, while radiometric dating provides absolute ages in years.
Chapter 12 Volcanoes
Volcanoes form at boundaries where tectonic plates meet, such as at divergent boundaries like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge or at convergent boundaries. The type of eruption depends on the composition of the magma and amount of gases; basaltic magma produces quiet eruptions while magma rich in silica or water causes explosive eruptions. The resulting volcano shape is also influenced by the eruption - shield volcanoes form from fluid basalt lava, cinder cones from tephra ejected in explosions, and composite volcanoes feature layers from both eruption types.
Chapter 11 Earthquakes
Earthquakes occur when rocks break along faults due to forces inside the Earth. This causes the rocks on one side of the fault to move relative to the other side. There are three main types of faults - normal, reverse, and strike-slip - which are caused by different forces. Earthquakes generate seismic waves that move the ground in various directions. Seismographs are used to measure these waves and determine details about the earthquake location and epicenter. The structure of the Earth consists of layers with different densities that seismic waves pass through. While earthquakes are natural, they can cause significant damage, so preparation and building design can help reduce risks to human life and infrastructure.
Chapter 10 ii
1) Scientists discovered underwater mountain ranges called mid-ocean ridges using sound waves, and Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading to explain them.
2) Seafloor spreading involves hot material rising at ridges and flowing sideways, carrying the seafloor away as new material cools and forms at the cracks.
3) Evidence for seafloor spreading includes younger rocks at ridges and magnetic reversals recorded in strips of rock parallel to ridges.
Chapter 10 ii
The document summarizes key aspects of plate tectonics theory including:
1) Continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart to their current locations, as evidenced by matching coastlines and fossil/rock formations.
2) Seafloor spreading was discovered at mid-ocean ridges and explained how new crust is formed through magma rising at these ridges and pushing plates apart over time.
3) Earth's crust is broken into plates that move atop the mantle, interacting at plate boundaries through spreading, subduction, and transformation, causing volcanic and seismic activity.
Erosional forces
Erosion is the wearing away and movement of surface materials by forces like water, wind, or glaciers. There are several types of erosion including plucking by glaciers, which picks up debris, and abrasion, where wind acts like a sandblaster wearing down rocks. Wind erosion can scatter dust over large areas through deflation and form sand dunes or dust storms in dry, unvegetated regions. Glaciers are powerful erosion agents that can carve U-shaped valleys and leave behind deposits like moraines, eskers, and till when they melt. Erosion shapes the Earth's surface over time.
Erosional forces
Erosion is the wearing away and movement of surface materials by forces like water, wind, or glaciers. There are several types of erosion including plucking by glaciers, which picks up debris, and abrasion, where wind acts like a sandblaster wearing down rocks. Wind erosion can scatter dust over large areas through deflation and form sand dunes or dust storms in dry, unvegetated regions. Glaciers are powerful erosion agents that can carve U-shaped valleys and leave behind deposits like moraines, eskers, and till when they melt. Erosion shapes the Earth's surface over time.
Section ii and iii
Soil formation is a long process influenced by climate, rock type, vegetation, and time. Soil is composed of mineral particles, organic matter, air, and water. It has distinct layers called horizons that differ in composition and depth of organic matter and minerals. Soil type depends on climate, parent rock material, vegetation, and time for development, with some soils taking thousands of years to form.
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skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
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(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
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๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
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Chapter25
- 1. Chapter 25 Section 1: STARS
- 3. Modern Astronomy Studies 88 Constellations
- 4. Some constellations are not visible all year because Earth revolves around the Sun.
- 5. Circumpolar constellations in the northern sky appear to circle around Polaris and are visible all year.
- 11. Cool stars look orange or red