The document discusses various coastal processes and landforms. It describes the processes of swash and backwash that create different types of waves. It also discusses various erosional processes like hydraulic action, abrasion, and corrosion that lead to cliff recession. Coastal landforms like wave-cut platforms, headlands and bays, stacks and stumps are formed through these erosional processes. Coastal management techniques like groynes, sea walls, and beach replenishment are used to reduce coastal erosion.

1. COASTS

24. 2 2,000 Beach Replenishment 5 4,500 Offshore Reef 10 2,000 Groynes 20 4,000 Sea Wall 5 2,000 Revetments 5 1,100 Rip Rap Maintenance Cost (£ per metre per year) Construction Cost (£ per metre per year) Method

28. A WATERY WORLD

48. CHALLENGES FOR THE PLANET