Endosperms
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The document discusses endosperm, a nutritive tissue produced by the fusion of the secondary nucleus and male gamete. It provides nutrition to the growing embryo. There are four types of endosperm defined by their mode of development: nuclear, cellular, helobial, and ruminate. The development of endosperm involves successive nuclear divisions of the primary endosperm nucleus, which can then form either free nuclei or undergo cell wall formation. Endosperm persists in mature seeds of endospermic plants and is used up during germination, while it is completely used by the developing embryo in non-endospermic plants. The main function of endosperm is to provide nutrition for the developing embryo
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ENDOSPERM.pptx
The document discusses endosperm, which is a nutritive tissue stored in seeds to provide nutrients for the embryo. There are three main types of endosperm based on development - nuclear, cellular, and helobial. Nuclear endosperm is the most common type and involves repeated nuclear division without cell wall formation initially. Cellular endosperm involves cell wall formation after each nuclear division. Helobial endosperm involves initial division into two cells like cellular endosperm, but further divisions are like nuclear endosperm. Endosperm can also have haustorial variations and can be ruminate, with an irregularly folded surface. Endosperm plays an important role in seed nutrition and development.
Endosperm development
Endosperm is a nutritive tissue found in seeds after fertilization that provides nutrients for embryo development. There are three main types of endosperm: nuclear, cellular, and helobial. The endosperm can either be absorbed during embryo development, leaving the seed endospermless, or persist as a storage tissue. In some plants the endosperm stores fats, while in grains like wheat and corn it mainly stores starches. Histologically, endosperm cells are isodiametric and fill with storage materials, while some plants have an aleurone layer that secretes enzymes to aid in seed germination.
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Endosperm
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ENDOSPERM.pptx
The document discusses endosperm, which is a nutritive tissue stored in seeds to provide nutrients for the embryo. There are three main types of endosperm based on development - nuclear, cellular, and helobial. Nuclear endosperm is the most common type and involves repeated nuclear division without cell wall formation initially. Cellular endosperm involves cell wall formation after each nuclear division. Helobial endosperm involves initial division into two cells like cellular endosperm, but further divisions are like nuclear endosperm. Endosperm can also have haustorial variations and can be ruminate, with an irregularly folded surface. Endosperm plays an important role in seed nutrition and development.
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Endosperm is a nutritive tissue found in seeds after fertilization that provides nutrients for embryo development. There are three main types of endosperm: nuclear, cellular, and helobial. The endosperm can either be absorbed during embryo development, leaving the seed endospermless, or persist as a storage tissue. In some plants the endosperm stores fats, while in grains like wheat and corn it mainly stores starches. Histologically, endosperm cells are isodiametric and fill with storage materials, while some plants have an aleurone layer that secretes enzymes to aid in seed germination.
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Apomixis in flowering plants is defined as the asexual formation of a seed from the maternal tissues of the ovule, avoiding the processes of meiosis and fertilization, leading to embryo development.
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1. Double fertilization occurs in angiosperms where two male gametes fuse with the embryo sac - one sperm fertilizes the egg cell forming a zygote, and the other fertilizes the central cell forming the endosperm through triple fusion.
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3. There are three types of endosperm development - nuclear, cellular, and helobial. Nuclear type is most common where the primary endosperm nucleus divides without cell walls initially. Cellular
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2. There are three main types of endosperm based on development - nuclear, cellular, and helobial. Nuclear endosperm involves free nuclear divisions while cellular involves immediate cell wall formation.
3. Embryos can be dicot-style with two cotyledons and a radicle or monocot-style with a single scutellum cotyledon. Cotyledons are the first leaves that emerge from a germinating seed and store nutrients.
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There are several methods to overcome plant incompatibility, including mixed pollination, bud pollination, stub pollination, and intra-ovarian pollination. Mixed pollination involves pollinating the stigma with a mixture of live incompatible and killed compatible pollen. Bud pollination works in some plants where pollination at an early bud stage can overcome incompatibility. Stub pollination removes part of the style to allow the pollen tube to reach the ovary in plants where incompatibility is restricted to the stigma. Intra-ovarian pollination introduces pollen directly into the ovary to fertilize it.
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HETEROSPORY and SEED HABIT.pptx
Heterospory and seed habit in pteridophytes.
Heterospory originated from some spores degenerating in sporangia, allowing the surviving spores to grow larger. This led to megaspores producing female gametophytes and microspores producing male gametophytes. In heterosporous plants like Selaginella, the retention and germination of megaspores inside megasporangia brought them closer to seed habit, though true seeds did not form until gymnosperms evolved integuments around ovules. Heterospory played a significant role in the evolution of seed habit and seeds in higher plants by establishing dependencies that facilitated embryogenesis.
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The Cell: The Histology Guide
Nucleus - The Cell: The Histology Guide - University of Leeds
The nucleus is found in the middle of the cells, and it contains DNA arranged in chromosomes. It is surrounded by the nuclear envelope, a double nuclear membrane (outer and inner), which separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
open.baypath.edu
Nucleus – BIO109 Biology I Introduction to Biology
The boundary of the nucleus, called the nuclear envelope, is a double membrane that contains small openings called nuclear pores. These pores are gateways that allow molecules to move into and out of the nucleus, enabling it to communicate with the rest of the cell.
The nucleus has three main parts:
Nuclear membrane: A protective barrier of the nucleus
Nucleoplasm: The cytoplasm of the nucleus, which is a semifluid matrix that contains chromatin, the less condensed form of DNA that organizes into chromosomes during mitosis or cell division
Nucleolus: A spherical structure that produces and assembles the cell's ribosomes
The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell, such as growth and metabolism.
What are the 4 types of nucleus?
What are the 3 parts of a nucleus?
How many nuclei are in a cell?
Ask a follow up
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2) It then describes several types of specialized cells in humans and plants, relating their unique structures to their functions. For example, it explains that ciliated cells move mucus using cilia, nerve cells conduct electrical signals along their long axons, and palisade mesophyll cells perform photosynthesis due to their high chloroplast content.
3
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3) The benefits of therapeutic cloning discussed include potential alternatives for organ transplantation and treatment of diseases like leukemia and genetic disorders. However, using embryonic stem cells from aborted fetuses is considered morally problematic by some.
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cloning.pdf
This document discusses mammalian cloning, embryonic stem cell technologies, and the ethical issues surrounding human cloning. It provides information on reproductive cloning and gene/DNA cloning. Gene cloning involves locating a gene of interest and copying it out of extracted DNA. Therapeutic cloning is described as cloning designed for medical treatment, using somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate embryonic stem cells with a patient's genome. Potential benefits of therapeutic cloning include organ transplants, treatment of diseases like leukemia, and tissue regeneration. However, the use of embryonic stem cells from aborted fetuses is considered morally problematic by some. Different sources of stem cells are outlined, including embryonic, fetal, and adult tissues.
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cell and molecular biology final.pdf
The document discusses the history and key concepts of cell biology. It describes how Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope. The cell theory developed in 1838, stating that all living things are made of cells, cells only come from pre-existing cells, and the cell is the basic unit of structure and function. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack nuclei, and eukaryotic cells which have membrane-bound nuclei and organelles. Cellular reproduction occurs through binary fission in prokaryotes and mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotes to produce new cells.
Cells
The document discusses the history and development of cell theory from early microscopists in the 1600s-1800s to modern electron microscopy techniques. It covers key contributors like Van Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, Brown, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow and Weismann and how their findings built upon each other to establish the core principles of cell theory. The document then provides details on the structures and functions of plant and animal cells as well as their organelles like the cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuole and more.
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Endosperms
- 1. Presented By Dr. V. RAMSEH, Assistant Professor & Head i/c Department of Botany Vivekananda College Tiruvedakam West – 625 234 ramesh.vnr09@gmail.com +91 9842629245 ENDOSPERMS
- 2. WHAT IS ENDOSPERM? It is a nutritive tissue produced by fusion of secondary nucleus with a male gamete. It provides nutrition to the growing embryo
- 3. TYPES OF ENDOSPERMS Nuclear endosperm Cellular endosperm Helobial endosperm Ruminate endosperm Based on the mode of development
- 4. 1. Nuclear Endosperm PEN (Primary Endosperm Nucleus) divides into 2 nuclei without cell wall formation Nuclei remains free Examples: Coccinia, Capsella and Arachis. 2. Cellular Endosperm PEN divides into 2 nuclei with cell wall formation Examples: Adoxa, Helianthus and Scoparia. 3. Helobial Endosperm PEN moves towards the base of the embryo and divides into 2 nuclei. These 2 nuclei are separated by a wall to form a large micropylar chamber and a small chalazal chamber. Examples : Hydrilla and Vallisneria 4. Ruminate Endosperm Endosperm with irregularity and unevenness in its surface Example: Areca catechu.
- 6. DEVELOPMENT OF ENDOSPERM PEN undergoes successive nuclear divisions to form free nuclei. Subsequently, cell wall formation takes place and the endosperm becomes cellular. Coconut water from tender coconut forms Free-nuclear endosperm (made up of thousands of nuclei) White Kernel forms Cellular endosperm Endospermic Seed : Endosperm persists in mature seed. It is used up during seed germination. e.g. Castor, coconut Non-endospermic Seed : Endosperm is completely used up by the developing embryo. e.g. Pea, groundnut, bean.
- 7. FUNCTIONS OF ENDOSPERM It is the nutritive tissue for the developing embryo. In majority of angiosperms, the zygote divides only after the development of endosperm. Endosperm regulates the precise mode of embryo development.
- 8. THANK YOU