The document provides an overview of exploring space through electromagnetic radiation and different forms of telescopes, satellites, space probes, and missions. It discusses Edwin Hubble discovering the expanding universe, the Hubble Space Telescope, early space missions using rockets, satellites orbiting Earth today for communication and weather, space probes like Voyager capturing images of planets, the first American and Soviet astronauts, Apollo missions landing on the Moon, space stations like Mir and the International Space Station, and past and future Mars missions including the Cassini probe to Saturn.

1. Chapter 22 Exploring Space

2. Electromagnetic Radiation What is it ??? Radio waves Visible light Gamma rays X-rays Ultraviolet light Infrared waves Microwaves

3. Electromagnetic Spectrum

4. Frequency Forms of electromagnetic radiation differ in their frequencies. Frequency : # of wave crests that pass a given point per unit of time. The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency.

5. Speed of Light 300,000 km/s ALL electromagnetic waves travel at this speed in a vacuum (where there is no matter)

6. First to Use a Telescope to Study the Sky Galileo in 1600’s

7. Optical Telescope Use light to produce magnified images. Refracting telescope: convex lenses Reflecting telescope: concave mirror.

8. Observatory Where optical telescopes are located.

9. Edwin P. Hubble Discovered: Universe is Expanding Hubble Space Telescope named after him.

10. Hubble Space Telescope Located outside Earth’s atmosphere

11. Hubble Telescope

12. Hubble Pictures

18. Radio Telescope Studies radio waves that travel through space. Useful 24 hours a day.

19. Early Space Missions Allowed astronomers to study space in ways not possible using telescopes. Made possible by rockets.

20. Satellite Any object that revolves around another object in an orbit In 1957 the former Soviet Union launched first artificial satellite: Sputnik I.

21. Satellites Today Thousands of artificial satellites orbit Earth Used for: communication and weather forecasting.

22. Space Probes Do not orbit Earth Travel through space.

23. Space Probes: Pioneer 10 Launched 1972 1 st manmade object to travel through asteroid belt. Transmitter failed in 2003 Passed Pluto

24. Space Probes: Voyager I & II Launched by U.S. in 1977 Expected to collect data until 2020

25. Saturn Taken by Voyager II 1981

26. Images from Voyager Space Probes Voyager 2: 1981 Rings of Saturn

27. Images from Voyager Space Probes - Voyager 2 - 1989 - Neptune

28. Voyager 1990 By 1990, Voyager 1 was farther from the Sun than Pluto, and approximately 4 billion miles from the Earth. Thus, NASA gave Voyager 1 one last assignment and had the craft take the first ever pictures of the planets from “outside” the solar system. This is a compilation of those shots.

29. Images from Voyager Space Probes

30. Space Probe: Galileo Launched in 1989 Reached Jupiter in 1995 Released smaller probe to approach Jupiter. Studied Europa and Io (Jupiter’s moons)

31. Moon Quest Yuri Gagarin: 1 st man in space (Soviet) Project Mercury: began U.S. mission to put a man in space. 1961: Alan Shepard: 1 st U.S. man in space 1962: John Glenn: 1 st U.S. citizen to orbit Earth

32. Men in Space Yuri Gagarin 1 st man to orbit Earth

33. Men in Space Alan Shepherd John Glenn

34. Project Gemini Teams of 2 astronauts in the same Gemini spacecraft orbited Earth. One Gemini team met and connected with another spacecraft in orbit.

35. Robotic Probes Sent to the Moon Ranger Surveyor: landed on moon in 1966 Lunar Orbiter: took pictures of moon’s surface

36. Project Apollo 1969: Apollo II landed on the Moon Neil Armstrong: 1 st person to step on Moon

37. Space Stations 1973: U.S. launched Skylab Fell out of orbit in 1979

38. Space Stations Mir Soviet Union Dr. Valery Polyakov spent 438 days in space studying the long-term effects of weightlessness.

39. International Space Station Effort of 16 nations 3 phases Should be completed by 2006

40. Missions to Mars Mars Global Surveyor: orbited Mars and took pictures. Pathfinder: descended to surface of Mars Mars Odyssey: mapping surface of Mars Spirit and Opportunity: rovers launched in 2003: goal to analyze surface of mars Future plans: Phoenix 2008

41. Cassini Launched 1997 Destination: Saturn