Seeks to understand how nature behaves by observing and correlating available factual information. Our understanding of science is therefore based upon, and limited by, the factual information available.

2.  Movement of the gases in
the air.
 When air heats up, it
expands and as a result, it
rises. But when air rises, it
doesn’t just leave a big
hole behind with no air in it.
 Coolen air from the
surrounding rushes into
replace it and that is what
we call wind.
 Cold air can sometimes
slide across the top of
warm air too which creates
a very unstable situation
and usually results in
storms.

3. Waves are the result of
wind traveling over water.
The waves arise from the
surface tension of water.
Waves are form of energy
which in the case of ocean
waves, lifts water up as it
moves along. Behind the
wave it falls and rises
again a few times which is
why you get more than
one ripple from a stone
falling into a fond.

4. Winds erode by
deflation and
abrasion. Deflation is
the blowing away of
fine dry material until
the water table is
reached.
The moisture of the
water table binds the
material together so it
is generally
understood that this
represents the base
level of wind erosion.

5. The wind can create
landforms when it
deposits its
sediments,
especially in
desserts and along
coasts. Both layers
of loess and sand
dunes are
landscape features
deposited by wind.
These blankets of
silt and mounds of
sand are striking
features in some
parts of the world.

6.  Windblown silt that blankets
the landscape. Dust storms
over thousands of years
picked up this material
transported it, and then
deposited it.
 The thickest and most
extensive deposits of loess
on Earth in Western and
Northern China. The silt was
derived from nearby deserts.
This fine, buff – colored
sediment gives the yellow
riven its name.

7.  Which are hills of windblown soil. Dunes are formed where
there is a supply of dry, unprotected soil and wind strong
enough to move it.

8.  The crescent – shape of dunes, these are most
common where there is limited supply of sand.

9.  The principal erosional work of the wind
is to transport rock material. However,
the wind is also able to break down
unweathered rock. The wind abrades
solid rock by means of the rock
particles it carries.
 Along beaches, or on other dry sandy
surfaces. They develop one or more
smooth polished faces as a result of
wind abrasion. Such pebbles are called
ventifacts (from latin ventus, meaning
“wind”)
 Various land forms such as natural
bridges, rock pinnacles, rocks perched
on pedestals, and even larage desert
basins have been attributed to abrasion
by wind – driven sand.

11.  When waves reach
the shore much of
their energy is spent
in eroded the rock of
the coast. How rapidly
rocks are worn back
depends upon the
nature of the rock
material.
Currents created
wave action also play
a part in shore
erosion.

12. Move toward the sea
along the bottom,
close to the shore.
The undertow tends
to move rock debris
out to sea along the
bottom. However, the
force of the waves
rushing against the
shore is stronger that
the undertow.

13. Cause of waves
which strike the
shore at an angle
move parallel to the
shoreline.
Longshore currents
are common and
tend to move loose
material along the
coast.

14. When water is flung
against the shore it
can wash away loose
sediment such as
sand, volcanic ash,
and glacial till.
As in the case of
streams, glaciers, and
wind, waves acquire
cutting tools in the
form of rock
fragments.

15. Terrace extends out beneath the water
at the cliff base.

16. Building an extension to the wave – cut
terrace, the finest particles, however, are often
scattered widely over the sea floor by currents.

17. Wave action carries
rock materials up on
the shore. These
deposits are
beaches. They may
consist of sand,
pebbles, cobbles, or
boulders, or
mixtures of these
materials.

18. 1. Wave action –
tend to deposit
debris on the
shore.
2. Undertow and
Longshore – tend
to remove the
debris on the
shore.

19.  A wide shelf of
deposits may be up
beneath the water
just offshore
resulting gentle
slope of the sea
away from the
shore then causes
wave to form a low
sand bar.

20.  Water between bar and the mainland.

21.  Formed on a headland on Island near the
mouth of a bay or inlet by offshore currents
moving parallel to the shore.

22. Coral reefs commonly
form characteristic
shoreline features in
tropical and subtropical
waters.
 Corals belong to one of
the simpler groups of
animals, the
coelenterates.
 The typical coral reef
consists of great
numbers of such
colonies together with
many other kinds of
animals and plants.

23. 1. Fringing Reef – is closely attached the shore of an
Island or continent.
2. Barrier Reef – is a long narrow strip some distance
from the shore.
3. Atoll – is a roughly circular reef where encloses a
lagoon.