The document discusses different thermodynamic cycles used in steam power plants, including Rankine, reheat, and regeneration cycles. It provides diagrams and equations to analyze each cycle. The Rankine cycle involves boiling water to steam, expanding the steam in a turbine, condensing it back to water, and pumping the water to high pressure. Both the reheat and regeneration cycles improve the Rankine cycle efficiency by adding additional heat transfer processes. The reheat cycle reheats steam after the high-pressure turbine, while regeneration uses feedwater heating to preheat water before boiling.
this is my presentation about 2nd law of thermodynamic. this is part of engineering thermodynamic in mechanical engineering. here discussed about heat transfer, heat engines, thermal efficiency of heat pumps and refrigerator and its equation for perfect work done with best figure and table wise discription, entropy and change in entropy, isentropic process for turbines and compressor and many more.
this is my presentation about 2nd law of thermodynamic. this is part of engineering thermodynamic in mechanical engineering. here discussed about heat transfer, heat engines, thermal efficiency of heat pumps and refrigerator and its equation for perfect work done with best figure and table wise discription, entropy and change in entropy, isentropic process for turbines and compressor and many more.
This presentation is made to provide the overall conceptual knowledge on Chilton Colburn Analogy. It includes basis, importance, assumption, advantages, limitations and applications in addition to the derivation. Make It Useful!
Recognize numerous types of heat exchangers, and classify them.
Develop an awareness of fouling on surfaces, and determine the overall heat transfer coefficient for a heat exchanger.
Perform a general energy analysis on heat exchangers.
Obtain a relation for the logarithmic mean temperature difference for use in the LMTD method, and modify it for different types of heat exchangers using the correction factor.
Develop relations for effectiveness, and analyze heat exchangers when outlet temperatures are not known using the effectiveness-NTU method.
Know the primary considerations in the selection of heat exchangers.
It is basic information about what is critical thickness and why we should we know this. Then there is critical thickness formula for cylindrical pipe and spherical shell.
Summary of lmtd and e ntu. The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method (LMTD) The Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference(LMTD) is valid only for heat exchanger with one shell pass and one tube pass. For multiple number of shell and tube passes the flow pattern in a heat exchanger is neither purely co-current nor purely counter-current. The temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids varies along the heat exchanger. It is convenient to have a mean temperature difference Tm for use in the relation. s mQ UA T
3. The mean temperature difference in a heat transfer process depends on the direction of fluid flows involved in the process. The primary and secondary fluid in an heat exchanger process may flow in the same direction - parallel flow or cocurrent flow in the opposite direction - countercurrent flow or perpendicular to each other - cross flow
This presentation is made to provide the overall conceptual knowledge on Chilton Colburn Analogy. It includes basis, importance, assumption, advantages, limitations and applications in addition to the derivation. Make It Useful!
Recognize numerous types of heat exchangers, and classify them.
Develop an awareness of fouling on surfaces, and determine the overall heat transfer coefficient for a heat exchanger.
Perform a general energy analysis on heat exchangers.
Obtain a relation for the logarithmic mean temperature difference for use in the LMTD method, and modify it for different types of heat exchangers using the correction factor.
Develop relations for effectiveness, and analyze heat exchangers when outlet temperatures are not known using the effectiveness-NTU method.
Know the primary considerations in the selection of heat exchangers.
It is basic information about what is critical thickness and why we should we know this. Then there is critical thickness formula for cylindrical pipe and spherical shell.
Summary of lmtd and e ntu. The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method (LMTD) The Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference(LMTD) is valid only for heat exchanger with one shell pass and one tube pass. For multiple number of shell and tube passes the flow pattern in a heat exchanger is neither purely co-current nor purely counter-current. The temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids varies along the heat exchanger. It is convenient to have a mean temperature difference Tm for use in the relation. s mQ UA T
3. The mean temperature difference in a heat transfer process depends on the direction of fluid flows involved in the process. The primary and secondary fluid in an heat exchanger process may flow in the same direction - parallel flow or cocurrent flow in the opposite direction - countercurrent flow or perpendicular to each other - cross flow
Amines
Stereochemistry, Reaction Mechanisms, Catalysis, Production Processes and Applications
Contents
Historical perspective
Background
(MMA, DMA and TMA)
Stereochemistry and Structure
Reaction Mechanisms and Thermodynamics
CATALYSTS FOR AMINATION
Non-Zeolitic Catalysts for Amination
Mordinite (MOR) Catalysts for Amination
Zeolite Catalysts for Amination
Amines Production
Amines: Markets and Applications
Gas Separation
Conventional Amines Treating System
Amine System for Gas Sweetening
APPENDIX
Structures
Ethyleneamines Production
one of the renewable energy resources project that help me lot to my carrier in research field : this slide is for the prototype model that i design actual full scale size may be bit of different from my calculations and data's
Architecture, thermodynamics and the architect as a Weapon of Mass DestructionErik Berg
As it happens, and a bit unfortunate for us, doing damage to the world is the default mode for an architect. The basic reason can be found in the laws of thermodynamics.
Applied thermodynamics and engineering fifth edition by t.d eastop and a. mc ...Asi Asim
Introduction to Thermodynamics
Some useful constants in thermodynamics:
1 eV = 9.6522E4 J/mol
k, Boltzmann's constant = 1.38E-23 J/K
volume: 1 cm3 = 0.1 kJ/kbar = 0.1 J/bar
mole: 1 mole of a substance contains Avogadro's number (N = 6.02E23) of molecules. Abbreviated as 'mol'.
atomic weights are based around the definition that 12C is exactly 12 g/mol
R gas constant = Nk = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1
Units of Temperature: Degrees Celsius and Kelvin
The Celsius scale is based on defining 0 °C as the freezing point of water and 100°C as the boiling point.
The Kelvin scale is based on defining 0 K, "absolute zero," as the temperature at zero pressure where the volumes of all gases is zero--this turns out to be -273.15 °C. This definition means that the freezing temperature of water is 273.15 K. All thermodynamic calculations are done in Kelvin!
kilo and kelvin: write k for 1000's and K for kelvin. Never write °K.
Units of Energy: Joules and Calories
Joules and calories and kilocalories: A calorie is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water from 14.5 to 15.5°C at 1 atm.
4.184 J = 1 cal; all food 'calories' are really kcal.
Many times it is easiest to solve equations or problems by conducting "dimensional analysis," which just means using the same units throughout an equation, seeing that both sides of an equation contain balanced units, and that the answer is cast in terms of units that you want. As an example, consider the difference between temperature (units of K) and heat (units of J). Two bodies may have the same temperature, but contain different amounts of heat; likewise, two bodies may contain the same heat, but be at different temperatures. The quantity that links these two variables must have units of J/K or K/J. In fact, the heat capacity C describes the amount of heat dQ involved in changing one mole of a substance by a given temperature increment dT:
dQ = CdT
The heat capacity C is then
C = dQ/dT
and must have units of J K-1 mol-1. (The specific heat is essentially the same number, but is expressed per gram rather than per mole.)
Don't forget significant digits. 1*2=2; 1.1*2=2; 1.1*2.0=2.2; 1.0*2.0=2.0
Why Thermodynamics?
Think about some everyday experiences you have with chemical reactions.
Your ability to melt and refreeze ice shows you that H2O has two phases and that the reaction transforming one to the other is reversible--apparently the crystallization of ice requires removing some heat.
Frying an egg is an example of an irreversible reaction.
If you dissolve halite in water you can tell that the NaCl is still present in some form by tasting the water. Why does the NaCl dissolve? Does it give off heat? Does it require energy?
How is it that diamond, a high-pressure form of C, can coexist with the low pressure form, graphite, at Earth's surface? Do diamond and graphite both have the same energy? If you burn graphite and diamond, which gives you more e
The Rankine cycle or Rankine Vapor Cycle is the process widely used by power plants such as coal-fired power plants or nuclear reactors. In this mechanism, a fuel is used to produce heat within a boiler, converting water into steam which then expands through a turbine producing useful work.
The steam-electric power station is a power station in which the electric generator is steam driven.
In any thermal power generation plant, heat energy converts into mechanical work. Then it is converted to electrical energy by rotating a generator which produces electrical energy.
Thermodynamic Cycles for Power Generation—Brief Review
Real Steam Power Plants—General Considerations
Steam-Turbine Internal Efficiency and Expansion Lines
Closed Feed water Heaters (Surface Heaters)
The Steam Turbine
Turbine-Cycle Heat Balance and Heat and Mass Balance Diagrams
Steam-Turbine Power Plant System Performance Analysis Considerations
Second-Law Analysis of Steam-Turbine Power Plants
Gas-Turbine Power Plant Systems
Combined-Cycle Power Plant Systems
A detailed explanation about Rankine cycle or vapour power cycle for mechanical 2nd year students.Areas of uses of vapour power cycle or steam power cycle.
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Availability and Irreversibility
Availability Function
Second Law Efficiencies
Work Potential Associated with Internal Energy
Waste Heat Recovery
Heat Losses – Quality vs. Quantity
Principle of Heat Recovery Units
Classification of WHRS on Temperature Range Bases
Commercial Viable Waste Heat Recovery Devices
Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
Development of a Waste Heat Recovery System
Commercial Waste Heat Recovery Devices
West Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB)
Recuperators- Regenerative, Ceramic, Regenerative Heat Exchanger
Thermal wheel/ Heat Wheel
Heat Pipe
Economiser
Feed Water
Heat Pump
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Run-around coil
Direct Contact Heat Exchanger
Advantages and Limitations of WHRD’s
Similar to Engineering applications of thermodynamics (20)
Inverter is a device which convert a DC input supply voltage into symmetric AC voltage of desired magnitude and frequency at the output side. It is also know as DC-AC converter.
Ideal and practical inverter have sinusoidal and no-sinusoidal waveforms at output respectively.
If the input dc is a voltage source, the inverter is called a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). One can similarly think of a Current Source Inverter (CSI), where the input to the circuit is a current source. The VSI circuit has direct control over ‘output (ac) voltage’ whereas the CSI directly controls ‘output (ac) current.
Inverter is a device which convert a DC input supply voltage into symmetric AC voltage of desired magnitude and frequency at the output side. It is also know as DC-AC converter.
Ideal and practical inverter have sinusoidal and no-sinusoidal waveforms at output respectively.
If the input dc is a voltage source, the inverter is called a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). One can similarly think of a Current Source Inverter (CSI), where the input to the circuit is a current source. The VSI circuit has direct control over ‘output (ac) voltage’ whereas the CSI directly controls ‘output (ac) current.
The commutator and brush arrangement is used to convert bidirectional internal current to unidirectional external current or vice versa.
The current flows through the brush mounted on the commutator.
The brushes are located at magnetic neutral axis which is midway between two adjacent poles.
Types of commutation:
Resistance commutation
Retarded commutation
Accelerated commutation
Sinusoidal commutation
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Basic component of steam power
cycle:
1.Steam boiler : convert water in to steam
2.Steam turbine : convert kinetic energy of
steam in to mechanical energy
3.Condenser : heat transfer device
4.Feed pump : increase the preasure of
condansate steam.
3. Rankine cyclcle:
Process 2-3 in boiler : heat supplied (Qi)=(h3-h2)
(since work done is zero)
Process 3-4 in turbine: turbine work (Wr)=(h3-h4)
(since heat transfer is zero)
Process 4-1 in condenser : heat rejected to cooling
water,(Qr)=(h4-h1) (since work done is zero)
Process 1-2 in feed pump:pump work (Wp)=(h2-h1)
(since heat transfer is zero)
9. Analysis of reheat cycle
The thermal efficiency of reheat cycle is given by,
Efficiency(ή)=shaft work/heat supplied eqn-1……….
shaft speed (Ws)=(Wt for L.P. +Wt for H.P.)-Wp
=(h3-h4)+(h5-h6)-(h2-h1)
Heat supplied(Qi)=heat supplied in boiler +heat supplied in
reheater
=(h3-h2)+(h5-h4)
put the value of Ws and Qi in eqn-1….than we
get
Efficiency(ή)=[(h3-h4)+(h5-h6)-(h2-h1)]/[(h3-h2)+(h5-h4) ]
10. Advantages of reheat cycle
Improves thermal efficiency the plant since the
additional heat is supplied at higher mean
temperature.
It increases the network output of the turbine.
It reduces the steam rate per KWh.
It improves the condition of the steam at exhaust
of the L.P. turbine so that tendency of blade erosion
caused by the liquid particles in the L.P. turbine is
reduced. The desirable maximum moisture is steam
is considered to be about 10 to 12%.
11. Disadvantages of reheat cycle
To increase the cost and size of plant due to
inclusion of reheater and its long piping.
Increase the size of condenser based on
unit mass flow of steam due to improved
quality of steam of exhaust from L.P. turbine.
13. T-s diagram analysis of regeneration
cycle
It is obvious that the
efficiency of regenerative
cycle will more than rankine
cycle because of the
increased mean effective
temperature during heat
addition process , while the
mean temperature of heat
rejection process remain
same,
14. Advantages of regeneration cycle
It increases the thermal efficiency of the
plant.
The temperature stresses in the boiler are
reduced due to decreased range of working
temperatures.
15. Disadvantages of regeneration cycle
Steam rate increases due to reduced work done
per kg of steam flow from boiler . Therefore ,for a
given capacity of the power plant output the boiler
size increases.
Though the heat rejected in the condenser
reduces for unit flow of steam , however , the size
of condenser almost remains the same for a given
capacity of power plant.
The cost of the plant increases.