This document discusses various exogenic (surface) processes that shape the Earth's surface through erosion and weathering. It describes different types of physical and chemical weathering that break down rock material. Erosion by water, wind, ice and gravity is then able to transport this weathered material. Mass wasting specifically refers to the movement of this loosened material down slopes due to gravity, which can occur through sliding, flowing or falling. The material is eventually deposited through sedimentation.

1. EROSIO
N
MASS
WASTING
SEDIMENTATIO
N

2. EXOGENIC PROCESSES ARE PROCESSES
THAT TAKE PLACE AT OR NEAR THE
EARTH’S SURFACE THAT MAKES THE
SURFACE WEAR AWAY. EXOGENIC
PROCESSES ARE VERY DESTRUCTIVE, THEY
ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DEGRADATION AND
SCULPTING THE EARTH’S SURFACE.

5. The physical weathering happens when rock is physically
broken into smaller pieces.

6. ICE WEDGING
ICE WEDGING
RELEASE OF
PRESSURE
GROWTH
OF
PLANTS
ANIMALS
ABRASION
1. ICE WEDGING ~> H2O seeps in rock, expands, crack rocks into smaller pieces.
2. RELEASE OF PRESSURE ~> Surface rock erodes, rock flakes like onion layers.
3. GROWTH OF PLANTS ~> Roots grow into cracks and push rocks apart.
4. ANIMALS ~> Burrow and push apart rock.
5. ABRASION ~> Sand and rock carried by wind, water, ice wears away surface rock when
rocks collide. Most common in windy areas

7. The chemical weathering is the process of breaking
down rock through chemical changes.

8. WATE
R
OXYGEN
CARBON
DIOXIDE
LIVING
ORGANISMS
1. WATER ~> Water dissolves rock chemically.
2. OXYGEN ~> Rocks that has iron in it mixes with oxygen and rusts.
3. CARBON DIOXIDE ~> CO2 dissolves in rainwater and weathers marble and limestone.
4. LIVING ORGANISMS ~> Acids from plants and roots chemically weather rock.
5. ACID RAIN ~> Air pollution reacts with clouds and falls on rock as acid rain.
ACID RAIN

12. EROSION BY WATER
EROSION BY GRAVITY
EROSION BY WIND
EROSION BY ICE
Erosion by water changes the shape
of coastlines. Waves constantly
crash against shores. They pound
rocks into pebbles and reduce
pebbles to sand. Water sometimes
takes sand away from beaches. This
moves the coastline farther inland.
Gravity pulls any loose bits down the
side of a hill or mountain. Gravity
Erosion is better known as Mass
Movement.
Erosion by ice can erode the land. In
frigid areas and on some
mountaintops, glaciers move slowly
downhill and across the land. As they
move, they pick up everything in their
path, from tiny grains of sand to huge
boulders.
Erosion by wind carries dust, sand,
and volcanic ash from one place to
another. Wind can sometimes blow
sand into towering dunes.

13. RESULT OF EROSION

15. REGOLITH ~> When weathered rock remains in place and
remains in its pure state.
SEDIMENT ~> When weathered material is removed from the
site of weathering.
MOVING WATER ~> It is the main agent of erosion.
PEOPLE ~> Nowadays, people became one of the causes of
erosion.
WEATHERING AND EROSION ~> Weathered rock material will
be removed from its original site and transported away by a
natural agent.

16. It is a natural process in which a material is carried to the
bottom of bodies of water and forms to solid.
SEDIMENTATION

18. MASS WASTING
Mass wasting is the movement of rock, soil and
regolith downward due to the action of gravity.

19. It is triggered by the following factors:
WATER EARTHQUAKE
Rainwater adds weight
and acts as a lubricant to
weathered material.
It is a vibration and also a
factor that triggers mass
wasting.
The lack of vegetation
cover to hold the loose
particles.
VEGETATION
REMOVAL
OVER-STEEPENED
SLOPE
Rapid movements are
commonly found in steep
slopes while slow
movements are found on
gentle slopes.

20. TYPE OF MATERIAL
Debris, mud or earth If soil and regolith dominate.
Rock When a mass of bedrock break.
TYPE OF MOTION
Fall The free fall of detached individual pieces of any size.
Slide A distinct zone of weakness separating the slide material from the more
stable underlying material.
Flow Occurs when material moves down slope as a viscous fluid.

21. Classifications:
 Debris slide



Debris flow
Soil creep
Rock fall

22. A slump is a type of
mass wasting that
results in the sliding of
coherent rock materials
along a curved surface.

23. The solifluction is the
slow downhill flow of
soil.

24. Earthflow is a
downslope viscous flow
of fine-grained materials
that have been
saturated with water and
moves under the pull of
gravity.

25. Mudflow occurs when
mud travels down a
slope very quickly.
The Mameyes mudflow disaster, in barrio Tibes,
Ponce, Puerto Rico.

26. A debris slide is a type
of slide characterized by
the chaotic movement of
rocks, soil, and debris
mixed with water and/or
ice.

27. A debris flow is a
moving mass of loose
mud, sand, soil, rock,
water and air that
travels down a slope
under the influence of
gravity.

28. Rock flow occurs when
pieces of rock break
loose from a steep rock
face or cliff.

29. Soil Creep is a slow,
gradual movement of
soil or regolith downhill
over time.

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