this is my presentation about 2nd law of thermodynamic. this is part of engineering thermodynamic in mechanical engineering. here discussed about heat transfer, heat engines, thermal efficiency of heat pumps and refrigerator and its equation for perfect work done with best figure and table wise discription, entropy and change in entropy, isentropic process for turbines and compressor and many more.
Second law of thermodynamics (and third law of thermodynamics) as taught in introductory physical chemistry (including general chemistry). Covers concepts such as entropy, Gibbs free energy, and phase equilibrium.
Second law of thermodynamics (and third law of thermodynamics) as taught in introductory physical chemistry (including general chemistry). Covers concepts such as entropy, Gibbs free energy, and phase equilibrium.
Introduction to the second law
Thermal energy reservoirs
Heat engines
Thermal efficiency
The 2nd law: Kelvin-Planck statement
Refrigerators and heat pumps
Coefficient of performance (COP)
The 2nd law: Clasius statement
Perpetual motion machines
Reversible and irreversible processes
Irreversibility's, Internal and externally reversible processes
The Carnot cycle
The reversed Carnot cycle
The Carnot principles
The thermodynamic temperature scale
The Carnot heat engine
The quality of energy
The Carnot refrigerator and heat pump
Engineering Thermodynamics-second law of thermodynamics Mani Vannan M
This file consists of content which covers the basics of second law of thermodynamics,heat reservoir,heat source ,heat sink,refrigerator, heat pump,heat engine,carnot theorem,carnot cycle and reversed carnot cycle
Introduction to the second law
Thermal energy reservoirs
Heat engines
Thermal efficiency
The 2nd law: Kelvin-Planck statement
Refrigerators and heat pumps
Coefficient of performance (COP)
The 2nd law: Clasius statement
Perpetual motion machines
Reversible and irreversible processes
Irreversibility's, Internal and externally reversible processes
The Carnot cycle
The reversed Carnot cycle
The Carnot principles
The thermodynamic temperature scale
The Carnot heat engine
The quality of energy
The Carnot refrigerator and heat pump
Engineering Thermodynamics-second law of thermodynamics Mani Vannan M
This file consists of content which covers the basics of second law of thermodynamics,heat reservoir,heat source ,heat sink,refrigerator, heat pump,heat engine,carnot theorem,carnot cycle and reversed carnot cycle
The following presentation consists of information on limitation of 1st law, introduction to 2nd law, kelvin planks statement, Clausius statement, PPM 2, Carnot cycle, Carnot heat engines, etc
What is first law of Thermodynamics?
What is a Thermodynamic cycle?
Types of Thermodynamic cycles
What is a Refrigeration Cycle?
Types of Refrigeration cycles
What is a Refrigeration System?
Principle of working of a Refrigeration System
Other Refrigeration systems
The second law of thermodynamics is explored in this lecture. Topics covered include:
Introduction to the second law
Thermal energy reservoirs
Heat engines
Thermal efficiency
The 2nd law: Kelvin-Planck statement
Refrigerators and heat pumps
Coefficient of performance (COP)
The 2nd law: Clasius statement
Perpetual motion machines
Reversible and irreversible processes
Irreversibility's, Internal and externally reversible processes
The Carnot cycle
The reversed Carnot cycle
The Carnot principles
The thermodynamic temperature scale
The Carnot heat engine
The quality of energy
The Carnot refrigerator and heat pump
Applied Thermodynamics Pamphlet 2nd edition, 2018 by musadotomusadoto
This pamphlet is a 2nd edition of the series in A COMPREHESIVE SIMPLIFIED TO THE APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS.It consists of three topics with solved supplementary problems which based on tutorials, lecture notes ,summaries and the university past papers. Please don‘t forget to deeply study by yourself to improve your understanding for winning your open book exams.
This is presentation about Micro-Macro Motion Study in use of work study. here defined about work method in subject of industrial engineering technology,
this this slideshare presentation we discussed about difference of vibration system for forced damping here this is having with simple definition and for dynamic of machinery without equation and simple method.
this is my prsentation of Plastic Process and Processing Parameter in manufacturing process. here discussed moulding process for plastic, plastic injection moulding, machine parts and procedure, material used to making mould and blow moulding process, thermoforming process, vacuum forming process, and application
this is my presentation about hydraulic machine like hydraulic ram. in this presentation we discussed about how ram work, function of its, construction and equation for perfect working and its efficiency like aubussion and rankine.
this is my presentation of theory of machine subject. the topic of this presentation is static force analysis. In gujarat technological university mechanical engineering third year syllabus topic. there are many types of forces described in this ppt. and examples and domestic use.
this is presentation about time response analysis in control engineering. this is presentation on its types and many more like time responses with best example
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
2. 2nd Law Of thermodynamic
2
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Introduction
A process must satisfy the first law in order to occur.
Satisfying the first law alone does not ensure that the process will take
place.
Second law is useful:
provide means for predicting the direction of processes,
establishing conditions for equilibrium,
determining the best theoretical performance of cycles, engines a
nd other devices.
3. ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
3
A cup of hot coffee does n
ot get hotter in a cooler ro
om.
Transferring heat to a wire w
ill not generate electricity.
Transferring hea
t to a paddle wh
eel will not caus
e it to rotate.
These processes cannot occur
even though they are not in vi
olation of the first law.
4. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
4
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Kelvin-Planck statement
No heat engine can have a th
ermal efficiency 100 percent.
As for a power plant to opera
te, the working fluid must ex
change heat with the environ
ment as well as the furnace.
5. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
5
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Heat Engines
Work can easily be converted to other forms of
energy, but?
Heat engine differ considerably from one anot
her, but all can be characterized :
o they receive heat from a high-temperature sour
ce
o they convert part of this heat to work
o they reject the remaining waste heat to a low-
temperature sink atmosphere
o they operate on a cycle
6. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
6
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
The work-producing d
evice that best fit into
the definition of a hea
t engine is the steam p
ower plant, which is a
n external combustion
engine.
7. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
7
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Thermal Efficiency
Represent the magnitude of the energy wasted in order to comp
lete the cycle.
A measure of the performance that is called the thermal efficie
ncy.
Can be expressed in terms of the desired output and the requir
ed input
th
DesiredResult
RequiredInput
For a heat engine the desired result is the net work done an
d the input is the heat supplied to make the cycle operate.
8. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
8
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
The thermal efficiency is always less than 1 or less than 100 per
cent.
th
net out
in
W
Q
,
W W W
Q Q
net out out in
in net
,
where
9. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
9
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Applying the first law to the cyclic heat engine
Q W U
W Q
W Q Q
net in net out
net out net in
net out in out
, ,
, ,
,
The cycle thermal efficiency may be written as
th
n e t o u t
in
in o u t
in
o u t
in
W
Q
Q Q
Q
Q
Q
,
1
10. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
10
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
A thermodynamic temperature scale related to the heat transfers betw
een a reversible device and the high and low-temperature reservoirs b
y
Q
Q
T
T
L
H
L
H
The heat engine that operates on the reversible Carnot cycle is calle
d the Carnot Heat Engine in which its efficiency is
threv
L
H
T
T
, 1
11. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
11
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
A device that transfers heat from a low temperature medi
um to a high temperature one is the heat pump.
Refrigerator operates exactly like heat pump except that t
he desired output is the amount of heat removed out of th
e system
The index of performance of a heat pumps or refrigerator
s are expressed in terms of the coefficient of performance.
12. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
12
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
13. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
13
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
COP
Q
W
Q
QQ
HP
H
netin
H
H L
,
COP
Q
W
R
L
net in
,
14. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
14
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Carnot Cycle
Process Description
1-2 Reversible isothermal heat addition at high temp
erature
2-3 Reversible adiabatic expansion from high temper
ature to low temperature
3-4 Reversible isothermal heat rejection at low temp
erature
4-1 Reversible adiabatic compression from low temp
erature to high temperature
15. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
15
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Execution of Carnot cycle in a piston cylinder device
16. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
16
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
17. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
17
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
The thermal efficiencies of actual and reversible heat engines operatin
g between the same temperature limits compare as follows
The coefficients of performance of actual and reversible refrigerators
operating between the same temperature limits compare as follows
18. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
18
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Entropy
The 2nd law states that process occur in a certain direction, not in
any direction.
It often leads to the definition of a new property called entropy, w
hich is a quantitative measure of disorder for a system.
Entropy can also be explained as a measure of the unavailability of
heat to perform work in a cycle.
This relates to the 2nd law since the 2nd law predicts that not all he
at provided to a cycle can be transformed into an equal amount of w
ork, some heat rejection must take place.
19. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
19
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Entropy Change
The entropy change during a reversible process is defined as
For a reversible, adiabatic process
dS
S S
0
2 1
The reversible, adiabatic process is called an isentropic process.
20. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
20
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Entropy Change and Isentropic Processes
The entropy-change and isentropic relations for a process can be su
mmarized as follows:
i. Pure substances:
Any process: Δs = s2 – s1 (kJ/kgK)
Isentropic process: s2 = s1
ii. Incompressible substances (liquids and solids):
Any process: s2 – s1 = cav T2/T1 (kJ/kg
Isentropic process: T2 = T1
21. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
21
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
iii. Ideal gases:
a) constant specific heats (approximate treatment):
s s C
T
T
R
v
v
vav2 1
2
1
2
1
, ln ln
2 2
2 1 ,
1 1
ln lnpav
T P
s s C R
T P
for isentropic process
2 1
1 2.
k
s const
P v
P v
for all process
22. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
22
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Isentropic Efficiency for Turbine
23. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
23
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Isentropic Efficiency for Compressor
24. 2nd Law Of Thermodynamic
24
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
THANKS FOR YOUR AT
TENTION