India is the seventh largest country in the world by geographical area. The huge population burden also brings with it a whole spectrum of social issues that have environmental implications. Any developmental endeavour requires not only the analysis of the need of such a project, the monetary costs and benefits involved but most important, it requires a consideration and detailed assessment of the effect of a proposed development on the environment. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies are inevitably undertaken to evaluate potential negative impacts as well as to formulate Environmental Management Plans to overcome the identified impacts. This research review paper focus on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) significance, process and impact assessment problems. The environment impact assessment significance reveals that, EIA should be made with the purpose for determining the current status of the environment and identifying impact of critical activities on environmental parameters.The results also reveal that EIA process concentrate on problems, conflicts and natural resource constraints which might affect the viability of a developmental activities. It also predicts how the project could harm to people, their homeland and their livelihoods. The results also state that, improper screening and unable to address the right issues are major drawback of the impact assessment process, where everyone has to consider it for decision making process. Hence, The EIA is a proven management tool used extensively by governments and NGO’s for project planning and approval. The Government bodies should look into the EIA significance and provide guidelines and checklist for understating an EIA for all the activities which deteriorate the environmental quality in general, to be more specific the projects and location of mining, landfills etc.
The document provides an overview of environmental impact assessments (EIAs) from Pakistan's perspective. It discusses how EIAs were introduced in Pakistan in the 1980s and became mandatory in 1994. It outlines some of the key challenges with EIA implementation in Pakistan, including weak enforcement of regulations, limited public participation, and an incomplete project classification list. The document also notes that environmental protection is now handled at the provincial level in Pakistan since a 2010 constitutional amendment.
The document provides details about environmental impact assessment (EIA) in Tanzania, including:
1. It defines EIA and discusses its historical background and use under different policies in Tanzania.
2. It describes the EIA process, including who carries it out, the key steps involved, and how the output is used.
3. It discusses the importance of EIA for decision making, public participation, and sustainable development, as well as some challenges of implementing EIA in Tanzania, such as costs and time requirements.
The document discusses the objectives and importance of public involvement in environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It states that public participation is essential for EIAs and environmental decision making as it allows local knowledge and values to be incorporated. This improves the quality of decisions and project legitimacy. It also informs the public about proposed projects and their impacts. Early and meaningful public involvement throughout the EIA process is important for input on identifying impacts and alternatives and improving EIA reports and final decisions.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process that ensures environmental factors are considered early in project planning. It examines both technical/economic and traditional impacts on local communities and biodiversity. EIA is intended to prevent or minimize potentially adverse environmental effects and improve project quality. Projects requiring EIA include agriculture, construction, industries, waste disposal, and developments near protected areas. The EIA process identifies, describes, and assesses a project's direct and indirect effects on humans, wildlife, air/water/soil, climate, landscape, and cultural heritage.
This document discusses environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and management plans. It defines EIAs as processes that identify, predict, evaluate and mitigate biophysical, social and other effects of development proposals before major decisions. The objectives of EIAs are to consider environmental factors in decision-making, identify potential impacts, minimize adverse impacts, and promote sustainable development through public participation and environmental management plans. Common EIA methods discussed include product life cycle analysis, assessments of genetically modified organisms, and fuzzy logic to measure hard to quantify impacts. The document also outlines types of EIAs like strategic, regional and sectoral EIAs, and describes the typical steps involved in conducting an EIA.
This document discusses environmental impact assessment (EIA). It defines EIA as a study that predicts how a proposed project may affect the environment. EIAs identify the best project option by comparing alternatives and weighing economic and environmental costs and benefits. The EIA process involves scoping a project to identify key issues, conducting an impact assessment, obtaining public input, and using the results to inform decision-making about projects that could significantly affect the environment.
1. The document discusses the purpose and process of environmental impact assessments (EIAs). EIAs aim to balance development activities with environmental concerns by identifying potential environmental impacts of proposed projects and finding mitigation measures.
2. The key stages of the EIA process include screening, scoping, baseline data collection, impact prediction, assessment of alternatives and mitigation measures, public hearings, and monitoring. Public participation is emphasized as important throughout the process.
3. In India, EIAs are required by law for certain categories of projects involving industries, infrastructure, and other development. The process aims to allow decision makers to understand environmental consequences and make informed decisions.
The document summarizes the process of Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) in India. It outlines that EIA is a formal process to predict environmental consequences of development projects, made statutory in India in 1986. The key stages of EIA in India are screening, preliminary assessment, scoping, the main EIA study including a public hearing, and appraisal. The goal is to identify environmental and social impacts, mitigate harm, and maximize benefits prior to project approval.
The document provides an overview of environmental impact assessments (EIAs) from Pakistan's perspective. It discusses how EIAs were introduced in Pakistan in the 1980s and became mandatory in 1994. It outlines some of the key challenges with EIA implementation in Pakistan, including weak enforcement of regulations, limited public participation, and an incomplete project classification list. The document also notes that environmental protection is now handled at the provincial level in Pakistan since a 2010 constitutional amendment.
The document provides details about environmental impact assessment (EIA) in Tanzania, including:
1. It defines EIA and discusses its historical background and use under different policies in Tanzania.
2. It describes the EIA process, including who carries it out, the key steps involved, and how the output is used.
3. It discusses the importance of EIA for decision making, public participation, and sustainable development, as well as some challenges of implementing EIA in Tanzania, such as costs and time requirements.
The document discusses the objectives and importance of public involvement in environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It states that public participation is essential for EIAs and environmental decision making as it allows local knowledge and values to be incorporated. This improves the quality of decisions and project legitimacy. It also informs the public about proposed projects and their impacts. Early and meaningful public involvement throughout the EIA process is important for input on identifying impacts and alternatives and improving EIA reports and final decisions.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process that ensures environmental factors are considered early in project planning. It examines both technical/economic and traditional impacts on local communities and biodiversity. EIA is intended to prevent or minimize potentially adverse environmental effects and improve project quality. Projects requiring EIA include agriculture, construction, industries, waste disposal, and developments near protected areas. The EIA process identifies, describes, and assesses a project's direct and indirect effects on humans, wildlife, air/water/soil, climate, landscape, and cultural heritage.
This document discusses environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and management plans. It defines EIAs as processes that identify, predict, evaluate and mitigate biophysical, social and other effects of development proposals before major decisions. The objectives of EIAs are to consider environmental factors in decision-making, identify potential impacts, minimize adverse impacts, and promote sustainable development through public participation and environmental management plans. Common EIA methods discussed include product life cycle analysis, assessments of genetically modified organisms, and fuzzy logic to measure hard to quantify impacts. The document also outlines types of EIAs like strategic, regional and sectoral EIAs, and describes the typical steps involved in conducting an EIA.
This document discusses environmental impact assessment (EIA). It defines EIA as a study that predicts how a proposed project may affect the environment. EIAs identify the best project option by comparing alternatives and weighing economic and environmental costs and benefits. The EIA process involves scoping a project to identify key issues, conducting an impact assessment, obtaining public input, and using the results to inform decision-making about projects that could significantly affect the environment.
1. The document discusses the purpose and process of environmental impact assessments (EIAs). EIAs aim to balance development activities with environmental concerns by identifying potential environmental impacts of proposed projects and finding mitigation measures.
2. The key stages of the EIA process include screening, scoping, baseline data collection, impact prediction, assessment of alternatives and mitigation measures, public hearings, and monitoring. Public participation is emphasized as important throughout the process.
3. In India, EIAs are required by law for certain categories of projects involving industries, infrastructure, and other development. The process aims to allow decision makers to understand environmental consequences and make informed decisions.
The document summarizes the process of Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) in India. It outlines that EIA is a formal process to predict environmental consequences of development projects, made statutory in India in 1986. The key stages of EIA in India are screening, preliminary assessment, scoping, the main EIA study including a public hearing, and appraisal. The goal is to identify environmental and social impacts, mitigate harm, and maximize benefits prior to project approval.
Environmental Impact Assessment and Meaningful Citizen ParticipationPublic Affairs Centre
This document discusses environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and public participation in India. It provides an overview of EIAs, the legal framework for EIAs in India, the EIA process, concerns with the current process, and an initiative called Community Led EIA (CLEIA) being conducted by PAC to enhance public participation. The EIA process in India involves screening projects, scoping assessments, impact predictions, public hearings, environmental management plans, appraisal, and post-approval monitoring. However, there are gaps like some projects not requiring hearings, lack of penalties for non-compliance, and dilution of oversight at the state level. CLEIA aims to empower local communities to participate more meaningfully in EIAs
Biophysical Aspects of Environment. Environmental assessment (EA) is the assessment of the environmental consequences (positive and negative) of a plan, policy, program, or actual projects prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action. In this context, the term "environmental impact assessment" (EIA) is usually used when applied to actual projects by individuals or companies and the term "strategic environmental assessment" (SEA) applies to policies, plans and programmes most often proposed by organs of state. Environmental assessments may be governed by rules of administrative procedure regarding public participation and documentation of decision making, and may be subject to judicial review.
The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the environmental impacts when deciding whether or not to proceed with a project. The International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) defines an environmental impact assessment as "the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made". EIAs are unique in that they do not require adherence to a predetermined environmental outcome, but rather they require decision makers to account for environmental values in their decisions and to justify those decisions in light of detailed environmental studies and public comments on the potential environmental impacts.
The document discusses the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process. It begins by explaining that EIAs give project proponents the opportunity to consider how their actions may affect the environment. The document then outlines the key stages of the EIA process in India, including screening projects, scoping impacts, conducting baseline studies, impact prediction, developing mitigation measures, public hearings, environmental management planning, decision making, and post-clearance monitoring. Finally, it notes that EIAs are mandatory for certain high-impact projects under India's Environmental Protection Act.
The document discusses how environmental impact assessments (EIAs) can be used as a tool to conserve biodiversity. It outlines the various stages of an EIA process, including screening, scoping, assessment and evaluation of impacts, reporting, review, and decision-making. The key points are:
1) EIAs assess the environmental impacts of projects, including effects on biodiversity, and help ensure biodiversity is considered in development decisions.
2) Screening criteria can incorporate biodiversity factors like impacts to protected areas and threatened species habitats.
3) Scoping identifies potential biodiversity impacts and alternatives to avoid, mitigate, or compensate adverse effects.
4) Assessments predict and evaluate impacts, considering factors
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic and integrative process for considering possible impacts prior to a decision being taken on whether or not a proposal should be given approval to proceed. (Wood 2003)
A project done for sustainability lecture in Dublin Institute of technology for the course of Construction Management giving an introduction to Environmental Impact assessment.
A presentation delivered by Jason Bernier, CBCL Limited on March 6, 2017 at the Sea Water Air Conditioning in the Caribbean Workshop at the Caribbean Development Bank.
The document discusses environmental impact assessment (EIA), which is a process used to evaluate the environmental consequences of projects. It provides an introduction to EIA, outlines its evolution and key elements. These include goals of EIA, types of EIA, data used, methodology, benefits and drawbacks. The document also discusses EIA legislation and fields where EIA is applied, such as construction, industry, transportation and more.
The document discusses environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It defines EIAs as processes that identify, predict, and evaluate the physical, chemical, biological, social, and other impacts of proposed projects prior to major decisions. The document outlines the key stages of EIAs, including screening, scoping, preliminary assessments, mitigation, environmental management plans, public participation, and impact assessment methods. It emphasizes that EIAs are tools used to reduce negative environmental impacts and promote sustainable development.
The document provides an overview of environmental impact assessment (EIA). It defines EIA as assessing the effects of proposed projects on the environment. EIA identifies alternatives and aims to balance economic and environmental costs and benefits. It integrates environmental concerns early in project planning. EIA started as a mandatory regulatory process in the US in 1969 and is now required in over 100 countries. The key stages of EIA are screening, scoping, baseline data collection, impact analysis, mitigation planning, public hearings, decision making, and monitoring. EIA aims to be fair, provide credible information for decisions, and ensure sustainability.
This document discusses environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It defines EIAs as evaluations of the effects of major projects on the natural and human environment to assist decision-making. EIAs aim to prevent environmental degradation by providing information on industrial projects' environmental consequences. The document outlines how EIAs identify possible environmental effects, propose mitigation measures, and predict residual impacts. It notes EIAs were made mandatory for new projects in India in 1994 to require environmental clearance.
Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) is a process which ensures that all environmental matters are taken into account quite early in the project at planning process itself.It takes into consideration not only technical and economic considerations but also, traditional aspects like impact on local people, biodiversity etc.
This document outlines the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process. It defines EIA and environmental impact statement (EIS). It describes the purpose of EIA as ensuring comprehensive environmental assessments of projects likely to significantly impact the environment. It discusses the stages of EIA including screening projects, assessing existing environment, identifying impacts, and mitigating measures. It provides examples of projects requiring mandatory or discretionary EIA. Finally, it summarizes the roles and procedures of environmental health officers when reviewing submitted EIAs.
Environment impact Assessment (EIA) in Ugandakayondo alex
The document provides information about environmental impact assessments (EIAs) in Uganda. It defines key terms related to EIAs and describes the EIA process and requirements in Uganda. The EIA process involves 8 main steps: 1) screening, 2) scoping, 3) impact analysis, 4) impact mitigation, 5) reporting, 6) review, 7) decision making, and 8) monitoring. The document lists various projects that typically require an EIA in Uganda, such as urban development, transportation, mining, forestry, and waste disposal projects. It also outlines some projects that may be exempted from an EIA.
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) evaluates the environmental impacts of major projects that significantly affect the environment. The purpose of EIA is to promote sustainable development by identifying mitigation measures, ensuring environmental consequences are considered in planning and decision making, and influencing project management. EIA emerged in response to increased environmental awareness and involves screening projects, scoping critical issues, predicting and mitigating impacts, managing and monitoring effects, and auditing the EIA process.
The document discusses the basic concepts of environmental impact assessment (EIA). It begins by defining EIA as a formal process for identifying potential environmental and health effects of projects and activities, and for developing mitigation measures. The document then provides a brief history of EIA, noting it was first introduced in the US in 1969 and became law in 1971. It discusses how EIA has been implemented in India since the 1970s. The document outlines the typical EIA process, which involves screening projects, conducting preliminary assessments or full studies, identifying impacts and alternatives, and producing environmental impact statements. It emphasizes understanding the proposed activity and identifying the most significant impacts.
On the Contingency and Necessity of Social Career Choice from the Perspective...inventionjournals
This article discusses social career choice on the perspective of development of mathematical history. Although various causes contribute to the career choice, there exist its chance and inevitability. However, as long as you choose it, you should pay the effort to get a good result. This paper provides college students with good employment guidance.
Cronic Energy Deficiency And Body Mass Index of Bhotia Tribal Children of Gar...inventionjournals
This document presents findings from a study on the body mass index (BMI) of Bhotia tribal children in the Garhwal Himalaya region of India. The study involved measuring the height, weight, and calculating the BMI of 643 Bhotia children aged 6-18 years. The results showed that 13.02% of girls and 6.84% of boys had grade 1 chronic energy deficiency, while a small number of boys (0.29%) also had grade 2 or 3 deficiency. Most children had a normal BMI, with 88.69% of boys and 75.24% of girls in the normal range. A higher percentage of girls (11.72%) than boys (3.86%) were
Environmental Impact Assessment and Meaningful Citizen ParticipationPublic Affairs Centre
This document discusses environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and public participation in India. It provides an overview of EIAs, the legal framework for EIAs in India, the EIA process, concerns with the current process, and an initiative called Community Led EIA (CLEIA) being conducted by PAC to enhance public participation. The EIA process in India involves screening projects, scoping assessments, impact predictions, public hearings, environmental management plans, appraisal, and post-approval monitoring. However, there are gaps like some projects not requiring hearings, lack of penalties for non-compliance, and dilution of oversight at the state level. CLEIA aims to empower local communities to participate more meaningfully in EIAs
Biophysical Aspects of Environment. Environmental assessment (EA) is the assessment of the environmental consequences (positive and negative) of a plan, policy, program, or actual projects prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action. In this context, the term "environmental impact assessment" (EIA) is usually used when applied to actual projects by individuals or companies and the term "strategic environmental assessment" (SEA) applies to policies, plans and programmes most often proposed by organs of state. Environmental assessments may be governed by rules of administrative procedure regarding public participation and documentation of decision making, and may be subject to judicial review.
The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the environmental impacts when deciding whether or not to proceed with a project. The International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) defines an environmental impact assessment as "the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made". EIAs are unique in that they do not require adherence to a predetermined environmental outcome, but rather they require decision makers to account for environmental values in their decisions and to justify those decisions in light of detailed environmental studies and public comments on the potential environmental impacts.
The document discusses the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process. It begins by explaining that EIAs give project proponents the opportunity to consider how their actions may affect the environment. The document then outlines the key stages of the EIA process in India, including screening projects, scoping impacts, conducting baseline studies, impact prediction, developing mitigation measures, public hearings, environmental management planning, decision making, and post-clearance monitoring. Finally, it notes that EIAs are mandatory for certain high-impact projects under India's Environmental Protection Act.
The document discusses how environmental impact assessments (EIAs) can be used as a tool to conserve biodiversity. It outlines the various stages of an EIA process, including screening, scoping, assessment and evaluation of impacts, reporting, review, and decision-making. The key points are:
1) EIAs assess the environmental impacts of projects, including effects on biodiversity, and help ensure biodiversity is considered in development decisions.
2) Screening criteria can incorporate biodiversity factors like impacts to protected areas and threatened species habitats.
3) Scoping identifies potential biodiversity impacts and alternatives to avoid, mitigate, or compensate adverse effects.
4) Assessments predict and evaluate impacts, considering factors
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic and integrative process for considering possible impacts prior to a decision being taken on whether or not a proposal should be given approval to proceed. (Wood 2003)
A project done for sustainability lecture in Dublin Institute of technology for the course of Construction Management giving an introduction to Environmental Impact assessment.
A presentation delivered by Jason Bernier, CBCL Limited on March 6, 2017 at the Sea Water Air Conditioning in the Caribbean Workshop at the Caribbean Development Bank.
The document discusses environmental impact assessment (EIA), which is a process used to evaluate the environmental consequences of projects. It provides an introduction to EIA, outlines its evolution and key elements. These include goals of EIA, types of EIA, data used, methodology, benefits and drawbacks. The document also discusses EIA legislation and fields where EIA is applied, such as construction, industry, transportation and more.
The document discusses environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It defines EIAs as processes that identify, predict, and evaluate the physical, chemical, biological, social, and other impacts of proposed projects prior to major decisions. The document outlines the key stages of EIAs, including screening, scoping, preliminary assessments, mitigation, environmental management plans, public participation, and impact assessment methods. It emphasizes that EIAs are tools used to reduce negative environmental impacts and promote sustainable development.
The document provides an overview of environmental impact assessment (EIA). It defines EIA as assessing the effects of proposed projects on the environment. EIA identifies alternatives and aims to balance economic and environmental costs and benefits. It integrates environmental concerns early in project planning. EIA started as a mandatory regulatory process in the US in 1969 and is now required in over 100 countries. The key stages of EIA are screening, scoping, baseline data collection, impact analysis, mitigation planning, public hearings, decision making, and monitoring. EIA aims to be fair, provide credible information for decisions, and ensure sustainability.
This document discusses environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It defines EIAs as evaluations of the effects of major projects on the natural and human environment to assist decision-making. EIAs aim to prevent environmental degradation by providing information on industrial projects' environmental consequences. The document outlines how EIAs identify possible environmental effects, propose mitigation measures, and predict residual impacts. It notes EIAs were made mandatory for new projects in India in 1994 to require environmental clearance.
Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) is a process which ensures that all environmental matters are taken into account quite early in the project at planning process itself.It takes into consideration not only technical and economic considerations but also, traditional aspects like impact on local people, biodiversity etc.
This document outlines the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process. It defines EIA and environmental impact statement (EIS). It describes the purpose of EIA as ensuring comprehensive environmental assessments of projects likely to significantly impact the environment. It discusses the stages of EIA including screening projects, assessing existing environment, identifying impacts, and mitigating measures. It provides examples of projects requiring mandatory or discretionary EIA. Finally, it summarizes the roles and procedures of environmental health officers when reviewing submitted EIAs.
Environment impact Assessment (EIA) in Ugandakayondo alex
The document provides information about environmental impact assessments (EIAs) in Uganda. It defines key terms related to EIAs and describes the EIA process and requirements in Uganda. The EIA process involves 8 main steps: 1) screening, 2) scoping, 3) impact analysis, 4) impact mitigation, 5) reporting, 6) review, 7) decision making, and 8) monitoring. The document lists various projects that typically require an EIA in Uganda, such as urban development, transportation, mining, forestry, and waste disposal projects. It also outlines some projects that may be exempted from an EIA.
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) evaluates the environmental impacts of major projects that significantly affect the environment. The purpose of EIA is to promote sustainable development by identifying mitigation measures, ensuring environmental consequences are considered in planning and decision making, and influencing project management. EIA emerged in response to increased environmental awareness and involves screening projects, scoping critical issues, predicting and mitigating impacts, managing and monitoring effects, and auditing the EIA process.
The document discusses the basic concepts of environmental impact assessment (EIA). It begins by defining EIA as a formal process for identifying potential environmental and health effects of projects and activities, and for developing mitigation measures. The document then provides a brief history of EIA, noting it was first introduced in the US in 1969 and became law in 1971. It discusses how EIA has been implemented in India since the 1970s. The document outlines the typical EIA process, which involves screening projects, conducting preliminary assessments or full studies, identifying impacts and alternatives, and producing environmental impact statements. It emphasizes understanding the proposed activity and identifying the most significant impacts.
On the Contingency and Necessity of Social Career Choice from the Perspective...inventionjournals
This article discusses social career choice on the perspective of development of mathematical history. Although various causes contribute to the career choice, there exist its chance and inevitability. However, as long as you choose it, you should pay the effort to get a good result. This paper provides college students with good employment guidance.
Cronic Energy Deficiency And Body Mass Index of Bhotia Tribal Children of Gar...inventionjournals
This document presents findings from a study on the body mass index (BMI) of Bhotia tribal children in the Garhwal Himalaya region of India. The study involved measuring the height, weight, and calculating the BMI of 643 Bhotia children aged 6-18 years. The results showed that 13.02% of girls and 6.84% of boys had grade 1 chronic energy deficiency, while a small number of boys (0.29%) also had grade 2 or 3 deficiency. Most children had a normal BMI, with 88.69% of boys and 75.24% of girls in the normal range. A higher percentage of girls (11.72%) than boys (3.86%) were
The Relation Between Exports of Main Products And Economic Growth of Key Econ...inventionjournals
This paper clarifies the literature of key product export growth and regional economic growth. The paper analyses impacts of key product export on regional economic growth and vice versa. The paper provides recent empirical evidence of the relation. Besides an evaluation of the recent relation between export growth and economic growth in Viet Nam, the paper assesses the relation between key product export and economic growth during 1996-2012 period based on quantitative and qualitative approaches. With constructed models, the paper examines the relation between key product export and economic growth and concludes that it is positive. The research findings show that key product export in every economic region contributes positively to regional economic growth although it varies in different regions. Based on existing literature and empirical analysis, the paper provides a number of strategies to improve key product export contribution to key economic regions in the most effective manner and vice versa. The paper creates a fundament for researchers and policy makers both regionally and nationally in order for developing effective orientations, policies and measures for promoting export and sustainable eoconomic development.
The Interconnection between Individually Guided Professional Development Acti...inventionjournals
The document summarizes a study that examines the relationship between individually-guided professional development activities and teacher autonomy. It finds that while teachers do not see themselves as autonomous in their professional development, they believe there is a strong connection between individual activities and developing autonomy. The study collected data through questionnaires and interviews with 60 English teachers in Turkey. It found that teachers are aware of their professional needs and engage in some individual activities like attending summer schools. However, they are less inclined to collaborative or research-based activities. Overall, teachers prefer internally-oriented learning like self-evaluation over externally-oriented activities.
Today we know that the propensity to crime and violence is not only the effect of morphological, psychological and social factors, as believed Lombroso, Garofalo and Ferri, influential members of the Positive School in Italy. The tendency to crime is the product of many components, also biological and genetic roots. To say this thing is Adrian Raine, an eminent psychiatrist and criminologist English, who seeks to recover and reinterpret Lombroso, but especially opens a whole new frontier: the neurocriminology. The idea was to try the basics of anti-social behavior in the folds of the brain, using neuroscience and high tech, until you get to predict the propensity to crime, crossing genetic parameters, biological, but also social. We are currently faced, therefore, with a dilemma that is not easy to solve. It is impossible to think that man’s actions are completely dominated by the fatality of destiny ˗ and that, therefore, the offender is an irresponsible ˗ but it is no longer possible refer to the good old concept of “free will” and believe that he is a “subject” in a strong sense, completely free to choose between good and evil. The presence in the courts of neuroscientists and the individualization of punitive sanctions: these are now the most urgent problems that arise in the field of criminal law.
Evaluation of the relationship between social capital and quality of life of ...inventionjournals
According to studies conducted on female-headed households, women living in such households are very vulnerable and may face a lot of difficulties and obstacles both at the individual and macro level. As female heads of households do not have social capital, they are faced with many challenges and barriers; for instance, they commit crimes, make diversion and disruption in parenting responsibilities, face material and cultural poverty in the community, and ultimately encounter a reduction in their quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between social capital and quality of life of female heads of households in Yasouj. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 female heads of households in Yasouj and it lasted for six months. Data collection tools included the followings: a demographic questionnaire, the Persian version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) questionnaire, and the World Bank questionnaire of social capital (SC-IQ). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software and descriptive analytical statistics. The findings of this study showed that quality of life and social capital of female heads of households were completely interdependent and had a positive impact on each other. Based on the results, the quality of life of female heads of households in Yasouj was lower than the quality of life of general population in Yasouj. On the other hand, this group of women had a relatively low level of social capital. As a result, authorities must pay special attention to the problems of this group and design long-term plans and perform community-based researches in order to improve their quality of life and make fundamental changes to increase the social capital of this vulnerable group of women.
The Effectiveness of Project – Based Learning (Egg Drop Project) Towards Stud...inventionjournals
The purpose of this research was to seek the effectiveness of Project – Based Learning (PBL) (i.e., egg drop project) towards students’ real world connection in learning physics. This research was conducted in Tuaran (Urban) and Kota Marudu (Rural) in Malaysia. A total of thirty- eight(38) form four students (i.e., 17 male and 21 female students) were used in the study. Data used in the study were collected using the Colorado Learning Attitude about Science Survey (CLASS) – real world connection Category. Respondents were required to response to the survey instrument based on a five point Likert scale before (presurvey) and after (post-survey) in the implementation of PBL. Data collected were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science Version 20.0 for windows (SPSS) to compare the students’ pre-survey and postsurvey responses. Wilcoxon signed ranks test results showed that real world connection of overall students for both schools in total, gender (i.e., male and female) andlocation(i.e., urban and rural) have positive significant difference in median values.In addition the second analysis which is the paired samples-t-test results showed that overall students for both schools in total, gender (i.e., male and female)and location (i.e., urban and rural) have positive significant difference in mean values as well. Therefore study revealed that through PBL-egg drop project, students could relate physics concepts; momentum, impulse and impulsive force into real life situations, engaged students’ real world connection in learning physics and changed students’ perception towards physics
One of the important routes providing the transportation between the Hellespont and the Kapıdağ Peninsula in the Byzantine period followed the Scamander and Aisepos Valleys. These valleys constitute one of the areas we study to determine the military geography and defensive structures of the Hellespont and its vicinity in the Byzantine period. In this manuscript, it was aimed to evaluate the archaeological data we detected at Asarkale on the upper Aisepos Valley. It was predicted that the data to be obtained with this evaluation would first of all contribute to the settlement of the problems of dating the structure. Asartepe is approximately 310 m in length in the north-east - south-west direction. The highest altitude of the hill is measured as around 798 m. First of all, a plan of the castle was drawn up by following the walls of the castle in our study. The castle displays a long and narrow plan in the north-east - south-west direction, in agreement with the topography of the hill. The defensive wall covering the north-west of the hill approximately extends from the altitude of 783 m to the altitude of 795 m in the north-east - south-west direction.
Society and Environment in Ancient India (Study of Hydrology)inventionjournals
This document discusses the advanced hydraulic engineering techniques used in ancient Indian civilizations like the Indus Valley Civilization, Vedic period, and various dynasties across North and South India. It describes various water conservation and management structures like reservoirs, dams, canals, wells and drainage systems developed during these periods to store rainwater and support agriculture. Key examples highlighted include the Great Bath structures in Harappan cities, extensive reservoir networks in Dholavira, irrigation works constructed during the Mauryan empire, and large artificial lakes and tank systems developed in regions like Kashmir, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and the Deccan plateau.
Effectiveness of New Media as a Tool of Edu-Entertainment among School Childreninventionjournals
In this era of technological revolution and changing patterns of family life, children’s favorite pastime has gone beyond outdoor activities or reading bed time stories. Like any other age group, media and children are dependent mutually for their existence. While a majority of children are found watching Television, surfing internet, playing video games on smart phones or on computer, or watching their favorite cartoon/videos online media, we also have children being seriously considered as their prospective customers. We have an influx of Kids channels on Television, comics, VCD’s/DVD’s and New Media in its various manifestations are available in abundance. Childhood also refers to education and children spend a quality time in schools. Thanks to the concept of globalization, technological revolution has made their presence in many international schools that have mushroomed in many big cities. New Media which has found its niche in all fields has not spared education field also. Bangalore being an IT hub hosts innumerable types of educational franchise catering to the needs of customers. One of the most defining factors as observed in these schools is their extensive usage of new media tools as part of their system. In these schools the children are not only being exposed to new media as an educative medium but also for entertainment purposes, thus providing an impetus for better learning and understanding
Citizen Satisfaction with Police: A Pillar of Law Enforcement Governanceinventionjournals
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This is a ppt of Environmental Impact Assessment. This is help you to doing ppt on airport. You learn many thigs about airport. You learn about environment condition after and before condition, transportation system etc. You know about economy and finance.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is defined as the systematic identification and evaluation of the potential impacts of proposed projects, plans, or legislative actions on the environment. The summary discusses the purpose of EIA to incorporate environmental considerations into decision making alongside technical and economic factors. It also defines key terms like environmental setting, environmental impact statement (EIS), and finding of no significant impact (FONSI) and explains the relationship between EIA, EIS and FONSI in the assessment process.
The document provides an overview of environmental impact assessments (EIA). It defines EIA and discusses its importance and key steps. Some main points:
- EIA is the process of evaluating potential environmental impacts of projects or actions. It aims to incorporate environmental factors into decision-making.
- Key steps include identifying the proposed action, examining environmental attributes, evaluating impacts using worksheets, summarizing impacts, reviewing alternatives, and analyzing findings.
- An environmental impact statement (EIS) or finding of no significant impact (FONSI) may be prepared depending on whether significant environmental impacts are found.
- The US National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 was influential in establishing EIAs as a decision-
Environment impact assessment in environment impact assessmentArunAngadi5
This document provides an overview of environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It defines EIA as a formal process used to identify and address the likely environmental effects of proposed activities or projects. The key points are:
- EIAs ensure potential environmental problems are identified early in project planning to allow for mitigation strategies.
- They examine impacts on physical, biological, and social aspects of the environment, as well as human health and welfare.
- The baseline or existing environmental conditions without the project are established to measure project impacts.
- EIAs have evolved over time to better integrate cumulative effects and sustainability considerations.
Environmental conservation is becoming increasingly important given the current scenario of booming industries in India. Businesses more than ever before, are expected to behave in a sustainable manner through improved environmental assessment and management. A sustainable business results in value creation for the company, its employees, customers, shareholders and the society as a whole. Therefore, before undertaking any project or major activity, it is important for you to undergo Environmental Impact Assessment.
The document defines environmental impact assessment (EIA) and discusses its history, purpose, and objectives. EIA evaluates the environmental impacts of major projects and helps decision-makers identify options to reduce harm. It emerged in the late 1960s/early 1970s in response to environmental crises and was codified in the US's 1969 National Environmental Policy Act. The objectives of EIA are to identify impacts, promote sustainable development through alternatives analysis and mitigation planning, and inform environmental decision-making.
The document discusses environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures in Rwanda. It outlines the key government body that oversees EIA, the Rwanda Environmental Management Authority (REMA), and describes the main stages of Rwanda's EIA process. The stages include screening projects, conducting environmental impact studies, decision making, and post-approval monitoring. The document also notes some challenges with EIA implementation in Rwanda, such as limited baseline data and staff, and proposes solutions like strategic environmental assessments to strengthen the system.
The document discusses environmental impact assessment (EIA), which is defined as systematically identifying and evaluating potential environmental impacts of proposed projects. An ideal EIA system applies to all projects with significant environmental effects, compares alternatives, and includes public participation and enforcement. The goals of EIA are to conserve resources, minimize waste, recover byproducts, efficiently use equipment, and enable sustainable development.
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Today EIA and environmental clearance are the only protectors of environment from the greeds of corporate
sector across globe. If applied with stringency it will usher us to an era where any advancement will be
apsolutely in tune with nature.This technical paper deals with the birth and growth of EIA in the world and in
India. It deals with the processes that are involved in carrying out EIA for a project and subsequently providing
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This document provides an overview of environmental impact assessments (EIAs) in India. It defines EIAs and outlines their history and process in India. Key points include: EIAs evaluate potential environmental impacts of projects and inform decision-making; they became mandatory in India in 1994 and have since been amended 12 times; the process involves proposal identification, screening, scoping, impact analysis, mitigation, review, and decision-making; drawbacks of India's system include incomplete EIA reports and a lack of expertise in assessment teams.
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The document provides an overview of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in India. It describes EIA as a study conducted before undertaking a project to ensure it will not harm the environment. The key stages of EIA are screening, scoping, impact assessment, mitigation, reporting, reviewing, decision making, and post-monitoring. EIA aims to identify, assess, minimize, and mitigate environmental impacts to promote sustainable development. The EIA notification process in India typically takes 210 days to complete.
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The document defines the environment and environmental impact assessment (EIA). It states that the environment includes physical, biological, social, cultural, and economic factors that surround organisms. An EIA is the process of identifying and assessing the potential impacts of a proposed project or action on the environment. The goals of an EIA include informing decisions, improving project design, promoting sustainability, and providing information to the public. The document also outlines the different components of the environment and reasons for conducting EIAs, such as preventing negative environmental and social consequences of past projects.
The document discusses conducting an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for a proposed express highway project between Kasargod and Trivandrum in Kerala, India. It addresses:
A) Identifying potential impacts during construction and operation, including impacts to air quality, noise levels, water quality, and land.
B) Predicting the impacts, such as increased dust and emissions during construction, and increased vehicular emissions during operation.
C) Evaluating impacts using the BEES (Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability) method.
D) Developing an Environmental Management Program to mitigate impacts and enhance environmental performance.
Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
In India any person who desires to undertake any new project or the expansion or modernization of any existing industry or project should submit a Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment report along with application to the secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), New Delhi. Basic types of EIA being practiced are given below.
Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (REIA)
Comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (CEIA)
Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (SEIA)
Sectoral Environment Impact Assessment
Regional Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment Notification in India
EIA is of comparatively recent origin in India and has become an integral part of Environmental Management by EIA notification of 1994 and its subsequent amendments by Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India. The notification specifies 30 categories of projects with potential risks to degrade the Environment.
Purposes of EIA
EIA is a process with several important purposes, which can be categorized as follows:
To facilitate decision-making For the decision-maker, for example the local authority, it provides a systematic examination of the environmental implications of a proposed action, and sometimes alternatives, before a decision is taken
To aid in the formation of development EIA can be of great benefit to them, since it can provide a framework for considering location and design issues and environmental issues in parallel. It can be an aid to the formulation of developmental actions, indicating areas where the project can be modified to minimize or eliminate altogether the adverse impacts on the environment.
To be an instrument for sustainable development The key characteristics of sustainable development include maintaining the overall quality of life, maintaining continuing access to natural resources and avoiding lasting environmental damage.
Principle of EIA
The Benefits of Environmental Assessment
Categorization of projects and activities
Environmental Clearance (EC)
The document provides an overview of environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It discusses that EIAs ensure environmental factors are considered early in project planning and considers impacts on local communities and biodiversity. The EIA process involves screening projects, conducting initial environmental examinations and scoping, performing the full EIA and oversight, decision making, monitoring, and evaluation. Projects requiring EIAs are those likely to significantly impact the environment due to their nature, size or location. EIAs identify direct and indirect environmental effects and are intended to prevent or minimize adverse impacts and enhance project quality.
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Environment Impact Assessment: Significance, Process And Problems
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 5||May. 2016 || PP.06-13
www.ijhssi.org 6 | P a g e
Environment Impact Assessment: Significance, Process And
Problems
Raghavendra D.V.1
Vijayachandra Reddy.S2
and Ravindra Chavan3
1&3. Ph.D.Scholar, Dept. of Agril. Economics, UAS Raichur-584101, Karanataka
2. SRF, Dept. of Agril. Economics, UAS Raichur-584101. Karanataka
ABSTRACT : India is the seventh largest country in the world by geographical area. The huge population
burden also brings with it a whole spectrum of social issues that have environmental implications. Any
developmental endeavour requires not only the analysis of the need of such a project, the monetary costs and
benefits involved but most important, it requires a consideration and detailed assessment of the effect of a
proposed development on the environment. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies are inevitably
undertaken to evaluate potential negative impacts as well as to formulate Environmental Management Plans to
overcome the identified impacts. This research review paper focus on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
significance, process and impact assessment problems. The environment impact assessment significance reveals
that, EIA should be made with the purpose for determining the current status of the environment and identifying
impact of critical activities on environmental parameters.The results also reveal that EIA process concentrate
on problems, conflicts and natural resource constraints which might affect the viability of a developmental
activities. It also predicts how the project could harm to people, their homeland and their livelihoods. The
results also state that, improper screening and unable to address the right issues are major drawback of the
impact assessment process, where everyone has to consider it for decision making process. Hence, The EIA is a
proven management tool used extensively by governments and NGO’s for project planning and approval. The
Government bodies should look into the EIA significance and provide guidelines and checklist for understating
an EIA for all the activities which deteriorate the environmental quality in general, to be more specific the
projects and location of mining, landfills etc.
KEYWORDS: Environmental Impact, Assessment, significance, Impact Process, Environmental Economics
I. Introduction
Environment Impact assessment (EIA) refers to the evaluation of the effects of a major project on man-
made natural environment. It is the basic tool for the sound assessment of development proposals. The
increasing scale, complexity, uncertainties and risks of the major developments have culminated in the use of
environment impact assessment; this outcome is element of public awareness of and activism against
environment effects of mega projects. In India many of the developmental projects till as recently as the 1980s
were implemented with very little or no environmental concerns. The environmental issues began receiving
attention when a national committee on environmental planning and coordination was set up under the 4th five
year plan (1969-1978). Till 1980, the subjects of environment and forests were the concern of the Dept of
Science and Technology and Ministry of Agriculture respectively.
The aim of an EIA is to ensure that potential impacts are identified and addressed at an early stage in
the projects planning and design. To achieve this aim, the assessment finding are communicated to all the
relevant groups who will make decisions about the proposed projects, the project developers and their investors
as well as regulators , planners and the politicians. Further, policy makers of an environmental impact
assessment, project planners and also engineers can shape the project so that its benefits can be achieved and
sustained without causing adverse impacts.
In recent years, major projects have encountered serious difficulties because insufficient account has
been taken of their relationship with the surrounding environment. Some projects have been found to be
unsustainable because of resource depletion. Others have been abandoned because of public opposition,
financially encumbered by unforeseen costs, held liable for damages to natural resources and even been the
cause of disastrous accidents. Given this experience, it is very risky to undertake finance, or approve a major
project without first taking in to account its environmental consequences and designing the project so as to
minimize adverse impacts.
2. Environment Impact Assessment: Significance
www.ijhssi.org 7 | P a g e
A major legislative measures for the purpose of environmental clearance was in 1994 when specific
notification was issued under section 3 and rule 5 of the environment protection Act , 1986 called the
“Environment impact Assessment Notification 1994”.The first step in seeking environmental clearance for a
development project is to determine what statutory legislations apply to the particular project. Environmental
clearance for development projects can be obtained either at the state level or at the central level depending on
certain criteria concerning the characteristics of the project. However, for most projects the consent must first be
taken from the state pollution control board or pollution control committees in the case of union territories.
II. The Eia Process In India
The role for EIA was formally recognized at the earth summit held at Rio conference in 1992. Principle 17 of
the Rio declaration states that –
“EIA as a national instrument shall be undertaken for the proposed activities that are likely to have
significant adverse impact on the environment and are subject to a decision of a competent national authority”.
In India many of the developmental projects till as recently as the 1980s were implemented with very
little or no environmental concerns. The environmental issues began receiving attention when a national
committee on environmental planning and coordination was set up under the 4th five year plan (1969-1978). Till
1980, the subjects of environment and forests were the concern of the Dept of Science and Technology and
Ministry of Agriculture respectively.
Later, the issues were formally attended by the Department of Environment which was established in
1980. This was then upgraded to the Ministry of Environment & Forest in 1985. In 1980, clearance of large
projects from the environmental angle became an administrative requirement to the extent that the planning
commission and the central investment board sought proof of such clearance before according financial
sanction. Five year later, the Department of Environment and Forests, Government of India, issued guidelines
for Environmental Assessment of river valley projects. These guidelines require various studies such as impacts
on forests and wild life in the submergence zone, water logging potential, upstream and downstream aquatic
ecosystems and fisheries, water related diseases, climatic changes and seismicity.
A major legislative measures for the purpose of environmental clearance was in 1994 when specific
notification was issued under section 3 and rule 5 of the environment protection Act , 1986 called the
“Environment impact Assessment Notification 1994”. The first step in seeking environmental clearance for a
development project is to determine what statutory legislations apply to the particular project. The MOEF has
brought out several notifications restricting the development of industries in specified ecologically sensitive
areas. In addition there are also draft rules framed for the setting up of industries.
Environmental clearance for development projects can be obtained either at the state level or at the
central level depending on certain criteria concerning the characteristics of the project. However (regardless of
where the final environmental clearance is obtained from), for most projects the consent must first be taken from
the state pollution control board or pollution control committees in the case of union territories.
Objectives of the Study:
1. To study the significance of Environment Impact Assessment.
2. To know the process of Environment Impact assessment (EIA) and
3. To study the Problems arising during the Environment Impact assessment.
III. Results and Discussion:
Significance of Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)
The importance of EIA is a means to a larger end-the protection and improvement of environment
quality. EIA is a interdisciplinary approach, it is an integral part of project planning and not just an appendage.
EIA does not make decisions but its findings should be considered in policy and decision making. The EIA
findings will all help in identifying major environmental and natural resources as well as issues that need
specific attention along with the action plan and as description of the proposed development project. Thus EIA
tells us the decision makers all they need to know about the project, its impact and what can be done about the
impacts. The decision maker‟s decision depends on others needs and realities and on people‟s perception. The
decision makers then arrange for review of the EIA report or take action directly based on the EIA report.
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EIA PROCESS:
However not all development projects require a detail EIA, it is required for those where a detailed EIA
is not warranted, the resources may be utilized elsewhere. There are two „tiers‟ of assessment which should be
applied to the project before proceeding with a full scale EIA, Screening and preliminary assessment. Where
these first tiers of assessment are a regulatory requirement, the developer normally does the work and submits
the results to the regulatory agency. The agency may then decide that either there is nothing to be concerned
about or the evaluation should proceed to the next tier. Hence the project is at conceptual level, screening is
done to clear a project, comparing it with similar projects in the past. If screening does not automatically clear a
project, a preliminary assessment is done to assist project planning, which identifies the impact and predicts the
magnitude of impacts and evaluates their importance to decision makers and helps to clear the project of a full
EIA.
The most important step in the process of obtaining environmental clearance under the EIA notification
is for the project proponent to conduct an environmental impact assessment of the project. For this purpose the
project proponent engages an environmental consultant to prepare an EIA report. The EIA report must be
prepared by incorporation of data during all the four seasons of the year. Such an EIA is termed a
“comprehensive EIA”. However, there is provision for a single season collection of data, but this should not be
done during the monsoon season. Such an EIA reports is termed a “Rapid EIA”. There are two tiers of
assessment which should be applied to the project before proceeding with a full scale EIA –Screening and
Preliminary Assessment. Wherever these first tiers of assessment are a regulatory requirement, the developer
normally does the work and submits the results to the regulatory agency. The agency may then decide whether
there is anything to be concerned about or whether the evaluation should proceed to the next tier.
IV. Before Starting The Eia
SCREENING: The screening is the first and simplest tier in project evaluation. Screening helps to clear those
types of projects, which from past experience are not likely to cause significant environmental problems. The
activity may take one of the following several forms:
1- Measurements using simple criteria such as size or location.
2- Comparing the proposal with list of projects rarely needing an EIA (e.g. schools) or definitely needing one
(e.g. coal mines).
3- Estimating general impacts (e.g. increased in infrastructure needed) and comparing these impacts against set
thresholds.
4- Doing complex analyses, but using readily available data.
Draw back in the Indian system:
Even though some of the industrial set ups do not require EIA as per the statutory norms, they might
involve certain technological processes which could be harmful to the environment, as a result of which such
enlisted industries could have potential impacts on the environment and on public health.
Exempting industries from the EIA requirements based on the investment value of specific projects is
not acceptable. There are no specific studies conducted till now which demonstrate that environmental impacts
are always inconsequential for projects under a given value. It is a well established fact that the small scale
industries are contributing more pollution with respect to the major industry.
V. Preliminary assessment:
If screening does not clear a project, the developer may be required to undertake a preliminary
Assessment. This involves sufficient research, review of available data and expert advice in order to identify the
key impacts of the project on the local environment, predict the extent of the impacts and briefly evaluate their
importance to decision makers. The preliminary assessment can be used to assist early project planning (for
instance, to narrow the discussion of possible sites) and it can serve as an early warning to the serious
environmental problems that the project may cause. It is in the developer‟s interest to do a preliminary
assessment since, in practice, this step can clear projects of the need for a full EIA.
FORMATION OF AN EIA TEAM:
If after reviewing a preliminary assessment the competent authority deems that a full EIA is needed, the next
step for the project developer is the preparation of the EIA report. This entails
1- Commissioning and briefing an independent co-coordinator and expert study team.
2- Identifying the key decision makers who will plan, finance, permit and control the proposed project, so as to
characterize the audience for the EIA.
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3- Researching laws and regulations that will affect these decisions.
4- Making contact with each of various decision makers.
5- Determining how and when the EIAs finding will be communicated.
Draw back in the Indian system:
It is being found that the team formed for conducting EIA studies is lacking the expertise in various fields such
as Anthropologists and Social Scientists (to study the social impact of the project) or even wild life experts.
SCOPING:
The first task of the EIA study team is scoping the EIA. The aim of scoping is to ensure that
the study address all the issues of importance to the decision makers. First of all the team‟s outlook is
broadened by the discussions (with the project proponents , decision makers, the regulatory agency,
scientific institutions , local community representative and others) to include all the possible issues
and concerns raises by various groups. Then the study team selects primary impacts for the EIA to
focus upon depending on the basis of magnitude, geographical extent, significance to decision makers
or because the area is special locally (e.g. soil erosion, the presence of an endangered species or
nearby historical sites) or is an eco-sensitive area.
Draw back in the Indian system:
1- There is a lack of exhaustive ecological and socio-economic indicators for impact assessment.
2- Public comments are not taken into account at the early stage, which often leads to conflict at the later stage
of project clearance.
MAIN EIA: After “scoping” the main EIA begins. The EIA attempts to answer five questions basically:
1- What will happen as a result of the project?
2- What will be the extent of the changes?
3- Do the changes matter?
4- What can be done about them?
5- How can decision makers be informed of what needs to be done?
The EIA becomes a cyclic process of asking and further asking the first four questions until decision makers can
be offered workable solutions.
IDENTIFICATION:
Identification means the answer to the first question, i.e. “what will happen as result of the project?” If
a preliminary assessment has been done it will have broadly reviewed the projects effect, also scoping will have
focused the study on the most important issues for decision makers. Taking these findings in to account the full
EIA study now formally identifies those impacts which should be assessed in detail. This identification phase of
the study may use these or other methods.
1- Compile a list of key impacts (e.g. changes in air quality, noise levels, wild life habitats, species diversity,
landscape views, social and cultural systems, settlement patterns and employment levels from other EIA s for
similar projects)
2- Name all the projects sources of impacts (e.g. smoke emissions, water consumption, construction jobs) using
checklists of questionnaires, then list possible receptors in the environment (e.g. crops, communities using same
water for drinking, migrant of labour) by surveying the existing environment and consulting with interested
parties.
3- Identify impacts themselves through the use of checklist, matrices, networks, overlays, models and
simulations.
Draw back in the Indian system:
1- There is always a lack of reliable data sources.
2- The secondary data is also not reliable.
3- The data collectors do not pay respect to the indigenous knowledge of local people.
4- The credibility of the primary data collected by the data collectors is doubtful.
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PREDICTION:
The next step called predictions answers the EIA‟s second question: “what will be the extent of the
changes”. As far as is practicable, prediction scientifically characterizes the impacts causes and effects and its
secondary and synergetic consequences for the environment and the local community. Prediction follows an
impact within a single environmental parameter (e.g. toxic liquid effluents) in to its subsequent effects in many
disciplines (e.g. reduced water quality, adverse impacts on fisheries, economic effects on fishing villages, and
resulting socio-cultural changes). Prediction draws on physical, biological, socioeconomic and anthropological
data techniques .In quantifying impacts, it may employ mathematical models, physical models, socio cultural
models, economic models, experiments or expert judgments.
All prediction techniques by their nature involve some degree of uncertainty. So along with each attempt to
quantify an impact, the study team should also quantify the predictions uncertainty in terms of probabilities or
margins of error.
Draw back in the Indian system:
1- The detail method used for the prediction and evaluation of the project is not mentioned in the
report. Limited explanations are given both to quantitative estimation of magnitude of impact and to the
assumptions and judgments used in the evaluation of impacts.
2- The limited coverage of scoping is confined mainly to direct impacts.
EVALUATION:
The third question addressed by the EIA – do the changes matter is answered in the next step. Evaluation is so
called because it evaluates the predicated adverse impacts to determine whether they are significant enough to
warrant mitigation. Thus judgment of significance can be based on one or more of the followings.
1- Comparison with laws, regulations or accepted standards.
2- Consultation with the relevant decision makers.
3- Reference to pre set criteria such as protected sites features of species.
4- Acceptability to the local community or the general public.
MITIGATION:
In this phase the study team formally analyses mitigation. A wide range of measures are proposed to prevent,
reduce, remedy or compensate for each of the adverse impacts evaluated as significant. Possible mitigation
measures include:
1- Changing project sites, routes, processes, raw materials, operating methods, disposal methods,
disposal routes or locations, timing or engineering designs.
2- Introducing pollution controls, waste treatment monitoring, phased implementation, landscaping, personal
training, special social services or public education.
3- Offering (as compensation) restoration of damaged resources, money to affected persons ,
concessions on other issues, or off site programmes to enhance some other aspects of the environment or quality
of life for the community.
All mitigation measures cost something and this cost must be quantified too. These various measures are then
compared, trade-offs between alternative measures are weighed, and the EIA study team proposes one or more
action plans, usually combining a number of measures. The action plan may include technical control measures,
an integrated management scheme (for a major project) monitoring, contingency plans, operating practices,
project scheduling, or even joint management (with affected groups). The study team should explicitly analyze
the implications of adopting different alternatives, to help make the choices clearer for the decision makers.
Several analytical techniques are available for this purpose as given below:
1- Cost benefit analysis in which all quantifiable factors are converted to monetary values , and
actions are assessed for their effect on project costs and benefits
2- Explaining what course of action would follow from various broad „value judgments‟(e.g. that
social impacts are more important than resources)
3- A simple matrix of environmental parameters versus mitigation measures, contain brief
description of the effects of each measure.
Draw back in the Indian system:
1- Details regarding the effectiveness and implementation of mitigation measures are often not
provided.
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2- Often, and more so for strategic industries such as nuclear energy projected, the EMP s are kept confidential
for political and administrative reasons
3- Emergency preparedness plans are not discussed in sufficient details and the information not
disseminated to the communities.
CITATIONS:
The last step in the EIA process, which answers the question – how decision makers be informed of
what needs to be done? In documenting an EIA, this means identifying the key decisions makers, perceiving the
question they will be asking and providing them with straight forward answers formatted for easy interpretation
in relation to their decision making (e.g. tables, graphs, summary, points). Successful EIA documentation is
more readily produced if the audience and their needs are established at the start of the EIA, and then made to
affect how the research is focused and reported. It is the job of the study team‟s communications expert to make
this happen. An EIA report should contains:
1- An executive summary of the EIA findings.
2- A description of the proposed development projects.
3- The major environmental and natural resource issues that needed clarification and elaboration.
4- The projects impacts on the environment (in comparison with a base line were identified and
predicated.).
5- A discussion of options for mitigating adverse impacts and for shaping the project to suit its
proposed environment, and an analysis of the trade offs involved in choosing between alternative
actions.
6- An over view of gaps or uncertainties in the information.
7- A summary of the EIA for the general public.
Once the EIA reports has been completed, the project proponent needs to submit 20 copies of the
copy of executive summary of the proposed proposal containing the salient features of the project, the form XII
prescribed under water rules, 1975, form I prescribed under Air rules,1983 and other information or documents
to the SPCB for getting the non clearance certificate(NOC). On receiving the required documents from the
project proponents it is the responsibility of the SPCB to conduct the public hearing. After completion of the
public hearing the project proponents has to submit to the secretary of MOEF for the environmental clearance.
Draw back in the Indian system:
One of the biggest concerns with the environmental clearance process is related to the quality of EIA
report that are being carried out. The reports are generally incomplete and provided with false data. EIA reports
ignore several aspects while carrying out assessments and significant information is found to omitted. Many
EIA report are based on single season data and are not adequate to determine whether environmental clearance
should be granted. All this makes the entire exercise contrary to its very intent.
As things stand today, it is the responsibility of the project proponent to commission the preparation of
the EIA for its project. The EIA is actually funded by an agency or individual whose primary interest is to
procure clearance for the project proposed. There is little chance that the final assessment presented is un biased,
even if the consultant may provide an unbiased assessment that is critical of the proposed project. Sometimes it
is found that a consultancy which is working in the project area has no specialization in the concerned subject.
For example for the preparation of EIA report of the proposed oil exploration in coast of Orissa by the
reliance group has been given to the life science Dept of Berhampur university which has no expertise on the
study of turtles and its life cycle. The EIA document in itself is so bulky and technical, which makes it very
difficult to decipher so as to aid in the decision making process. There are so many cases of fraudulent EIA
studies where erroneous data has been used, same facts used for two totally different places etc. This is due to
the lack of a centralized baseline data bank, where such data can be crosschecked. There is no accreditation of
EIA consultants, therefore any such consultant with a track record of fraudulent cases cannot be held liable for
discrepancies. It is hard to imagine any consultant after being paid lakh of rupees, preparing a report for the
project proponents, indicating that the project is not viable. In nearly every case, the consultants try to interpret
and tailor the information looking for ways and means to provide their clients with a report that gives them their
money worth.
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Impose restriction developmental activities to evade detrimental effect on the environment:
The program of EIA, in vogue in the Ministry for the last two decades was initiated with the appraisal
of River Valley Projects. The scope of appraisal was subsequently enlarged to cover other sectors like
industrial projects, thermal power plants, mining schemes and infrastructure projects. To give
legislative status to the procedure of impact assessment, EIA was made mandatory since January 1994
for thirty categories of development activities.
The Ecologically Sensitive areas are notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The main
objective of these notifications is to impose restriction on the industries, operations, process and other
developmental activities in the region that have detrimental effect on the environment, to provide for
restoration of denuded areas, management of catchment areas, watershed management etc., for a
planned development. It is also intended to ensure sustainable lively-hood for the local community and
stakeholders. A High Level Monitoring Committee is constituted to ensure compliance with the
notification and take action against any violations.
Problems in the Indian system:
APPLICABILITY OF THE EIA NOTIFICATION:
As it stands today, there are several projects with significant environmental impacts that are exempted from
the notification either because they are not listed in schedule1, or their investments are less than what is
provided for in the notification. Importantly, several projects located in zones covered by other notifications
such as CRZ notification are exempted from the provisions of the EIA notification. Other projects such as
defence-related road construction and railway projects are explicitly exempted from the EIA notification
altogether. The amendment in EIA notification, 1994 made on 4th July 2005 in gazette no.s.o.942(E) has
provision that any expansion or modernization project of item 1,2,3,19,20,- nuclear, river valley, ports and
harbours, thermal power plant and mining projects may obtain temporary working permission of max two years
till it gets environmental condition. Box no-4 shows the details of the 12 amendments that has been brought up
in last 11 years to dilute the EIA notification.
MONITORING, COMPLIANCE AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS.
Projects are granted clearances based on certain conditions, which the project authorities need to comply
with. These are both related to the construction phase and post construction phase of a project. For instance,
conditions may be imposed on muck disposal of effluent discharge to be confined to certain areas and within
specified limits. The regional offices of the MOEF are to monitor the compliance of these conditions and
prepare the reports. However the local population does not even know of these conditions and are not a part of
its monitoring. It is not known if project authorities reflect the true status of compliance in their reports to the
MOEF. Access to these compliance reports is only subject to public interest. The lack of access to compliance
reports has severe repercussions on the rights of people who were opposed to the project and for whose benefits
some conditions may have been laid out for the project to follow. While monitoring compliance with conditions
imposed for environmental clearance, it is found that pollution control boards have their own standards, whereas
the standards under the EPA, which the MOEF and the regional offices follow, are quite different. Another
problem in monitoring is the location of the regional offices and their large jurisdictions, which make it difficult
for them to discharge their functions effectively. While the increased threat to the environment is matched by
the enactment of an increasing amount of legislation, the responsibilities and capacities of the various agencies,
including the regional offices of the MOEF, to monitor compliance has not been appropriately defined and
strengthened.
CAPACITY BUILDING:
There is an urgent need to build capacities of government agencies, communities, NGOs and the judiciary
with regard to the implementation of the existing EIA notification. Even in the instances where the provisions
allow for peoples participation or monitoring, the lack of information and capacity are great hindrances in
implementation. For instances, the public hearing panel often has no clue on the scope of their role in
environmental clearance process. Judiciary, which is involved in the redressal , is comprised of judges who may
not be clued into the environmental issues and their interface with laws. No matter how good the provisions of
the law are, their implementation hinges on the capacities of official who are meant to do it.
REDRESSAL
The present redressal mechanism meant exclusively for the challenging environmental clearance is
extremely weak and limited in its scope. The National Environmental Appellate Authority has heard only 15
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cases in the last eight years. The process of seeking redressal from courts requires a fair amount of energy and
financial allocation. It is not possible for all those with grievances to take on legal battles against large and
powerful project proponents.
VI. Conclusion
The success of an EIA depends on the availability of resources which includes both financial and
physical resources. Technical guidelines for carrying various phases of EIA, especially screening, scoping,
prediction, evaluation and information about environment should be freely available. Keeping in view the
current developments in the field of the environmental impact assessment for prediction and analysis, the
Questionnaires for EIA should be updated and published for various sectors. Further, for facilitating preparation
of quality EIA reports, a Manual on EIA has to be prepared which is also useful to apprising agencies and
decision makers, both at Central and State levels. Ministry has initiated a number of activities to streamline the
appraisal process in terms of simplification of procedures, involvement of stakeholders through public hearing,
regular meetings of Expert Committees etc. This has resulted in expeditious decision on development projects.
Some amendments have been made in the EIA and Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notifications based on
consultations with all the stakeholders. Hence, The EIA is a proven management tool used extensively by
governments and NGO‟s for project planning and approval. The Government of India should also look into the
EIA significance and provide guidelines and checklist for understating an EIA for all the activities which
deteriorate the environmental quality in general and to be more specific the projects and location of harbor,
mining, landfills etc.
Reference
[1] Gurdeep Singh, 2008,” Environmental Impact Assessment of Mining Projects”, Proceedings of International Conference on
TREIA-2008 at Nagpur, Nov.23-25, 2008
[2] The Hindu Survey of the environment,2005,pg 91-97
[3] Dubey,S,Newnes,D,2003. Green democracy peoples participation in environmental decision making, environmental justice
initiative.
[4] Anjaneyulu,Y. Environment impact assessment methodologies, B .S. P.B.S publication, 2002
[5] Deshpande V.A.& Goyal, S.K. Environment impact evaluation in EIA studies: A new approach IJEP 18 (11): 824-829
[6] Muraleedharan, V. et.al. (1994). Evaluation of EIA procedures in India. Impact Assessment vol. 12, pp. 75-88.
[7] Karpagam R, 1991 “Environmental Economics” sterling publications, New Delhi.