This document provides information about different types of earth movements and landforms. It discusses endogenic and exogenic forces that cause volcanoes and earthquakes from within and outside the earth. Volcanoes form from magma rising through cracks and releasing pressure at plate boundaries. Earthquakes result from vibrations caused by plate movement, with an epicenter and focus point. Weathering and erosion shape the landscape over time, forming features like waterfalls, meanders, and oxbow lakes in rivers and sea caves, arches, and stacks along coastal regions. Wind can also shape the earth, producing mushroom rocks in deserts and sand dunes that accumulate when winds slow.

1. KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
Presented By-
Atulya Pathak (VII E)
Kendriya Vidyalaya
AGCR Colony Delhi

2. Subject-Geography
Topic- Our Changing Earth
Subject Teacher-
Mr. Bipin Kandwal Sir
(PGT- Geography)

3. EARTH MOVEMENT
Earth Movement are divided on the basis of forces.
Endogenic Force
Forces originating inside the earth.
Example-Earthquake
Volcano
Exogenic Force
Forces originating outside the earth
Example-Glaciers
Wind

4. VOLCANO
A Volcano is an opening in a planet surface or
crust which allows hot, molten rock ash and
gases to escape from below the surface.

5. HOW ARE VOLCANO FORMS?
Magma rises through cracks or weaknesses in the Earth's crust.
Pressure builds up inside the Earth
When this pressure is released, eg as a result of plate movement, magma explodes to the
surface causing a volcanic eruption.
The lava from the eruption cools to form new crust.
Over time, after several eruptions, the rock builds up and a volcano forms

6. EARTHQUAKE
 When the lithosphere plates move the surface of the earth vibrates
 The vibrations can travel all round the earth. These vibrations are called earthquakes.
An earthquake also known as a thermor.

7. HOW EARTHQUAKE ARE FORMS ?
The place in the crust where the movements starts is called the focus.
The place on the surface above the focus is called the epicenter.
Vibrations travel outwards from the epicenter as waves.
Greatest damage is usually closest to the epicenter away from the center.

8. MAJOR LAND FORMS
The landscape is being formed by two process:-
Weathering and Erosion
Weathering:-Breaking up of the rocks on the Earth’s Surface is called Weathering.
Erosin:-Removal of soils in the natural environment it usually occurs due to transport by wind,
water or ice is called Erosion.

9. RIVERS
Waterfall- A waterfall is a place where flowing water rapidly drops in elevation as it flows over a
steep region or a cliff.
Meanders-The rivers enters the plain it twists and turns forming large bends known as
meanders.
OX Bow lake- An oxbow lake is a U shaped body of water formed when a wide meander form
the main stem of a river is cut off to create a lake.

10. SEA WAVES
FEATURES MADE BY SEA WAVES
Sea Caves-A sea cave also known as a littoral cave is a type of cave formed primarily by the
wave action of the sea.
Sea Arches-When sea caves become bigger only the roof of the cave remain the form sea
arches.
Stack-Erosin breaks the roof and only walls are left these wall like features are called stacks.

11. WIND
Mushroom Rocks:-An active agent of erosion AMD's gathering
air in the desert A shaped rocks in Sessert rocks Mushrooms,
commonly called Mushroom Rocks.
Sand Dunes:-When the wind blows, it rises and transport from
one place One more. When it stops blowing sand falls and
accumulates in a low hill-like Structures called sand dunes.
Loess-When there are too many grains of sand Fine and light,
the wind can take it with it very long distance. when there is such
sand Deposited over large areas, it is called loess.

12. THANK YOU