Citrus canker
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Citrus canker is a disease that causes small, round, raised lesions on citrus leaves, twigs, fruit, and thorns. The lesions are yellow-brown in color and become rough and corky over time. If left uncontrolled, the disease can cause defoliation and reduce fruit prices due to skin blemishes. Control measures include removing infected plant material and treating with antibiotics, as the disease spreads year-round but is most active during rainy seasons.
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Citrus Canker.pptx
Citrus canker is a bacterial disease caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri, producing lesions and cankers on citrus plants.
Cankers are open wounds or dead tissue surrounded by living tissues.
The disease was first reported in Japan in 1904.
It is a serious disease and is worldwide in distribution.
It is particularly serious in India, China, Japan and Java.
In 1915, Hesse first established the bacterial nature of the disease and described the organism as Pseudomonas citri.
Breed et al (1948) included it under Xanthomonas citri.
The Material is Useful for School and Undergraduate students.
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1) Bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum, is a severe disease of cotton that causes losses of up to 10.4% of cotton lint production globally.
2) The disease causes lesions on leaves and stems, leading to angular leaf spots, vein necrosis, and blackening of stems known as black arm. It can also cause seedling blight and boll rot.
3) The bacteria spreads through seed, wind, water, and physical and biological agents. Warm and humid conditions favor disease development.
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Late blight of potato is caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans. It initially infects the lower leaves and can attack the plant at any time after foliage develops. The disease leads to water soaked spots on leaves that turn purple-brown and black, and white growth develops on the underside of leaves. It also causes purplish brown spots on tubers. Cool, humid conditions favor the spread of the disease. Control measures include using resistant varieties, avoiding bruising of tubers, and regularly spraying fungicides like mancozeb every 10-15 days during crop growth.
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Citrus Canker.pptx
Citrus canker is a bacterial disease caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri, producing lesions and cankers on citrus plants.
Cankers are open wounds or dead tissue surrounded by living tissues.
The disease was first reported in Japan in 1904.
It is a serious disease and is worldwide in distribution.
It is particularly serious in India, China, Japan and Java.
In 1915, Hesse first established the bacterial nature of the disease and described the organism as Pseudomonas citri.
Breed et al (1948) included it under Xanthomonas citri.
The Material is Useful for School and Undergraduate students.
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Citrus canker
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This document discusses the nutrition and nutritional types of bacteria. It outlines that bacteria require both macro and micro nutrients for growth, with macro nutrients including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, sulfur, magnesium, and calcium. Micro nutrients that bacteria need in smaller amounts include manganese, cobalt, copper, nickel, and molybdenum. The document provides an overview of the key nutrients bacteria require for nourishment and growth.
Control of microbes
The document discusses various terms used to describe the control of microorganisms, including sterilization, disinfection, decontamination, and the agents used for each such as disinfectants, antiseptics, and sanitizers. It also outlines the main methods used for microbial control, which are physical methods like heat and radiation, and chemical methods using selective and non-selective antimicrobial agents.
Bunchy top of banana
This document summarizes bunchy top of banana, a serious viral disease of banana plants. The disease causes the leaves of infected plants to form a rosette-like cluster at the apex. It is caused by the Banana bunchy top virus, an isometric DNA virus transmitted by insects. Symptoms include clustered, stunted leaves and brown streaks on leaves and petioles. Infected plants fail to produce fruit and eventually decay. Control measures include removing and destroying infected plants, using certified virus-free planting material, and spraying herbicides to kill the virus. The disease is prevalent in banana growing regions in India.
Lichens sturcture, classification and reproduction
This document discusses lichens, which are symbiotic organisms consisting of fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. It covers the structure, classification, and reproduction of lichens based on where they grow such as on soil, leaves, plastic, or metal. The document also mentions that lichens can contain either blue green algae or green algae.
Measurement of bacteruak growth
This document discusses methods for measuring bacterial growth, including direct measurement, serial dilution techniques, and the plate method. It is signed by Dr. V. Ramesh, Assistant Professor and Head i/c of the Department of Botany at Vivekananda College in Tiruvedakam West, India.
Citric acid production
This document discusses citric acid, including its natural occurrence, industrial production, and uses. Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits, especially in high concentrations in lemons and limes. It is produced industrially through fermentation using microorganisms. The major steps in industrial citric acid production are substrate preparation, selection of microorganisms, controlling fermentation conditions such as temperature and pH, and recovering the citric acid through precipitation and filtration. Citric acid has various applications as a flavoring and preservative in foods and beverages.
Bacterial photosynthesis
Bacterial photosynthesis is the process by which certain types of bacteria are able to produce energy from sunlight. These bacteria contain pigments like chlorophyll that allow them to absorb sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds like sugars through a process similar to plant photosynthesis. However, bacterial photosynthesis differs from plant photosynthesis in some key structural and chemical details of the light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Mushroom diseases & managements
Mushroom diseases and their management are discussed in this document. It provides information from Dr. V. Ramesh, who is the Assistant Professor and Head In-Charge of the Department of Botany at Vivekananda College in Madurai, India. The document thanks the reader.
Penicillium structure and reproduction
Penicillium is a genus of fungus that produces antibiotics. It reproduces asexually through the formation of conidiophores that bear phialides which produce chains of conidia. Dr. V. Ramesh is an assistant professor and head of the botany department at Vivekananda College in Tiruvedakam West, India who can be contacted via email or phone regarding Penicillium structure and reproduction.
Mushroom training and research centers in tamil nadu
This document discusses mushroom training and research centers in Tamil Nadu and India. It was written by Dr. V. Ramesh, who is the Assistant Professor and Head In-Charge of the Department of Botany at Vivekananda College in Madurai, Tamil Nadu. The document provides information on mushroom training and research centers located in Tamil Nadu and across India.
Measurement of bacteruak growth
This document discusses methods for measuring bacterial growth, including direct measurement, serial dilution techniques, and the plate method. It is signed by Dr. V. Ramesh, Assistant Professor and Head i/c of the Department of Botany at Vivekananda College in Tiruvedakam West, India.
Little leaf of brinjal
Little Leaf of Brinjal is a disease that affects eggplant (Solanum melongena) plants. The disease was first reported in India in 1939, and favors rainy seasons for infection. Symptoms include small, soft, pale green leaves without thorns. The auxiliary and lateral buds are stimulated, shortening the internodes and giving the plant a bushy appearance. Infected plants also become sterile. Control measures include removing and burning infected plants, spraying Metasystox before fruit set to control insect vectors, and spraying the antibiotic Tetracycline to suppress symptoms.
Culture media
This document discusses culture media and its preparation for growing microorganisms. It is authored by Dr. V. Ramesh, Assistant Professor and Head of the Department of Botany at Vivekananda College in Tiruvedakam West, India. The document focuses on differential medium, which allows differentiation between types of microorganisms.
Biostatistics
This document provides information about biostatistics from Dr. V. Ramesh, the Assistant Professor and Head of the Department of Botany at Vivekananda College in Madurai, India. It discusses types of tables used in biostatistics, including simple tables with one character and complex tables with more than two characters. Census data from 2019-2020 is cited from the Government of India.
Bacterial growth curve
Bacterial growth curve experiments were conducted by Dr. V. Ramesh, Assistant Professor and Head i/c of the Department of Botany at Vivekananda College in Madurai, India. The experiments measured bacterial growth over time and identified distinct phases of bacterial proliferation. Dr. Ramesh thanked the reader for their time and interest in his research on bacterial growth curves.
Agaricus
The document summarizes the structure and reproduction of Agaricus, a saprophytic fungus commonly known as the white button mushroom. It has a vegetative mycelium that grows underground and produces a fruiting body above ground containing gills. The gills contain basidia that produce basidiospores for reproduction. Agaricus reproduces through three methods - vegetative reproduction by mycelium, asexual reproduction via chlamydospores, and sexual reproduction where two mycelial strains fuse and produce basidiospores in the fruiting bodies.
Bioactive potential of xylaria spp.
This document discusses the potential of the fungal genus Xylaria as a source of bioactive secondary metabolites with various applications. It summarizes research on the diversity of Xylaria species, the chemical compounds isolated from different Xylaria such as xylarighan, orthosporin, and xylarinic acid. The document also describes experiments showing that extracts from the endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. KC405623 exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against drug-resistant pathogens and cytotoxic effects against human cancer cell lines. It concludes that Xylaria represents an underexplored source of pharmaceutical compounds worthy of further study.
More from RAMESHVELCHAMY (20)
Lichens sturcture, classification and reproduction
Lichens sturcture, classification and reproduction
Mushroom training and research centers in tamil nadu
Mushroom training and research centers in tamil nadu
Law of thermodynamics, Bioluminescence, Fluorescence, Phosphorescence
Law of thermodynamics, Bioluminescence, Fluorescence, Phosphorescence
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Orion Air Quality Monitoring Systems - CWS
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Leaf Initiation, Growth and Differentiation.pdf
Leaf initiation, growth and differentiation, genetic control of leaf development.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsPhenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptx
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
Citrus canker
- 1. CITRUS CANKER Dr. V. RAMESH Assistant Professor & Head Department of Botany Vivekananda College Tiruvedakam West – 625 234 ramesh.vnr09@gmail.com +91 9842629245
- 4. SYMPTOMS: Firstly symptoms on lower side &later on both side of leaves Attack on leaves, twig, petiole, branches, fruit, thrones Small, round, watery, translucent raised, yellow brown spots on leaves & old branches Spots – white to greenish & finally rapture –rough corky Rough lesions surrounded by–yellow brown to green raised margin & watery yellow halo Crater like appearance is more common than leaves Fruit lesion become rough & corky Lesion confined only skin Defoliation Less price of fruits due to braking of skin Disease – whole the year but more spared in rainy season
- 5. Lesions on leaf and Fruit Lesions on leaf Lesions on Fruit Lesions on Stem
- 8. Ooze out of Bacteria from Infected Fruit
- 9. Control Measures or Disease Management
- 10. THANK YOU