This document discusses double fertilization and endosperm development in plants. It explains that double fertilization involves one male gamete fusing with the egg to form a diploid zygote, and the other fusing with the central cell's polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm nucleus. This triggers endosperm development, which provides nourishment for the developing embryo. The document outlines three types of endosperm - nuclear, cellular, and helobial - based on whether cell walls form during division of the primary endosperm nucleus.
Double fertilization is the process found in angiosperms in which out of the two male gametes released inside the embryo sac, one fuses with the egg cell (syngamy) and another fuse with secondary nucleus (triple fusion).
Megasporogenesis is the process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell.
In the hypodermal region of nucellus towards the micropylar end develops a primary archesporial cell.
Dr. T. Annie Sheron
Annie Sheron
Kakatiya Government College
This slide shows the information about gameophyte.
there are two type of gametophyte
1) male gameetophyte
2)female gametophyte
we only discussed about the female gametophyte. it has megagametogenesis and different kind of embryo secs and their discription are also their in the slide.
Double fertilization is the process found in angiosperms in which out of the two male gametes released inside the embryo sac, one fuses with the egg cell (syngamy) and another fuse with secondary nucleus (triple fusion).
Megasporogenesis is the process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell.
In the hypodermal region of nucellus towards the micropylar end develops a primary archesporial cell.
Dr. T. Annie Sheron
Annie Sheron
Kakatiya Government College
This slide shows the information about gameophyte.
there are two type of gametophyte
1) male gameetophyte
2)female gametophyte
we only discussed about the female gametophyte. it has megagametogenesis and different kind of embryo secs and their discription are also their in the slide.
Wall layers of anther have different functions most importantly they help in providing nutrition to developing pollens and also help in anther dehiscence.
Pollen pistil interaction
Types of Incompatibility in plants
Methods to overcome Incompatibility
Prepared by
Dr. T. Annie Sheron
Assistant Professor of Botany
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
KAKATIYA GOVERNMENT COLLEGE, HANAMKONDA
Wall layers of anther have different functions most importantly they help in providing nutrition to developing pollens and also help in anther dehiscence.
Pollen pistil interaction
Types of Incompatibility in plants
Methods to overcome Incompatibility
Prepared by
Dr. T. Annie Sheron
Assistant Professor of Botany
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
KAKATIYA GOVERNMENT COLLEGE, HANAMKONDA
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The Slides contains are Female Reproductive part of Flower (Carpels/Pistils), Structure of Ovule, Types of Ovules, Microsporogenesis, Megasporogenesis, Structure of Pollen Grain, Structure of Embryo Sac
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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Double fertilization & triple fusion
1. Double fertilization and Triple
Fusion
Dr. Vasanta I. Kahalkar
Dept. of Botany
M. G. College, Armori
2. • Entry of Pollen Tube into the Ovule:
• After reaching the ovary, the pollen tube enters the
ovule through micropylar end. It then enters one of the
synergids through the filiform apparatus present at
micropylar end. The synergids direct the growth of
pollen tube by secreting some chemical substances.
• The tip of the pollen tube enters one synergid, then the
penetrated synergid starts degenerating. After
penetration, the tip of the pollen tube enlarges and
ruptures by releasing the contents, including the two
male gametes and vegetative nucleus.
4. • Entry of Pollen Tube into the Ovule:
After reaching the ovary, the pollen tube
enters the ovule. Pollen tube may enter the ovule
by one of the folowing routes:-
• Porogamy :- When the pollen tube enters the
ovule through micropylar end, it is called
porogamy. Eg.- Lily
• Chalazogamy : The entry pollen tube into the
ovule from chalazal region is known as
chalazogamy. Eg- Betula
• Mesogamy :- The pollen tube enter the ovule
through its middle part i.e. Integuments or
through funicle.
5. Double fertilization and Triple Fusion
• The process of fusion of one male gamete with the egg
along with the union of the second male gamete with the
two polar nuclei or the secondary nucleus is called double
fertilisation.
• Out of the two male gametes, one fuses with the egg to
carry out generative fertilization or syngamy. It gives rise to
a diploid zygote or oosphere.
• The nucleus of the second male gamete fuses with two
haploid polar nuclei or diploid secondary nucleus of the
central cell to form a triploid primary endosperm nucleus
(PEN). The central cell is called primary endosperm cell
(PEC). This is called vegetative fertilization or triple fusion
7. Significance of Double Fertilization
• Fusion of male and female gamete are store
diploid condition.
• There are chances of polyembryony, and the
plant has better chances of survival.
• Double fertilization gives rise to an endosperm
that provides nourishment to the developing
embryo.
• It increases the viability of the seeds of
angiosperms.
8. ENDOSPERM AND ITS TYPES
• Endosperm is the nutritive tissue for the
developing embryo and also the seedling. In
angiosperm the endosperm develops from
triploid (3n) primary endosperm nucleus which
is formed as a result of vegetative fertilization,
triple fusion or fusion of a male gamete with
secondary nucleus of the central cell.
9. Type of endosperm: on the basis of development endosperm
are three types:-
• Nuclear endosperm:- In the nuclear types of endosperm development
the primary endosperm nucleus divides by repeated mitotic free nuclear
divisions without the formation of walls. It result in the formation of a
large number of free nuclei in the central cell of the embryo sac. A big
central vacuole develops in the embryo sac pushing all the nuclei to the
peripheral cytoplasm. Finally cell wall formation takes place from the
periphery of the embryo sac towards the centre leading to the formation
of cellular endosperm tissue. In the Coconut, the endosperm is
multicellular in the outer part and free nuclear in the centre. Nuclear
endosperm is the most common type of endosperm and mostly found in
polypetalae. Eg.- Cotton.
10. CELLULAR ENDOSPERM
• In the cellular type of endosperm development the 1st nuclear
division of the endosperm nucleus is immediately followed by
wall formation. The 1st division result in the formation of two
equal sized chamber, chalazal and micropylar chambers. The
subsequent division are fallowed by regular cell wall
formation. This types of endosperm formation is common in
gamopetalae. Eg.-Datura.
11. Helobial endosperm
• In the Helobial type of endosperm development, the endosperm is
intermediate between cellular and nuclear types. The division of primary
endosperm nucleus is followed by wall formation and as a result two
chamber micropylar and chalazal chamber, are formed. Generally the
chalazal cell divides by repeated free nuclear divisions and further
development takes places in the same way as the nuclear endosperm.
Helobial type of endosperm development is prevent in Helobiales order of
monocotyledonds. Eg- Erumirus.
