Eia presentation

Biosphere, Function and Ecological
Niche
The global sum of all ecosystems
Where living organisms exist
Zone of Life on Earth
Biosphere
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Functions of Biosphere
Support living organisms
Evolution of organisms
Biotic
Factors
Abiotic
Factors
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Specific Biospheres
Biosphere 1:
The Planet
Earth
Biosphere 2: A
laboratory in
Arizona, USA
BIOS 3: A closed
ecosystem at the
institute of
Biophysics,
Siberia
Biosphere J:
Closed Ecology
Experiment
Facilities, Japan
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Ecological Niche
A particular position in an ecosystem occupied by a
species due to its particular characteristics and behavior
Ecological
Niche
Fundamental Realized
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Biotic Factors Ecosystem
Consumers
DecomposersProducers
Biotic Factors and Community Structure
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Producers Autotrophic/ Self Feeders
Photosynthesis
Chemosynthesis
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Consumers
Quaternary
Consumers: Apical
Carnivores
Tertiary Consumers:
Advanced Carnivores
Secondary Consumers: Basic
Carnivores
Primary Consumers: Herbivores
Heterotrophic/ Other Feeders
Omnivores
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Decomposers
Decomposers
Detrivores
Detritus
Feeders
Decomposers
Microorganisms
Fungi, Bacteria
,etc.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Community
Community
Microbial Plant Animal
A Group of several
species living together
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Community structure
Community
Structure
Ecological
Niche
Species
Abundance
and Diversity
Community
Dominance
The certain pattern
of a community
determined by
environmental
factors
Er.Prabhat Paudel

The Earth as a system: Bio-Geo-
Chemical cycles, Geo-Physical Factors
Complete biosphere
The Earth as a
system
Biotic
Cycles
Abiotic
Cycles
Earth
System
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Bio-Geo-Chemical Cycles
Geological
Atmosphere
Earth’s
Crust
Oceans, Lakes
and Rivers
Biological
Producers
Consumers
Decomposers
Circulation of chemicals through the biosphere
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Hydrological Cycle The process in which
solidified or liquefied
water is changed into
vaporous state and
circulated through
the biosphere
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Gaseous cycles
Carbon
Cycle
Nitrogen
Cycle
Oxygen
Cycle
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Carbon Cycle
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Nitrogen Cycle
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Oxygen Cycle
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Sedimentary Cycles
Phosphorus cycle
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Geophysical Factors
Non-living Factors
Soil
Topography
Rocks &
Minerals
Water
Bodies
Atmosphere
Solar
Radiation
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Law of Conservation
of Matter Matter can neither be
created,
nor be destroyed
So, no energy is wasted
in the Universe
Law of Conservation of Matter, Trophic
Structure and Ecological Pyramid
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Trophic
Structure
Greek word
‘Trophe’
Means feeding
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Ecological Pyramid
Graphical representation of Trophic structure
Pyramid of Number
Pyramid of Biomass
Pyramid of Energy
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Pyramid of Number
Pyramid of number in Grassland
ecosystem
In the case of parasitesEr.Prabhat Paudel

Pyramid of Biomass
Pyramid of Biomass in Grassland ecosystemEr.Prabhat Paudel

Pyramid of Energy
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Transfer of Energy between Trophic Levels
Process of Assimilation (consuming)
Inefficiency in transfer of biomass
due to
Incomplete assimilation and loss of
biomass in respiration
Transfer of Energy between Trophic
levels, Ecosystem Energetic
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Ecological Energetic
The quantitative study of the flow of energy
through ecological systems
Ecosystem Laws = Principles of Ecological Energetic
Pseudo-scientific study
(not totally scientific)
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Environmental planning as different from
other planning: social and economic
 Planning is the action/process of making preparations
beforehand.
 Planning in organizations in public policy is both the
organizational process of creating and maintaining
plan
 Psychological process of thinking about the activities
 Plan should be realistic view of expectations
 Plan can be:
a)long range b)intermediate range c)short range
 Planning helping to avoid mistakes or recognize
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Environmental planning
 Environmental Planning is the process of facilitating
decision making to carry out development providing a
holistic framework to achieve sustainable outcomes.
 The main elements of present day environment
planning are:
Social and economic development
Urban development
Natural resource management and integrated landuse
Infrastructure system
Governance frameworks
The environmental planning assessments
encompasses areas like landuse, transportation,
housing, pollution, wetland, habitat, natural
hazards, etc.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Economic Planning
 Economic planning refers to any directing of economic
activity done by the state to achieve specific goals.
 This is a mechanism for resource allocation and
decision making.
 Economic planning can be applied to production,
investment and distribution.
 An economy primarily based on central planning is a
planned economy.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Social Planning
 Social planning is a discipline of social engineering.
 Carried out by government or private sector.
 Social problems like poverty, population growth, lack
of awareness, girls trafficking, drug abuse, etc. are also
looked after in social planning.
 Women empowerment, inclusion of marginalized
groups and resource mobilization are also considered
during social planning.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

International Conventions,
obligations and local agenda 21
Prior to 1970s
 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA),1969,USA
introduce need for carrying out Environmental Assessment
(EA) before implementing major projects.
 Multilateral organization and funding agencies develop
and promote EA.
 Different types of conference, meetings seminars and
workshops made resolutions to promote EA as a tool as an
integral part of development.
 EA used to assist in shaping the developing project and
make it environment friendly with the notion that it
shouldn’t affect the development.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

The 1970s
 First environmental mega -conference was the United Nations
Conference on Human Environment held in Stockholm, Sweden from
5-16 June 1972.
milestone initiative to conserve environmental resources and to
improve the quality of human life.
Principle 2 states ‘the natural resource of earth, including air,
water, land, flora and fauna and specially representatives samples
of natural ecosystems must be safeguarded for the benefit of
present and future generations through careful planning or
management as appropriate.’
Principle 14 states ‘rational planning constitutes an essential tool
for reconciling any conflict between the needs of development and
the needs of protect improve the environment.
In 1978 The governing Council of the United Nations Environment
Program (UNEP-GC), as a part of ‘principles of conduct’ in the
field of environment for the guidance of states in the conservation
and harmonious utilization of natural resources shared by 2 or
more countries made specific reference on EA system.
Principle 4 states that ‘states should make environmental
assessment before engaging in any activity with respect to a shared
natural resource, which may create a risk of significantly affecting
the environment of another state(s) sharing that resource.
 1970’s decade focuses on raising awareness on the need for using EA
as a tool Er.Prabhat Paudel

The 1980’s
 The UNEP-GC recommended for the states for the assessment of
environmental consequence of weather modification.
 In 1980, World Conservation Union (IUCN), UNEP and
Worldwide fund for Nature (WWF) jointly produced the World
Conservation Strategy (WCS)
 WCS, under the heading of environmental planning and rational use
allocation, states that EA should be an integral part of planning of all
authorized actions.
 United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in 1982,
implemented the World Charter for Nature that emphasized the
conservation of organism and ecosystem.
 In 1983, UNGA established the World Commission on
Environment & Development (WCED), also known as
Brundtland Commission. It produced a report called ‘Our
Common Future’ in 1987 regarding sustainable development. It
helped to broaden and apply EIA in policies and programmes.
 In 1987, UNEP-GC adopted the goals and principles about EIA.
 In 1980s, EA arose as a powerful tool in policies, plans, programs,
projects and activities to avoid & minimize potential impacts.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

The 1990s
 In 1991, IUCN, UNEP and WWF published a document on
‘Caring for the Earth: A strategy for sustainable living’. It
helped to make EIA more environment friendly and
effective.
 In 1992, The United Nations held a conference on the
Environment and Development from 3-14 June in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, also called the Earth summit. Its 17th
principle states that “EIA, as a national instrument, shall be
undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have a
significant adverse impact on the environment and are
subject to a decision of a competent national authority.
 The Rio Earth Summit also adopted Agenda 21. Chapter 8
of Agenda 21 encourages to carry out EIA.
 In 1990s, many developing countries introduced this tool as
a legal requirement. Guidelines and manuals were
published for EA reports. Nepal also adopted this tool for
decision making process.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

The 2000s
 The UN Millennium Summit of 2002 adopted the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), also called
as the Johannesburg Plan; that are to be achieved by
2015. It focused on ensuring environmental
sustainability.
 The Johannesburg Plan directed the countries to
enhance environmental and social responsibility &
accountability, encourage relevant authorities at all
levels to focus on sustainable development during
decision making.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Legally binding instruments
 Due to the rise in environmental problems, the international
community established legally binding instruments to be followed
nationally and internationally.
 The Convention on EIA in a Transboundary context was adopted at
Espoo, Finland on 25th February 1991.
 This convention only had ‘regional’ application to only the members
of the Economic commission for Europe.
 The convention contained 20 articles highlighting environmental
management on a transboundary scale.
 The convention directed the parties to take necessary legal,
administrative and other measures at the national level and to form
a bilateral network between the parties.
 In May 1992, the convention on Biological Diversity was adopted in
Nairobi. The convention constructed a framework on the need for
carrying out EIA. Nepal also signed this convention.Er.Prabhat Paudel

Agenda 21
 Agenda 21 is an action plan of the UN related to
sustainable development, presented in the Rio Earth
Summit.
 It is a comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken
globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the
UN, governments and major groups in every area
where humans affect the environment.
 178 governments voted to adopt the program.
 The number 21 refers to an agenda for the 21st century,
it may also refer to the number of the UN’s agenda at
the summit.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Local Agenda 21
 Local Agenda 21 (LA21) is a local government led,
community wide and participatory effort to establish a
comprehensive action strategy for environmental
protection, economic prosperity and community
wellbeing in the local jurisdiction or area.
 This requires the integration of planning and action
across economic, social and environmental spheres,
key elements are full community participation,
assessment of current conditions, target setting for
achieving specific goals, monitoring and reporting.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Nepalese context
 In the early 1980s, the need for EA was realized in
development programs and projects.
 At the beginning, multilateral donor agencies
encouraged and provided fund for EAs.
 In the mid 1980s, EA was done using the ‘learning by
doing approach’ due to limited knowledge on the
subject.
 However, it contributed a lot to formulate
comprehensive policies and environmental laws with
greater focus on EA.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Policy and Legal Status: Policies
and guidelines of donor agencies
In the Planning Period
 Although proper planned development started in 1957, the importance of
environment conservation was included in policies from the 5th plan (1975-80).
 The 6th plan (1980-85) emphasized on integrating environmental aspect on
large scale development projects.
 Environmental Impact Study Project (EISP) was established in 1982, and it
started carrying out EAs of the completed projects to record adverse effects on
the environment.
 The 7th plan (1986-90) implemented a policy for carrying out EIA study in all
development programs to identify adverse impacts on the environment.
 The interim plan (1990-91) had a policy commitment for environmental and
natural balance.
 The 8th plan (1992-97) included programs for the formulation of EIA guidelines
for different sectors.
 The 9th plan (1997-2002) introduced policies to promote participatory EIA, and
to carry out EIA for biodiversity conservation.
 The 10th plan (2002-07) recognized the need for carrying out Strategic
Environmental Assessment (SEA) to any policy before adoption.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Policies and Strategies
 The Industrial Policy, 1992
 The Tourism Policy, 1995
 The National Solid Waste Management Policy, 1996
 The Hydropower Policy, 1992
 The Irrigation Policy, 1993
 The Public Infrastructure (Build, Operate and Transfer
Policy, 2000
 The National Wetland Policy, 2003
 The National Water Supply Sector Policy, 1998
 The National Conservation Strategy, 1988
 Environmental protection council (EPC), 1993
 The Agriculture Perspective Plan(APP),
 The Water Resource Strategy, 2002
 The Nepal Biodiversity Strategy, 2002
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Laws and Regulations
 The Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal, 1990 mention the
need for conserving the environment. The directive
principles states that, ‘The state shall give priority to the
protection of the environment of the country and also
prevent damage due to physical development activities by
making people conscious of the environmental cleanliness,
and by making special arrangement for protection of rare
species, forest and vegetation’. (Article 26.4)
 The state shall adopt a policy for attracting foreign
investment and technologies in order to promote national
development. (Article 26.12)
 Nepal enacted the Environment Protection Act (EPA) 1996
and The Environment Protection Rules (EPR)1997 which
makes the integration of IEE and EIA legally binding to the
prescribed projects.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Environment Protection Act,1996
 Proponent to prepare IEE/EIA report on the prescribed
proposals implementation of such proposal upon the
approval of EIA by concerned agency (sect oral ministry
and MOPE)
 The Act outlined the process for the submission to
prepare and submit the Scoping report, Terms of
Reference (TOR) and IEE/EIA report for approval and
include detail information on impacts and
environmental protection measures, including
implementation plan, monitoring and evaluation on
environmental auditing.
 Public consultation has been a prerequistic in all the
prescribed project.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Highlights of the Environment Protection Act,1996 and Its Rule
Section Major highlights
Section 3 Proponent carry out IEE/EIA of the prescribed Proposals
Section 4 No one should implement the proposals requiring IEE/EIA without approval
Section 5 The proponent should submit the IEE/EIA reports for approval by the
concerned agency
Section 6 The IEE report can be approved by the concerned agency but the EIA report
should be forwarded to MOPE, which approves the report after public notice
is over.
Section 17 If any person asks for compensation, the proponent is liable to compensate
for the loss/effect as prescribed
Section 18 If a proposal violates the rules, the prescribed authority can close it and can
fine up to 1 lakh rupees.
Section 19 A person not satisfied with the decision of prescribed authority can appeal to
an appellate court within 35 days
Section 23 The government may form necessary guidelines related to EIA
Section 24 The government may form necessary rules, including conduction of
IEE/EIA, standards, etc.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Rule Major Highlights
Rule 3 The proponent is required to prepare IEE/EIA report
Rule 4 Before preparing EIA report, the proponent should publish a 15 days public
notice to let the stakeholders submit their opinions and concerns. The
proponent should prepare & submit the Scoping report to the concerned
agency and forward it to MOPE for approval.
Rule 5 In case of IEE report, the proponent should prepare and submit the TOR and
get approval of it from concerned agency. In case of EIA report, the TOR should
also be forwarded to MOPE for approval.
Rule 6 If the approving agency of IEE report finds an EIA report more suitable, the
proponent should carry out the formalities of EIA process.
Rule 7 EIA and IEE reports should be prepared according to schedule 5 of the EPR
1997. For IEE, the proponent should notice concerned agencies; but in EIA, a
public hearing at the project site is also compulsory
Rule 10 The proponent should submit 15 copies of the IEE/EIA report with the
recommendation of VDC/Municipality to the concerned agency for approval
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Rule Major Highlights
Rule 11 The IEE report should be approved within 21 days of its
receipt and 10 copies of EIA report with suggestions should
be forwarded to MOPE within the same time. MOPE should
publish a public notice in the daily newspaper within 30 days
to offer written comments of stakeholders. MOPE can make a
suggestion committee which should approve the EIA report
within 60 days or within 90 days in case of special reason.
Rule 12 The proponent should implement EIA and other conditions
given during the approval process.
Rule 13 The concerned agency is responsible for environmental
monitoring and evaluation activities and also giving
necessary directions to proponents.
Rule 14 MOPE is responsible for preparing the environmental
auditing report after 2 years of commencement.
Rule 45-47 If an affected person is not satisfied with the compensation
provided by the proponent, s/he can file application to the
CDO and receive due compensation
Er.Prabhat Paudel

 MOPE has published an additional notice in Nepal
Gazette on 23rd August, 1999. Schedule 1 states that the
proposals over Rs. 10 million need to do IEE. Schedule
2 states that the proposals over Rs. 100 million need to
do EIA.
 The current system of EIA process is long and
complicated.
 Public consultation should be done at least 3 times in
the period of EIA. (Process of scoping, during field
study for EIA, EIA report approval process). But,
public hearing is required during the draft of EIA
report.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

EIA Provisions in other laws
 Forest Act 1993, provisions for carrying out EIA if a
development proposal concern forest areas.
 The National Parks & Wildlife Conservation Act 1973,
contains regulatory measures to minimize impacts on the
environment.
 The Water Resource Act and Rules 1993, call for the
proponent to carry out EIA before project implementation
and mitigate negative effects on the environmental.
 The Irrigation Rule 1989, prohibits activities that pollute
the canal or irrigation water.
 The Electricity Act and Rules, 1993 contain provisions to
minimize natural hazards caused by production and
transfer of electricity.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

 The Tourism Act, 1978 contains provisions to minimize
waste and environmental pollution in trekking and
tourism areas.
 The Mines & Minerals Rule, 2000 makes the
proponent to adopt environment conservation
measures and helps to identify potential
environmental impacts and implement mitigation
measures.
 Many other laws and acts like Explosive Material Act
2018, Road Act 2031, Road Board Act 2002, Land
Acquisition Act 2034, Land Acquisition Regulation Act
2026, Local Self-Governance Act 1999, Buffer Zone
Management regulation 1996, Himalayan National
Park Regulation Act 1979, etc. emphasize EIA
provisions.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Guidelines in EIA
 To implement the National Conservation Strategy (NCS) in 1990,
the government collaborated with IUCN to make national
guidelines for EIA to be approved and gazette in 1992 and 1993
respectively.
 These guidelines encouraged the proponent to carry out an EIA.
 The guidelines contain objectives, methods of screening
projects, scoping, impact identification and prediction, report
review, monitoring and evaluation and impact auditing.
 The guidelines also ensure public participation and the need of
impact mitigation measures.
 The government also implemented separate EIA guidelines in
sectors like forestry, industry, water resource, road, mining,
urban development, tourism, landfill site, agriculture, etc.
 The government also produced different manuals and
handbooks.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Introduction to EIA: Concept, definition and
relevancy
Concepts of EIA:
 Human development activities aimed at making life easier
and faster accelerated the unsustainable use of natural
resources and increased the level of pollution.
 Physical and biological components of the environment
were greatly affected.
 Till the late 1960s, even in developed countries, such
effects were overlooked.
The Hell’s Gate damage: Fraser River of Western Canada-
railroad built in early 20th century-blocked by rock fall in 1913
and by landslide in 1914-affected salmons and indigenous
people that depended on the salmons-fishes lifted and
rehabilitated physically-landslides occurred till 1940s and
financial loss-blockage of railroad-to counter, artificial fish
paths built-add-on solution became costly and ineffective-
realization.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Origin and Development
 The need for a tool for integration of environmental aspects in
development was first realized in the National Environmental Policy
Act (NEPA) in 1969 of the USA.
 NEPA was made effective in 1970 and introduced 3 terminologies:
environmental inventory, environmental assessment and
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).
 It also established the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) to
administer the provisions.
 In the 1970s, some highly developed countries like Canada and
Australia adopted environmental assessment as a regulatory procedure.
 In the 1980s, project level EA developed more and Japan and members
of the European Union also adopted it. This trend greatly increased
after the 1992 Earth Summit at Rio.
 Most countries emphasized IEE/EIA at project level but some
developed countries have also put the focus on Strategic
Environmental Assessment (SEA) for policies, plans and programs.
 In Nepal, EIA started in the 1980s. Environmental Impact Study Project
(EISP) was established in 1982 under the Ministry of Forest and Soil
Conservation. The government introduced National Environmental
Impact Assessment Guidelines (NEIAG) in 1993. Several guidelines are
present of different sectors at present. EIA was provisioned in different
development plans.Er.Prabhat Paudel

Definition
 Munn (1979) defined EA as a tool used to ‘identify and predict impact on the
environment and on man’s health and well being of legislative proposals,
policies, programs, projects and operational procedures & to interpret and
communicate about the impact.’
 The World Bank (1991) defined it as a tool to assist Task Masters in making
good decisions, to screen projects efficiently for their environmental impacts,
to clarify to governments what is needed for sustainable projects, and to design
them effectively.
 The Espoo Convention (1991) defined EIA as “a national procedure for
evaluating the likely impact of the proposed activity on the environment.”
 UNEP-GC states “EIA means an examination, analysis and assessment of
planned activities with a view to ensuring environmental and sustainable
development.”
 The Environment Protection Act, 1996 of Nepal defines IEE as “a report on
analytical study or evaluation to be prepared to ascertain as to whether
implementing a proposal, the proposal does have significant adverse impact on
environment or not, whether such impacts could be avoided or mitigated by
any means or not.”
 It defines EIA as “a report on detail study or evaluation to be prepared to
ascertain as to whether implementing a proposal, the proposal does have
significant adverse impact on environment or not, whether such impacts could
be avoided or mitigated by any means or not.”Er.Prabhat Paudel

Types of EAs
 IEE and EIA for project level.
 Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) for the proposals
of regional scale.
 Sectoral Environmental Assessment (SeEA) for the sectoral
level proposals.
 Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA) for the past, present and
future actions.
 Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) for policy, plan and
program.
 Social Impact Assessment (SIA) for in-depth analysis of the
social aspect.
Other than these, there are also new types of EAs like Biodiversity
Impact Assessment (BIA), Health Impact Assessment (HIA),
Conflict Impact Assessment (CIA), etc.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Misconceptions about EA
 EA delays the project.
 EA is too complex.
 EA does not produce results.
 EA rather stops development.
 We are poor to afford EA studies.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Relevancy
EIA is relevant in the present context due to the following
needs:
 To make development projects environmentally sustainable
in the long term.
 To reduce adverse environmental impacts.
 To identify environmental impacts of ecologically fragile
landscapes before development projects proceed.
 To assess the effects of development pressures on the
natural resources base as well as on the socio-cultural
aspect.
 To reduce the overall environmental and economic costs of
projects.
 To make better optimized project benefits.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

EIA and Project Cycle: concept,
development and integration
 Sustainable benefits may be obtained from socio-economic
development projects through the application of EA tools.
 It facilitates public participation in the project construction
and operation, and provides an effective mechanism for
coordination & negotiation on relevant issues.
 Practice of integrating EA in the project cycle could benefit
both the proponent and the environmental authority.
 It help the proponent to link IEE with the pre-feasibility
study and EIA with the feasibility study.
 This will help in integrating environmental monitoring,
regular or occasional, of the project activities.
 The additional input of the environmental auditing in the
project cycle will likely promote to best utilize EA outputs
in similar future projects.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Project Cycle
Pre
Feasibility
Feasibility
Construction
& Operation
Monitoring &
Evaluation
Project
Concept
Site Selection
Screening
Initial Scoping
Detailed Assessment
of impacts,
Identification of
Mitigation needs
Input to cost benefit
analysis
Implementation of
Mitigation
measures and
Environmental
Strategy
Monitoring &
Post-Auditing
Lessons for
Future Projects
Er.Prabhat Paudel

The relevant EIA activities for each stage in the project cycle
are:
 Project concept/identification: At the initial stage of the
project, quick environmental overview or preliminary EIA
can indicate the environmental implications of any
proposed alternatives.
 Pre-feasibility stage: It identifies issues and impacts for
investigation which is equivalent to scoping.
 Feasibility stage: EIA study is carried out.
 Project appraisal & decision: A decision on whether a
project is feasible or not is carried out.
 Implementation of the project: If the project is feasible,
EIA report will be used as guideline during this phase.
 Management of EIA study: Conducting an EIA report
that can be understood by all the related stakeholders.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Life Cycle Assessment
 A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a technique to assess
all impacts associated with the stages of a process from
cradle-to-grave (i.e. from raw materials through
materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use,
repair and maintenance and disposal/recycling).
 LCA can be achieved by compiling an inventory of
identified inputs and releases; evaluating the potential
impacts; and interpreting the results.
 There are 4 linked components of LCA: Goal
Definition & Scoping, Life cycle inventory, Impact
Analysis and Improvement analysis.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Goals and Purpose of LCA
 The goal of LCA is to compare the full range of
environmental & social damages assignable to products
and services.
 The term ‘life cycle’ refers to the notion that a fair, holistic
assessment requires the assessment of raw materials
production, manufacture, distribution, use and disposal
including all intervening transportation steps necessary or
caused by the product’s existence.
 Common categories of assessed damages are global
warming (greenhouse gases), acidification (soil & ocean),
smog, ozone layer depletion, eutrophication, eco-
toxicological & human-toxicological pollutants, habitat
destruction, desertification, land use as well as depletion of
minerals & fossil fuels.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Four main phases of LCA
1. Goal & Scope: In this phase, the LCA-practitioner
formulates and specifies the goal & scope of study in
relation to the intended applications.
2. Life Cycle Inventory: In this phase, data collection &
modeling of product system, as ell as description &
verification of data is done.
3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment: In this phase, the
contribution to impact categories like global
warming, acid rain, etc. is evaluated.
4. Interpretation: In this phase, analysis of the major
contributions, sensitivity analysis & uncertainty
analysis are carried out.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Cradle-to-Grave
Cradle-to-grave is the full LCA from manufacture
(cradle) to use phase & disposal phase (grave). For
example, trees produce paper, which can be recycled
into low energy production cellulose (fiberized paper)
insulation, then used as an energy saving device in the
ceiling of a home for 40 years, saving 2000 times the
fossil fuel energy used in its production. After 40 years of
cellulose fibers are replaced & the old fibers are disposed
of, possibly incinerated. All inputs & outputs are
considered for all the phases of the life cycle.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Life Cycle Assessment Process
Raw Material
Procurement:
#Product downsizing
#Extensive recycling
Manufacturing:
# Energy Conservation
#Conservation & recycling
of raw materials
# Measures to prevent
pollutionDistribution:
# Simplified packaging
# Efficient Distribution
# Use of low-pollution delivery
vehicles
Consumer Use:
# Products that
consume less power
# Reduced use of
auxiliary materials
Post Consumer Use:
# Products designed for easier
recycling
# Lower amounts of environmentally
harmful substances
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Environmental Quality: ISO 9000 series
 Environmental Quality is a set of properties of the
environment, as they invade on human beings and other
organizations.
 The concept of an Environmental Management System
(EMS) evolved in the early 90s and its origins can be traced
to the establishment of the World Commission on
Environment and Development (WCED), 1983.
 The British Standards Institution (BSI) group published the
world’s first quality standards, BS 5750 in 1979. It became a
template for the ISO 9000 series.
 The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
was formed in 1947, and published the ISO 9000 series of
standards in 1987.
 It deals with the fundamentals of quality management
systems and the requirements that the organizations
wishing to meet the standard must fulfill.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

ISO 14000 series
 ISO 14000 is a series of standards published by ISO in 1996,
influenced by the BS 7750, the world’s first EMS.
 It exists to help organizations minimize how their
processes negatively affect the environment, comply with
existing laws, regulations and other environmental
oriented requirements, and to continually improve in the
above.
 Certification of the standards is performed by qualified
third party organizations.
 Certification involves an evaluation of the company’s EMS,
including a comprehensive on-site audit, to determine
whether it meets the ISO 14001 requirements or not. If the
company is qualified to meet the standard, it is given a
certificate that generally lasts for 3 years.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

List of ISO 14000 series standards
 ISO 14001: Environmental management systems—Requirements with
guidance for use
 ISO 14004: Environmental management systems—General guidelines on
principles, systems and support techniques
 ISO 14006: Environmental management systems—Guidelines for
incorporating ecodesign
 ISO 14015: Environmental assessment of sites and organizations
 ISO 14020 series (14020 to 14025) Environmental labels and declarations
 ISO 14030 discusses post-production environmental assessment
 ISO 14031 Environmental performance evaluation—Guidelines
 ISO 14040 series (14040 to 14049), Life Cycle Assessment, LCA, discusses pre-
production planning and environment goal setting.
 ISO 14050 terms and definitions.
 ISO 14062 discusses making improvements to environmental impact goals.
 ISO 14063 Environmental communication—Guidelines and examples
 ISO 14064 Measuring, quantifying, and reducing Greenhouse Gas emissions.
 ISO 19011 which specifies one audit protocol for both 14000 and 9000 series
standards together.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Screening/Scoping and TOR preparation
 Screening is the first step of EA process and it assists in
determining whether or not a proposal requires an EA, and if
required, what level of EA should be carried out.
 Screening is necessary because it saves money, saves time,
establishes the need for the project, identifies issues of major
concern and decides whether an EA study needs to be done or
not.
 Screening process divides the project proposal into 3 categories:
projects clearly requiring an EIA, projects not requiring an EIA
and projects for which the need of application of EIA is not clear.
 The agencies responsible for the screening process are National
Planning Commission Secretariat, Line Ministries and
Departments, and Project Proponents.
 Screening should be conducted during the pre-feasibility stage
of a project.
Screening
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Project Screening Process
All Projects
Proposals
Screened
Project Exempt
From EIA
Project
Authorization
Project in which
the need for EIA
is not clear
Initial
Environmental
Examination
(IEE)
Project requiring
an EIA
EIA Required
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Screening Criteria
Threshold
Criteria
Size
Location
Output
Cost/Finance
Environmental Effects
Impact
Criteria
Significant but
easily identifiable
impacts
Significant impacts
Sensitive area
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Scoping (Chapter 2, Article 4 of EPR 1997)
 Scoping is to determine what should be the coverage or scope of the
EIA study for a project proposal identified as having potentially
significant environmental impacts.
 Scoping helps in developing and selecting alternatives to the
proposed action and in identifying the issues to be considered in an
EIA.
 It is also a procedure designed to establish the Terms of Reference
(TOR) for an EIA.
 The aims of scoping are to identify concerns and issues of an EIA,
ensure a relevant EIA, determine the assessment methods to be
used, identify all affected interests, provide an opportunity for
public involvement, facilitate early agreement on contentious
issues, save time and money, establish a TOR, etc.
 The agencies responsible for scoping are the proponent, sectoral
agencies of the government and relevant donor agencies. At the
community level, key local persons, leaders and special interest
groups.
 Scoping should be carried out at an early stage of project planning,
following completion of the screening process.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Methods of Scoping
Making a plan for
public involvement
Assembling
relevant
existing
information
Distribution of
information to affected
person
Identifying major
issues of public
concern
Evaluating the
significance of
issues
Establishing priorities
for EA
Developing a strategy
for addressing priority
issues
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Format of Scoping Document Executive Summary
 Table of Contents
 Acronyms
1. Introduction
• Background
• The proponent
• Project description(Salient features)
• Relevant policies, laws, standards, guidelines & manuals
• Objectives of the Study
• Project area delineation
• Alternative analysis
2. Scoping Methodology
• Literature Review
• Map Interpretation
• Public Notice
• Reconnaissance survey
• Issues Prioritization Methods
• Report Preparation
3. Existing Environmental Conditions and Likely Impacts
• Physical Environment
• Biological Environment
• Socio-Economic Environment
• Cultural Environment
• Potential Environmental ImpactsEr.Prabhat Paudel

1. Environmental Issues Identified and Raised
• Issues Identified
• Issues Raised
• Issues Discarded, if any
2. Issues Prioritized for EIA study
• Physical Issues
• Biological Issues
• Socio-Economic Issues
• Cultural Issues
• Management Issues
3. Work Schedule (Project Construction/Implementation, and
EA report preparation schedules
 References
 Annexes
1. Necessary Maps
2. Design standard, if applicable
3. Copy of a public notice and Muchulka
4. Stakeholdsrs’ issues and concerns
5. Composition of the study teams
6. List of Contact persons and Institutions
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Terms of Reference (TOR) (Chapter 2, Article 5 of EPR 1997)
 A TOR for an EIA study is usually prepared on the basis of
scoping results. It provides guidance to the proponent for
the preparation of EA report of the desired quality.
 It is necessary to list the activities to be performed,
systematize the working procedure, delineate the specific
activities, fit the study within the policy and legal context,
accomplish the work within the time frame, provide
technical guidance to the proponent, etc.
 EPR 1997 requires approval of TOR before carrying out
EAs; the format for IEE, of schedule 3 and for EIA, schedule
4 of the EPR 1997. The TOR for IEE should be submitted to
the concerned agency, and TOR for EIA should be
submitted to MOPE.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Format for TOR
1. Introduction
 Purpose of terms of reference
 Responsible parties for preparing EIA report
2. EIA guidelines
3. Background Information
 Description of general & specific background studies and reports
 Mentioning of relevant policy and legislation
 Discussion of relevance to local planning perspective
4. Specific EIA guidelines
5. Time Constraints
 Specification of time required for EIA and EIA tasks’ date
6. Budget
7. EIA Report Format (Section 6)
8. Other Relevant Information
9. Reference List
10. Annexes, Maps, Photographs, Figures, Tables, Charts,
Checklists, etc.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

EIA/IEE Report Format
 Cover Page with title and Name of the Proponent
 Executive Summary (English & Nepali)
 Table of Contents
 Acronyms
1. Project Description (Background, State of project development, project highlights
including salient features, objectives of EIA methodology, study are delineation, study
limitation)
2. Review (Review of Policy, Laws, Guidelines & Institutions)
3. Existing Environmental Conditions (Quantified baseline information on physical,
biological, socio-economic & cultural resources to the extent possible)
4. Alternative Analysis (With and without project, and multiple alternatives within the
projects)
5. Environmental Impacts & Protection Measures (Construction & Operational
Stages)
6. Environmental Monitoring & Auditing (Types, Parameters, Methods &
Schedules)
7. Environmental Management Plan (POSDCORB concept – for the implementation
of mitigation measures, monitoring & auditing – implementation planning,
organizational framework and staffing directives & coordination, reporting
requirement and estimated budget)
8. Conclusion & Recommendations
 References
 Appendices (Maps, Tables, Graphs, Drawing & Design standard if applicable,
Photographs, Checklists & Questionnaires, Public Hearing Issues, Recommendation
Letters)
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Environmental Sets – Data Collection and Interpretation
in Various Stages of Project Management
 Project Management is a carefully planned or organized
effort to accomplish a successful project.
 It includes developing a project plan, identifying tasks
and how goals will be achieved, quantifying the resources
needed & determining budgets and timelines.
 According to Harold Kerzner, “Project Management is the
planning, organizing, directing and controlling of
company resources to complete specific goals and
objectives.
Project Management
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Stages of Project Management
 The stages of project management are:
 Initial Stage
 Planning/Design Stage
 Execution/Production Stage
 Monitoring & Controlling Stage
 Completion Stage
 There are 4 phases of each project:
 Identification Phase
 Preparation & Analysis Phase
 Implementation Phase
 Evaluation Phase
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Data Collection
 A first hand authentic database is useful.
 Baseline Information is required for all types of EAs.
 Baseline refers to collection of physical, biological, socio-economic and
cultural information. These are the major environmental parameters.
 EAs mostly depend upon the secondary level information.
Data Sources
 Secondary Source
 Primary Information
Methods of Data Collection
1. General Methods
 Literature Review
 Map Interpretation
 Checklist
 Matrices
 Questionnaire
2. Resource-based Methods
 Physical
 Biological
 Socio-economic
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Data Processing
 Physical Data
 Biological Data
 Socio-economic Data
Survey Equipment & Materials
 Equipment
 Maps
 Keys
 Test Kits
 Logistics
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Impact Identification, Prediction & Analysis of
Significance of air, water, soil, noise, habitat
 The main objective of impact identification is to specify the particular
areas that are likely to be affected by the implementation of a project.
 Impact identification starts at the early stage of scoping when available
data on both the project & the surrounding environment are studied.
Types of impacts:
 Socio-economic Impacts
 Biological & Physic-chemical Impacts
 Cultural Impacts
The types of impacts can also be categorized as:
 Direct Impact
 Indirect Impact
 Cumulative Impact
 Reversible Impact
 Irreversible Impact
 Beneficial Impact
 Adverse Impact
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Methods of Impact Identification and Comparison
 Some simple methods used for impact identification
and comparison are:
a) Comprehensive
b) Selective
c) Comparative
d) Objective
 Methods:
 Checklist:- Simple Checklist, Descriptive Checklist,
Scaling Checklist, Questionnaire Checklist
 Matrix
 Network
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Impact Prediction
 The next step after impact identification is impact prediction.
 Prediction helps to know what will happen on the environmental
resources during & after project implementation.
 It focuses on prediction of significant environmental
modifications, forecasting of quantity and/or spatial dimension
of change in the environment, and estimation of probability that
impacts will occur over the time period.
 Various techniques & technical and scientific models are
available for impact prediction and no possible changes on the
environment by the actions planned for implementation.
 Prediction should be based on available environmental baseline
data.
 Impact prediction takes into account:
 Magnitude of impact (H-High, M-Medium, L-Low)
 Extent of impact (SP-Site Specific, L-Local, R-Regional, N-National)
 Duration of impact (St-Short Term {3-9 years}, Mt-Medium Term
{10-20 years}, Lt-Long Term {More than 20 years})
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Mitigation Measures (Environmental Protection Measures/ EPMs)
 Mitigation measures are actions which reduce, avoid or offset the
potential adverse environmental consequences of development activities.
 The objective of mitigation measures is to maximize project benefit and to
minimize undesirable impacts.
 As EA identifies, predicts and evaluates both beneficial & adverse impacts,
it is necessary to propose EPMs to augment the beneficial environmental
impacts & avoid or mitigate or compensate the unwanted adverse impacts.
 EA reports should include details of recommended EPMs. Each mitigation
measure should be described in terms of:
 Impact it is designed to avoid, mitigate or compensate.
 An assessment of its likely effectiveness in terms of reducing or preventing
the impacts.
 Its best next alternatives.
 Its cost
 Implementation plan for putting the measures into practice.
 Consideration of alternatives: Scale, Technology, Location, Fuel,
Mitigation Measure, Raw Materials, Design, Time Schedule, Economic
Factor.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Types of mitigation measures
Preventive Measures
• Prevent or reduce
potential adverse
impacts before
occurrence e.g.
• Health Education
Program
• Public Awareness
Program
• Change Location
Corrective Measures
• Applied to reduce
the adverse impacts
to the acceptable
level e.g.
• Installation of
pollution control
device
• Construction of
fish ladder in
dams
• Construction of
waste water
treatment plant
Compensatory
Measures
• Actions that
compensate
unavoidable adverse
impacts e.g.
• Restoration of
damaged resource
• Creation of
similar resource or
habitats
• Compensation to
affected person
• Rehabilitation of
displaced
settlements
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Environmental Monitoring & Auditing
(Principles, Types & Institutions)
 Monitoring acts as an early warning systems for any
environmental damage,& provides input for
environmental auditing.
 Monitoring is an activity undertaken to provide specific
information on the characteristics & functions of
environmental and social variables in space & time.
 Environmental monitoring is essential for:
 Ensuring that impacts do not exceed the legal standards.
 Cheking the implementation of mitigation measures in the
manner described in the EIA report, &
 Providing early warning of potential environmental
damages.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Principles of Monitoring
 Carefully determine the indicators to be used in monitoring
activities.
 Collect meaningful & relevant information.
 Apply measurable criteria in relation to chosen indicators
 Pass objective judgments on the information collected
 Draw tangible conclusions based on the processing of information &
objective judgments
 Make rational decisions based on the conclusions drawn
 Recommendation of improved mitigation measures to be
undertaken.
 During this process considering points are: define objectives, locate
monitoring sites, identify monitoring types & techniques define
roles and responsibilities, define analysis and evaluation
methodology, review data and information, characterize monitoring
parameters, define intensity (frequency & duration), allocate budget
staff & eqipment, define report format & content
Er.Prabhat Paudel

 During monitoring works, the 5W approch should be
adopted
 What should be monitored?
 When monitoring should begin?
 Where it should occur?
 Which method should be employed?
 Who should take the responsibility for monitoring?
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Types of Monitoring
Baseline monitoring
• It is conducted to
know the pre-project
baseline condition of
the environmental
parameters. (For
road project)
• Physical parameter
• Biological
parameter
• Socio-economic
parameter
• Cultural parameter
Compliance
monitoring
• This monitoring is
carried out to know
the implementation
status of
environmental
requirements as
documented in EA
report & they should
be compiled with
during pre-
construction,
construction and
operation stage
Impact monitoring
• The ecological and
socio-economic
(including public
health) parameters
within the project
area must be
measured during the
construction &
operation phase in
order to detect
environmental
changes which may
have occurred as a
result of project
implementation.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Monitoring Methods
 Observation and inspection
 Interview /Inquiry
 Counting and measurement
 Sampling and analysis
 Record inspection
Monitoring Locations
 near by the project area or appropriate sites
Schedule/ Timing
 different stage of project: pre-construction, construction,
implementation & maintenance stages
Monitoring Responsibility
 The proponent
 According to EPR, 1997-Concernd body (Rule 13)/MoPE
 Third party monitoringEr.Prabhat Paudel

Environmental Auditing
 Environmental Auditing is used to know the pre and post-project
state of the environmental resources by assessing actual impacts.
 It is carried out to know the effectiveness of EPMs including
monitoring mechanism so as to compare the change on the
environmental quality before and after the implementation of the
project.
 It is undertaken after the project has been operational for some time,
& is usually performed once or twice in the entire project cycle.
 Generally carried out during the project operational stage.
 EPR,1997- Rule 14 states The MoPE carryout auditing after the 2
years commencement of service.
 Auditing helps to know
 Condition of physical, biological, social 7 economic & cultural resources
of the project site between pre &post construction stages
 Implementation status of the mitigation measures and their efectiveness
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Types of Audit
Decision Point
Audit
Implementation
Audit
Performance
Audit
Project Impact
Audit
Predictive
Technique Audit
EIA procedure
Audit
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Methods & Approaches
 Environmental auditing involves a number of activities:
1.Pre-audit activities 2. Audit activities
3. Reporting activities 4. Implementation activities
 For environmental audit, a protocol/workplan should be
developed, study team identified & expert selected,
reviewing literature, develop checklist & questionnaire,
visit sites, inspect project situation, discuss with locals &
concerns and prepare auditing report
Auditing Responsibility
 Nepal legal regime does not mention need for auditing for
IEE level proposal but for EIA, Rule 14 of EPR,1997
obliges MoPE to carry out environmental Auditing after 2
years of commencement of the service.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) &
EIA report review process- alternatives, collective
measures, & implementation in EIA process
 In EIA process, identification, prediction & evaluation of
significance of the impact are the crucial parts. Once they are
finalized, the next step is to select the best & appropriate EPMs.
 Implementation of EPMs is guided through the Environmental
Management Plan (EMP),which, in general, includes
implementation plan of EPMs, monitoring & auditing requirements.
 It focus on avoid, minimize or mitigate environmental impacts;
provide in-kind compensation for the lost environmental resources;
& enhance conservation of the environmental resources.
 Nepal’s EPR,1997 schedule 6 requires to mention EMP in an EIA
report.
 In general EMP should outline:
The technical work progress to carry out EMP,
A detailed accounting of the estimated cost to implement an EMP,
The planned operation or the implementation of EMP.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

EMP Requirements
 Detail final design with the incorporation of benefit
augmentation( make larger ammount) & mitigation
measures in EIA report to address significant impacts.
 Inclusion of augmentation & mitigation measures &
necessary cost in the overall Project cost which may later
be translated to contractors bidding documents.
 Monitoring of the construction contractors performance
on the environmental compliance.
 Checking and/or ensuring of significant environmental
requirements before contracted project is officially
accepted.
 Implementation of operational stage monitoring program,
 Effective reporting to show that EMP is properly managed
Er.Prabhat Paudel

The Management Concept
 EMP is a structured way of working with the issues, particularly the
impacts evaluated as significant. It should address economic social &
environmental aspects with set objects, programs, schedules &
budget.
 Management emphasises on achieving the long-term goals, it would
be appopriate to define shared responsibilities to ensure multi-
stakeholder partipation.
 Management deals with 6Ms- Men, Meteria, Mechine, Method,
Money, & Market.Plan also addrss environmental concerns & should
focus on 5W i.e.
 What to implement?
 When to implement?
 Where to implement?
 Which technique/method to be employed?
 Who to Implement, i.e. the responsibility?
EIA report may follow the POSDCORB approach while developing EMP by
accommodating the 5W aspects. (Planning, Organization, Staffing,
Directive, Coordination, Reporting, Budgeting)
The Environment Management Office/Unit is established for EMP
Er.Prabhat Paudel

 Based on Nepalese Environmental laws, there are mainly 3 documents:
Scoping,TOR, final EA report, that undergo review process.
 The law entrust the Proponent to prepare these documents, & government
organization will be involved in review & approval process.
 In accordance with the provision of EPA,1996,& EPR,1997 the concerned
body will be involved in reviewing & approving Scoping, TOR & IEE report
while EIA MoPE will be involved.
Purpose of Review
 Purpose of review is verify that information contained in EA associated
reports are sufficient for informed decision making.
 EIA report should satisfy completeness & conformance with TOR for EIA;
accuracy of information & use of acceptable methods for assessment of
environmental impacts; clear description of environmental impacts,
recommended mitigation measures, environmental monitoring &
management plan.
 Evaluate the strengths & weakness of EIA and associated reports.
 Review is done to ensure quality of the report, take into account the public
comment, identify any deficiencies to be corrected, ensure that information
is sufficient for informed decision- making.
 Review could be done internally (focus legal/technical/management
aspect) & externally (panel of expert).
EIA Report Review
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Review & approval process for TOR & IEE report of forestry sector
Proposal Prescribed in schedule 1 of EPR 1997
TOR Preparation & Submission to
concerned Dept. Rule 5.1
TOR approval as it is or as revised
by MFSC Rule 5.3
Preparation of IEE Report
Rule 7.1
IEE Report (Draft) open for Public for 15 days for written
opinions & suggestions: 1. Affix Notice in the Concerned
VDC/Mun/DDC/School, etc. 2.
Collect deed of public inquiry 3. 15 days public Notice 4.
Include opinions and suggestions
Rule 7.2
Submission of 15 copies of final IEE report to
the concerned body (through MFSC dept.) for
approval (with Recommendation letter of
concerned VDC/Mun) Rule 10
Investigation into the report if
no significant impact, approve
final IEE report (within 21
days) Rule 11.1
Proponent must comply with
the approved IEE report while
implementing the proposal
Rule 12
Monitoring & Evaluation by
the concerned body Rule 13
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Existing review process in Nepal
The Proponent
Submit SD to
concerned Dept.
Reconnaissance
(Area) survey
Literature Review
Preparation of Scoping Document (SD) by
incorporating opinions & suggestions if
received
Paste Public Notice in
Project SitePublish 15 days
Public Notice
Send SD to concerned body with
suggestions
Interaction
Meetings
Send SD to MOPE with
opinions & suggestions
MOPE may form an EIA
suggestion committee
MOPE’s decision on determining of SD
Send official decision
to concerned body &
proponent
Proponent prepares TOR
for EIA & process for
approval, proponent may
send TOR along with SD
for approval & get approval
of SD & TOR at the same
time
Review Meetings as
necessary
Commission of 9 members committee
• Chairman: Joint Secretary, ED-MOPE
•Representative of concerned body
•Not exceeding 3 experts on representation of association
•Not exceeding 3 members from GO/NGOs
•Under Secretary, EIA section
Er.Prabhat Paudel

EA Report Review Process in Nepal
 National EIA Guideline 1993 provide parameters that should be
reviewed before the approval of EIA reports, it also calls upon public
review & comment.
 The national guidelines & EIA guidelines for forestry sector 1995;
review, objectives, parameters & institutional responsibilities are:
A. Whether the draft EIA report complies with TOR presented at the beginning
of the study
B. Whether the draft report is in agreement with the national EA guidelines
C. Whether the draft report addresses the key environmental issues which need
to be finalized prior to making a decision
D. Whether the report results are sufficiently and technically sound &
coherently organized so as to be understood by decision makers & public in
general
E. Whether the study identifies all significant adverse environmental impacts
likely to arise through project implementation with mitigation measures for
each impact
F. Whether the methodology adopted, techniques applied, assumptions made
and limitations faced during the course of study have been described
G. Whether reasonable alternatives have been suggested to the proposed action
H. Whether the source of information cited in the report is relevant
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Review Parameters
a) Impact Identification
 Whether the project impacts an environmentally sensitive area
 Whether there is a clear statement of significant, beneficial & adverse impacts
 Whether the probable risks likely to be cause by the impacts have been evaluated
 Whether attention has been paid to off-side & transboundary effects, and the possible
time lag
b) Mitigation Measures
 Whether mitigation measures have been proposed & alternative sites considered
 Whether experiences from previous similar projects have been incorporated into the
EIA
 Whether adequate attention has been paid to compensate for loss or damage of
property or to the provision of resettlement
c) Working Procedure
 Whether the EIA working procedures confirm to relevant laws & national & sectoral
guidelines
 In which phase of decision making, EIA has been included
 How the beneficial & adverse impacts of the project have been integrated into the
economic analysis of the project
 Whether the scoping procedure was satisfactory
d) Implementation
 Whether the institutional arrangements for implementing the recommended
mitigation measures are satisfactory
 Whether the agency responsible for impact monitoring & environmental standard
enforcement program has been specified in the EIA report
 Whether the expenditures to be incurred while undertaking environmental protection
measures have been estimated and whether financial & technical capabilities and
resources required to implement these measures are availableEr.Prabhat Paudel

EIA report suggestion committee 1999 (Section 6.4 & 6.5)
Post Position Remarks
Chairman Joint Secretary, Environment Division, MOPE
Member Representative (Class II officer) of the concerned
body related with the proposal
Members Expert or representative of the association related to
the proposal (Not exceeding 3)
Members
nominated by
the chairmanMembers Representative of the government/ NGO (Not
exceeding 3)
Member
Secretary
Under Secretary, EIA section, MOPE
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Weightage and Grading System for Review Process
 Symbols and numerical ranking methods can be used
for review process. Following symbols are used:
 Acceptable (A): SD, TOR & EIA reports contain required
information for informed decision-making on the
proposed proposal (project). There are no major gaps.
The report receives above 80 points.
 Acceptable with conditions (B): Information presented
in SD, TOR & EIA report is not complete, there are some
omissions & gaps. But, environmental clearance can be
given to implement the project with some conditions.
The report receives 60-79 points.
 Inadequate (C): Some information has been provided
but there are major omissions & gaps. It is technically
rejected. The report receives below 60.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Weights assigned for scoping document
SN Chapter Plan Allocated Points (100)
Executive Summary
5
Acronyms
1 Introduction 5
2 Scoping Methodology 5
3 Existing Environmental Conditions & Likely
Impacts
10
4 Issues Identified & Raised 20
5 Issues Prioritized for EIA study 45
6 Work Schedule 5
Reference-Standard Format
Annexes 5
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Symbols assigned for TOR of IEE Report
SN Schedule 3 of EPR 1997 Grading (√)
Remarks
A B C
1 Name & Address of the individual/institution
preparing the report
2 Proposal’s general introduction & relevancy
3 Procedure to be adopted
4 Policies, Laws & Manual to be accounted
5 Preparation of the Report (Time & Budget)
6 Deleted by First Amendment of EPR 1997
7 Specific impact of implementation of the proposal
on the environment
8 Alternatives for the implementation of the
proposal
9 Matters concerning the prevention of the impact
10 Matters to be monitored during implementation
11 Other necessary mattersEr.Prabhat Paudel

Symbols assigned for TOR of EIA Report
SN Schedule 3 of EPR 1997 Grading (√)
Remarks
A B C
1 Name & Address of the individual/institution
preparing the report
Note:IfallmattersreceiveA-noproblemtoapprovetheTOR,Some
ticksonB–reviseTOR,mostticksonC–technicallyinadequate(send
backtotheproponentforrefinement)
2 Proposal’s general introduction
3 Data needed for the preparation of the report &
procedure of collection of data
4 Policies, Laws & Manual to be accounted
5 Preparation of the Report (Time, Budget & Experts)
6 Scope determined for the preparation of the report
7 Specific impact of implementation of the proposal on
the environment
8 Alternatives for the implementation of the proposal
9 Measures to remove negative impact
10 Particulars of the cost & returns of the proposal
11 Matters to be monitored during implementation
12 Relevant information (ref., annexes, maps, tables,
etc.) Er.Prabhat Paudel

Weights Assigned for IEE Report (Schedule 5 of EPR 1997)
SN Chapter Plan Allocated Points (100)
Executive Summary 5
Acronyms
1 Introduction 5
2 Existing Environmental Conditions 5
3 Alternative Analysis 10
4 Environmental Impacts & Protection
Measures
45
5 Environmental Monitoring 20
6 Conclusion & Recommendations 5
References
Annexes 5
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Weights Assigned for EIA Report (Schedule 4 &6 of EPR 1997)
SN Table of Contents Proposed EIA Report Allocated Points (100)
Executive Summary 5
Acronyms
1 Project Description 5
2 Policies, Laws, Standards, Guidelines & Institutions 5
3 Existing Environmental Conditions 10
4 Alternative Analysis 5
5 Environmental Impacts & Protection Measures 40
6 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
•Implementation Plan of the EPMs
•Environmental Monitoring
•Environmental Auditing
•Organization & Staffing for EMP implementation
•Reporting requirements
•Estimated budget for EMP implementation
20
7 Conclusion & Recommendations 5
References
Annexes 5Er.Prabhat Paudel

Geographic Tools: Cartographic,
GIS, RS, GPS Applications
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Social Impact Assessment: Introduction
 SIA is a methodology to review the social effects of infrastructure
projects and other development interventions
 Origin of SIA comes from the environmental impact assessment
model, which emerged in the 1970s in the USA, as a way to assess
the development impacts on the society.
 According to the International Association for Impact
Assessment, “SIA includes the processes of analyzing,
monitoring & managing the intended and unintended social
consequences, both positive & negative, of planned
interventions (policies, programs, plans & projects) and any
social changes processes invoked by those interventions. Its
primary purpose is to bring about a more sustainable & equitable
biophysical & human environment.”
 SIA cuts across many social science disciplines such as sociology,
anthropology, demography, economics, environmental planning,
political science, urban planning & regional planning.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Principle of SIA
9 Principles of SIA
 Involve the diverse public
 Analyse impact equity
 Focus the statement
 Identify methods & assumption &define significance
 Project planners
 Use SIA practitioners
 Establish monitoring & Mitigation program
 Identify data source
 Plans for gaps in data
Er.Prabhat Paudel

The Social Impact Assessment Process
1. Analyze Project
Context
2. Identify
Stakeholders
3. Identify Social
Factors/Variables
4. Analyze
data & assess
priorities
5. Consult Stakeholders &
Develop Mitigation Plan
6. Implement
mitigation plan &
public participation
7. Ensure & Modify
monitoring with
stakeholder
involvement
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Social Policy
 Social policy primarily refers to guidelines, principles, legislation
& activities that affect the living conditions conductive to human
welfare
 Social policy aims to provide human welfare & to meet human
needs for education, health, housing & social security.
 Social policy involves the study of human wellbeing, the social
relations necessary for wellbeing & the systems by which
wellbeing may be promoted:
 It is concerned, in part, with the social policies that governments
have in relation to such things as social security, health, education,
housing & the personal social services. In the developed countries
of the world, the scale of spending on social policies is absolutely
massive & generally accounts for a major slice of national income.
 Its goal is to maximize people’s chance of a good life. Its substance,
therefore, lies in the theoretical debate and practical definitions of
what constitutes the good life & the fundamental nature of human
need.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Social Construction
 A social mechanism, phenomenon, or category created
and developed by society; a perception of an
individual, group, or idea that is constructed through
cultural or social practice is known as social
construction.
 Social construction is one of the key concepts of
sociology.
 It can be also called as a socially created nature of
social life.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Carrying Capacity
 The concept of carrying capacity is often used to indicate a
close balance relationship between man & nature.
 It refers to the number of animals in a given amount of land
that can be supported with its natural vegetation.
 Biophysical carrying capacity is the maximum population
that can be supported by the resources of the planet at a
given level of technology.
 The social carrying capacity is the sustainable biophysical
carrying capacity within a given social organization,
including patterns of consumption and trade.
 Therefore, it must be less than the biophysical carrying
capacity as it will account for quality of life & estimate the
number of humans that can be sustainably supported at a
given standard of living.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Social Capital
 In sociology, social capital is the expected
collective/economic benefits derived from the preferential
treatment & cooperation between individuals & groups.
 The term social capital was widely used in the late 1990s.
 World English Dictionary defines social capital as “the
network of social connections that exist between people
and their shared values & norms of behavior, which enables
and encourages mutually advantageous social cooperation.
 ‘Social Capital’ is a concept that describes the extent &
nature of relationships people have with others, the
relationships people have with their communities, and the
relationships between people & various services,
institutions and systems. It is also a concept that can be
used to understand the linkage between communities or
institutions.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Public Consultation & Participation
 EA always encourages the participation of interested public
& stakeholders, especially those affected by the project
activities.
 Public participation is a process that encourages, enables &
engages the stakeholders & affected communities. It offers
them an opportunity to express their interests & concerns
about the project.
 EA tries to obtain active participation in planning,
implementation, operation & maintenance.
 Public consultation helps to bridge conflicts, minimize
misunderstanding & hostility.
 It promotes the feeling of ownership, cooperation &
accountability, and builds rapport.
 It provides an opportunity to work as partners, identifies
risks and opportunities, & saves time & money.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Ways of Communication
 To seek people’s participation, the proponent should
provide adequate information to the public. The general
ways of communication are:
 Diffusion (To send the information to stakeholders widely)
 Collection (To collect people’s concerns & opinions)
 Interaction (To discuss issues & ensure information
exchange among persons, communities & groups)
 Information dissemination & collection (To prepare
information and disseminate with an intention of receiving
response)
 Consultation & Participation (To exchange ideas & concerns
amongst the public, government and the project developer)
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Stakeholders
The
Stakeholders
(Who?)
Local
People
Private Sector
Scientists/Experts
NGOs
National/Local
Government
Others
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Process for Public Participation
a) Developing a plan for Stakeholder Involvement
b) Adopting a strategy
c) Collecting relevant data & information
d) Adopting the basic principles
e) Involving group & Individuals
 To promote stakeholders’ involvement, following things
should be done:
 Provide background information
 Organize discussion sessions
 Outline expected outputs
 Help participants for elaborated discussion
 Not impose own ideas & concerns
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Nepal’s Legal Regime on Public
Involvement
 Public involvement is one of the main foundation stages of planning &
implementation of a project. Stakeholder consultation & people’s
participation is sought in the following steps:
 Proponent carries out EIA study – publishes 15 days public notice –
publishes in national daily newspaper – people know about project
activities – offer opinions & concerns – relevant concerns priorities on
TOR – inform scoping exercise – public notice (VDC/Municipality,
Health Post, School, District office, etc.) – interaction meetings –
identify additional priority issues.
 Public hearing at project site – local people, interested group voice their
additional concerns – incorporated in the final EIA report – before
submission for approval.
 Obliges the proponent to submit the recommendation letter –
VDC/Municipality along with the Final EIA report .
 Upon receipt of the Final EIA report through the concerned ministry –
MOPE issues public notice for 1 month – open the EIA report for public
review – offer all interested group to check the EIA report – provide
inputs to the decision – makers.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Timing for Stakeholders’ Involvement (WHEN ?)
 Project identification, pre-feasibility & environmental scoping &
feasibility stage
 Preparation of IEE & EIA reports
 Public hearing before the finalization of EIA report
 Prior to the approval of IEE & EIA reports
 Implementation stage of the environmental protection measures
 Environmental monitoring, evaluation & auditing
Methods for Stakeholders’ Involvement (HOW ?)
 Public Meetings
 Advisory Panels
 Public Information Centers
 Interviews
 Questionnaire
 Participatory Appraisal Techniques
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Responsibility
Public
Involvement
Proponent
MOPE
Environmental
Authorities
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Identification of Proposal
Decision on level of assessment
(Environmental Screening)
No EA
Scoping Public Involvement
IEE EIA required
TOR
Detailed EIA Study
Public Hearing
Submission of Final EIA report
EIA Report open
for Public Review
Review
Expert Review
ResubmitDecision
Approved Not Approved Redesign
Project Implementation
Monitoring & EvaluationEnvironmental Auditing
Feedback
EIA Process & Public
Participation in Nepal
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Overall process of EIA
Program Identification
Pre-Feasibility/Screening
Decision EIA/Yes or No
Environmental Impact Auditing
Feedback
Scoping
TOR
Detailed EIA Study
Review/Comments
Decision Project To Proceed or Not
Final EIA Report
Project Implementation
Monitoring/Evaluation
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Environmental Impact Assessment
An EIA is an assessment of the possible positive or negative impact that a proposed
project may have on the environment, together consisting of the natural, social and
economic aspects.
EIA is management tool that include studying & evaluating potential environmental
consequences of proposed development project.
To make it still simple, an EIA
 Identifies, predict & evaluates the likely impacts of aproject on the environment.
 Find ways to reduce unacceptable impacts & to shape the project so that it suits the
local environment, &
 Present these predictions & options to decision makers.
It helps
 Identify & predicts beneficial & adverse environmental impacts.
 Examine the significance of the environmental implication.
 Assess whether adverse impact can be mitigated.
 Recommend preventive, corrective and compensatory measures.
 Modify and improve design and address conflict, if any to ensure efficient use of
resources.
 Inform decision makers & interested parties about the environmental implications
of a project and avoid serious and irreversible damage to the environment & protect
human health.
 Provide information to decision makers to determine on project implementation
and what form.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

Benefits of EIA
 An opportunity for public participation
 Increased protection of human health.
 the sustainable use of natural resource.
 Reduced project costs & delays.
 Minimized risks of environmental disasters.
 Increased government responsibility.
Objectives of EIA
 Predict environmental impacts caused by projects.
 Find ways & means to reduce adverse impacts.
 Shape projects to suit local environment.
 Present the prediction & options to the decision makers.
Need for EIA
 Make development project environmentally sustainable in the long term.
 reduce adverse environmental impacts.
 Identify environmental impacts of ecologically fragile landscape before
development proceed.
 Assess the effects of development pressures on the natural resources base as well as
on the socio cultural aspects.
 Reduce overall environmental & economic costs of projects.
 Optimize ( to make better) projects benefits.
Er.Prabhat Paudel

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