Encephalitis
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This document defines encephalitis as an acute inflammation of the brain that can be serious or fatal. It is caused by viruses like herpes simplex virus or fungi like Cryptococcus. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting and neurological symptoms. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture of cerebrospinal fluid and brain imaging. Treatment is symptomatic and may include antiviral drugs, antibiotics, anti-seizure medication, and management of increased intracranial pressure. Brain abscesses are accumulations of pus in the brain tissue that can develop from infections elsewhere in the body. Symptoms are similar to encephalitis and treatment involves long-term antibiotics, draining or removing the abscess surgically if large
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Encephalitis
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that is commonly caused by viral infections. It can cause symptoms like fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and neurological deficits as the brain tissue deteriorates. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture to analyze CSF for signs of inflammation and PCR or antibody tests to identify the specific virus. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, reducing fever and swelling, and using antiviral medications for viral causes. Nursing care involves frequent monitoring, preventing complications, managing aberrant behaviors, and providing supportive care and patient education.
Encephalitis
Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a viral infection or the immune system attacking brain tissue. It affects 7.4 cases per 100,000 people annually in Western countries. Common causes include herpes simplex virus, rabies virus, and childhood infections. Symptoms include fever, headaches, drowsiness, personality changes, and seizures. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, imaging tests, and spinal tap. Treatment focuses on antiviral drugs, rest, hydration, and rehabilitation to address complications like weakness and memory problems.
Brain abscess
A brain abscess is a collection of pus within the brain tissue caused by a bacterial or fungal infection. It most commonly occurs in individuals with compromised immune systems. Common symptoms include fever, headache, nausea and signs of increased intracranial pressure. Diagnosis involves neurological examination, imaging tests and stereotactic biopsy. Treatment consists of long-term intravenous antibiotics along with surgery to drain the abscess if needed. Nursing care focuses on neurological monitoring and supporting the medical and surgical treatment.
Meningitis
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Bacterial meningitis is the most serious type. Common symptoms in infants and children include fever, irritability, vomiting, and lethargy. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture, CSF examination, and imaging tests. Treatment consists of antibiotics, anticonvulsants, managing increased intracranial pressure, and supportive care like IV fluids and monitoring the patient's condition. Nursing care focuses on isolation, medication administration, seizure control, comfort, nutrition, and guiding parents.
Meningitis
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites. Common symptoms include fever, neck stiffness, vomiting and photophobia. Diagnosis involves examining cerebrospinal fluid through lumbar puncture. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, antivirals or antifungals as well as managing symptoms. Nursing care aims to enhance cerebral perfusion, reduce fever and pain, maintain fluid balance, and help the patient return to normal functioning.
Headache
Headache is a common symptom that can have various underlying causes like tension, migraines, or clusters. Tension headaches involve muscle tension and are typically mild and bilateral. Migraines are more severe and often unilateral, involving nausea, sensitivity to light/sound, and possible aura. Clusters occur in repeated daily episodes over weeks to months. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and history. Treatment focuses on prevention through medications that reduce vascular changes, muscle tension, or other triggers, as well as acute relief of pain.
cerebrovascular accident
cerebrovascular accident, commonly known as stroke is one of the most common health problems of the world. in the developing world, its increasing incidence is a matter of concern among the health workers across the globe. thus adequate knowledge about this medical condition is a must to deal with it effectively.
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
This document provides information about cerebrovascular accidents (strokes), including:
1. Strokes occur when blood supply to the brain is disrupted, causing brain cells to die from lack of oxygen and nutrients.
2. There are two main types of strokes - ischemic (lack of blood flow) and hemorrhagic (bleeding in the brain).
3. Signs and symptoms of strokes vary depending on the area of the brain affected but may include weakness, confusion, vision problems, and headaches.
Recommended
Encephalitis
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that is commonly caused by viral infections. It can cause symptoms like fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and neurological deficits as the brain tissue deteriorates. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture to analyze CSF for signs of inflammation and PCR or antibody tests to identify the specific virus. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, reducing fever and swelling, and using antiviral medications for viral causes. Nursing care involves frequent monitoring, preventing complications, managing aberrant behaviors, and providing supportive care and patient education.
Encephalitis
Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a viral infection or the immune system attacking brain tissue. It affects 7.4 cases per 100,000 people annually in Western countries. Common causes include herpes simplex virus, rabies virus, and childhood infections. Symptoms include fever, headaches, drowsiness, personality changes, and seizures. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, imaging tests, and spinal tap. Treatment focuses on antiviral drugs, rest, hydration, and rehabilitation to address complications like weakness and memory problems.
Brain abscess
A brain abscess is a collection of pus within the brain tissue caused by a bacterial or fungal infection. It most commonly occurs in individuals with compromised immune systems. Common symptoms include fever, headache, nausea and signs of increased intracranial pressure. Diagnosis involves neurological examination, imaging tests and stereotactic biopsy. Treatment consists of long-term intravenous antibiotics along with surgery to drain the abscess if needed. Nursing care focuses on neurological monitoring and supporting the medical and surgical treatment.
Meningitis
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Bacterial meningitis is the most serious type. Common symptoms in infants and children include fever, irritability, vomiting, and lethargy. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture, CSF examination, and imaging tests. Treatment consists of antibiotics, anticonvulsants, managing increased intracranial pressure, and supportive care like IV fluids and monitoring the patient's condition. Nursing care focuses on isolation, medication administration, seizure control, comfort, nutrition, and guiding parents.
Meningitis
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites. Common symptoms include fever, neck stiffness, vomiting and photophobia. Diagnosis involves examining cerebrospinal fluid through lumbar puncture. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, antivirals or antifungals as well as managing symptoms. Nursing care aims to enhance cerebral perfusion, reduce fever and pain, maintain fluid balance, and help the patient return to normal functioning.
Headache
Headache is a common symptom that can have various underlying causes like tension, migraines, or clusters. Tension headaches involve muscle tension and are typically mild and bilateral. Migraines are more severe and often unilateral, involving nausea, sensitivity to light/sound, and possible aura. Clusters occur in repeated daily episodes over weeks to months. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and history. Treatment focuses on prevention through medications that reduce vascular changes, muscle tension, or other triggers, as well as acute relief of pain.
cerebrovascular accident
cerebrovascular accident, commonly known as stroke is one of the most common health problems of the world. in the developing world, its increasing incidence is a matter of concern among the health workers across the globe. thus adequate knowledge about this medical condition is a must to deal with it effectively.
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
This document provides information about cerebrovascular accidents (strokes), including:
1. Strokes occur when blood supply to the brain is disrupted, causing brain cells to die from lack of oxygen and nutrients.
2. There are two main types of strokes - ischemic (lack of blood flow) and hemorrhagic (bleeding in the brain).
3. Signs and symptoms of strokes vary depending on the area of the brain affected but may include weakness, confusion, vision problems, and headaches.
Hydrocephalus disease
Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an excess of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain caused by an imbalance between production and absorption of CSF. It can be caused by congenital issues that obstruct CSF flow within the ventricles or subarachnoid space, or acquired causes like infection or injury. Symptoms in infants include an enlarged head size, bulging fontanelles, and a cracked-pot sound on skull tapping. Diagnosis involves CT/MRI scans and ultrasound. Treatment is typically through surgical insertion of a shunt to drain CSF out of the brain and into other body cavities or organs. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for increased intracranial pressure pre- and post-operatively, preventing
Meningitis
This document discusses meningitis, including its causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, which are the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. Bacterial meningitis requires urgent treatment with antibiotics as it can be life-threatening. Symptoms vary depending on age but may include fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, confusion, and seizures. Diagnosis involves physical exam, spinal fluid analysis, and imaging tests. Treatment focuses on identifying the cause, administering antibiotics or antivirals, relieving symptoms, and preventing complications.
Rheumatic fever
This document provides an overview of rheumatic fever, including its causes, risk factors, manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing management. Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that occurs after a streptococcal throat infection, usually within 2-6 weeks. It commonly affects the heart, joints, skin, and brain in children ages 5-15. The main risk is permanent heart damage known as rheumatic heart disease. Treatment involves antibiotics to eliminate strep bacteria, anti-inflammatory drugs, and long-term preventative antibiotics to reduce the risk of recurrence. Nursing care focuses on treatment compliance, recovery support, education, and prevention.
Pulmonary TB
Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs. It spreads through airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include cough, fever, weight loss, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, sputum smears, and the tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotic medications daily for 6-9 months. Directly observed treatment is recommended to ensure compliance and prevent drug resistance. Nursing care focuses on monitoring symptoms, preventing spread, promoting nutrition and activity, and supporting the treatment regimen.
Meningitis
The document discusses meningitis, including its definition as an inflammation of the brain and spinal cord caused by bacterial or viral infection. It can be caused by various microorganisms entering the body. The document outlines the most common bacterial and viral causes. It then discusses the route of entry, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnostic evaluation, management including antibiotics, and nursing management focused on reducing fever, maintaining fluid balance, enhancing cerebral perfusion, and reducing pain.
Head injury ppt
This document discusses head injuries, including classification, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, management, and rehabilitation. Head injuries can be scalp injuries, skull fractures, or brain injuries including concussions and contusions. Risk factors include alcohol use, young age, and certain activities. Signs may include changes in behavior, vomiting, or seizures. Diagnostic tests include CT scans, MRI, and blood tests. Initial management focuses on airway, breathing, circulation, and external examination. Rehabilitation therapies aid recovery and may include cognitive, physical, speech, and occupational therapies.
Cerebro vascular accident
This document provides an overview of cerebrovascular accidents or strokes. It defines a stroke as the sudden death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen from a blocked or ruptured artery in the brain. Risk factors include hypertension, heart disease, smoking, obesity, and age. Strokes are classified as ischemic or hemorrhagic and treatment involves medications to break up clots, surgery, and rehabilitation to regain functions. Nursing care focuses on airway maintenance, communication, mobilization, and psychological support during recovery.
Movement disorder - HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE(Chorea)
Increased movement that can be voluntary (intentional) or involuntary (unintended) Decreased or slow voluntary movement.
Bronchial asthma Pediatrics Topic
This document provides information about bronchial asthma. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Common symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Triggers include allergens, infections, pollution, stress and certain drugs. The pathophysiology involves chronic inflammation and constriction of the airways. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and using tests like spirometry and imaging. Management consists of pharmacological treatments like bronchodilators and anti-inflammatories as well as nursing care focused on airway clearance, breathing exercises, nutrition, education and managing exacerbating factors.
Arthritis
Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are inflammatory joint diseases. Osteoarthritis is caused by mechanical stress and damage over time, causing cartilage loss and bone changes leading to pain and deformity. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease causing chronic inflammation of multiple joints, resulting in joint stiffness, pain, and deformity especially in hands, wrists and feet. Symptoms include tender and swollen joints, joint stiffness, and difficulty gripping objects. Complications may include rheumatoid nodules, Sjogren's syndrome, and Felty's syndrome. Treatment involves medications, exercise, joint protection, and lifestyle changes.
Meningitis
A 15-year-old male with leukemia was admitted with symptoms of disturbed gait, fever, vomiting, headache, and drowsiness. He also had nuchal rigidity and photophobia. These symptoms suggest a diagnosis of meningitis. Key aspects of managing meningitis include administering antibiotics based on the causative organism, monitoring for complications like seizures and impaired cognition, and providing supportive care. Nursing priorities involve assessing respiratory function, managing pain and mobility issues, ensuring adequate nutrition, and addressing patient anxiety. Lumbar puncture and CSF examination are important for confirming a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.
Head injury
Head injuries can range from minor scalp lacerations to severe traumatic brain injuries. The document defines different types of head injuries including closed and open injuries, skull fractures, and brain injuries such as concussions, contusions, and intracranial hemorrhages. Treatment depends on the severity but may include managing increased intracranial pressure, antibiotics, anti-seizure medications, surgery, and supportive care including monitoring neurological status, maintaining hydration and oxygenation, and preventing complications.
BRAIN ABSCESS.pptx
A brain abscess is a rare, life-threatening infection within the brain tissue that develops from a local or remote infection source. Common causes include ear, dental, sinus, or lung infections. Symptoms include severe headache, nausea, vomiting, and neurological deficits. Diagnosis involves imaging scans like MRI or CT scan to detect pockets of infected material. Treatment requires long-term antibiotics and potentially surgical drainage or resection of the abscess. Complications can include increased intracranial pressure, neurological damage, or disability if not properly treated.
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus
introduction
Hydrocephalus, also known years ago as “water on the brain”, is a condition where the circulation system of the body’s cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is not functioning properly. The CSF accumulates in the brain and causes intracranial pressure. A shunt is usually placed to equalize the flow of CSF, which requires surgery. The diagnosis and surgery can be very frightening for the parents as well as the child
definition
Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an excess of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces of the cranial cavity
INCIDENCE
It is found in 1-3 of every 1000 born children in world wide
Classification
Non communicating. In the non communicating type of congenital hydrocephalus, an obstruction occurs in the free circulation of CSF.
Communicating. In the communicating type of hydrocephalus, no obstruction of the free flow of the CSF exists between the ventricles and the spinal theca; rather, the condition is caused by defective absorption of CSF, thus causing increased pressure on the brain or spinal cord.
CAUSES
Obstruction. The most common problem is a partial obstruction of the normal flow of CSF, either from one ventricle to another or from the ventricles to other spaces around the brain.
Poor absorption. Less common is a problem with the mechanisms that enable the blood vessels to absorb CSF; this is often related to inflammation of brain tissues from disease or injury.
Overproduction. Rarely, the mechanisms for producing CSF create more than normal and more quickly than it can be absorbed.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Poor feeding. The infant with hydrocephalus has trouble in feeding due to the difficulty of his condition.
Large head. An excessively large head at birth is suggestive of hydrocephalus.
Bulging of the anterior fontanelles. The anterior fontanelle becomes tense and bulging, the skull enlarges in all diameters, and the scalp becomes shiny and its veins dilate.
Setting sun sign. If pressure continues to increase without intervention, the eyes appear to be pushed downward slightly with the sclera visible above the iris- the so-called setting sun sign.
High-pitched cry. The intracranial pressure may increase and the infant’s cry could become high-pitched.
Irritability. Irritability is also caused by an increase in the intracranial pressure.
Projectile vomiting. An increase in the intracranial pressure can cause projectile vomiting
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,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
conclusions
DIARRHEAL DISEASE IN CHILDREN
This document discusses diarrheal disease, which is a major cause of death among children in developing countries. It defines diarrhea as three or more loose stools per day and outlines its various types including secretory, osmotic, and motility diarrhea. The main causes are intestinal infections from bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Diagnosis involves taking a thorough history and examining stool samples. Management focuses on oral rehydration therapy for mild to moderate cases and IV fluids for severe dehydration. Nursing care includes careful assessment and monitoring for dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and other complications.
Seizure
This document discusses epilepsy and seizures. It defines seizures and epilepsy, describes different types of seizures including partial and generalized seizures. Common causes of epilepsy including strokes, brain injuries, tumors are mentioned. Management of seizures focuses on preventing injuries, identifying and removing seizure triggers, and treating with anti-seizure medications to control seizures. Nursing care revolves around safety during seizures, airway management, education, and supporting patients' psychosocial needs.
Herniation of intervertbal disk
1. Herniation of an intervertebral disc occurs when the nucleus of the disc protrudes into the annulus, compressing nerves and causing pain. It most commonly affects the lumbar spine.
2. Risk factors include age, trauma, congenital predisposition, occupational stresses, obesity, and smoking. Symptoms depend on location and severity of compression but usually involve neck/back pain radiating into extremities.
3. Diagnosis is confirmed by CT/MRI imaging. Treatment involves rest, analgesics, physical therapy, steroid injections, and possibly surgery to decompress nerves if conservative measures fail. Patient education focuses on lifestyle changes and proper body mechanics to prevent recurrence.
Headache
Headache is one of the most common human complaints worldwide. There are two main types of headaches - primary and secondary. Primary headaches include migraines, tension headaches, and cluster headaches, which are caused by the condition itself rather than another cause. Migraines are severe headaches that can cause throbbing pain on one or both sides of the head along with nausea and sensitivity to light and sound. Tension headaches cause mild to moderate dull pain across both sides of the head that is often exacerbated by stress. Cluster headaches involve excruciating pain around one eye and are more common in men. Secondary headaches are caused by underlying conditions like infections, head injuries, or tumors. Diagnosis involves history and exams, while treatment
Cerebrovascular accident
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die.
Cholelithiasis
Gallstones are hardened deposits of bile that can form in your gallbladder. Bile is a digestive fluid produced in your liver and stored in your gallbladder. When you eat, your gallbladder contracts and empties bile into your small intestine (duodenum)
Encephalitis
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viral infections or autoimmune responses. It occurs most commonly in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Symptoms vary depending on age but may include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and long-term neurological complications. Diagnosis involves imaging, spinal fluid analysis, and blood tests to identify potential causes. Treatment focuses on supportive care and antiviral medications or antibiotics depending on the suspected cause. Outcomes range from full recovery to permanent neurological deficits and risk of death is highest in cases of prolonged coma or infection with herpes simplex virus.
Encephalitis
1. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that is usually caused by a viral infection. It can affect the brain tissue itself as well as the meninges.
2. The most common symptoms include fever, headache, confusion, seizures and altered mental status. In newborns and infants, symptoms may be more subtle like irritability, poor feeding, or bulging fontanelles.
3. Diagnosis involves examination of cerebrospinal fluid, imaging like MRI or CT scan of the brain, and testing to identify the causal virus. Treatment focuses on supportive care and antiviral medications when indicated. Outcomes depend on the severity and underlying cause, but most children fully recover.
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Hydrocephalus disease
Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an excess of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain caused by an imbalance between production and absorption of CSF. It can be caused by congenital issues that obstruct CSF flow within the ventricles or subarachnoid space, or acquired causes like infection or injury. Symptoms in infants include an enlarged head size, bulging fontanelles, and a cracked-pot sound on skull tapping. Diagnosis involves CT/MRI scans and ultrasound. Treatment is typically through surgical insertion of a shunt to drain CSF out of the brain and into other body cavities or organs. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for increased intracranial pressure pre- and post-operatively, preventing
Meningitis
This document discusses meningitis, including its causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, which are the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. Bacterial meningitis requires urgent treatment with antibiotics as it can be life-threatening. Symptoms vary depending on age but may include fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, confusion, and seizures. Diagnosis involves physical exam, spinal fluid analysis, and imaging tests. Treatment focuses on identifying the cause, administering antibiotics or antivirals, relieving symptoms, and preventing complications.
Rheumatic fever
This document provides an overview of rheumatic fever, including its causes, risk factors, manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing management. Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that occurs after a streptococcal throat infection, usually within 2-6 weeks. It commonly affects the heart, joints, skin, and brain in children ages 5-15. The main risk is permanent heart damage known as rheumatic heart disease. Treatment involves antibiotics to eliminate strep bacteria, anti-inflammatory drugs, and long-term preventative antibiotics to reduce the risk of recurrence. Nursing care focuses on treatment compliance, recovery support, education, and prevention.
Pulmonary TB
Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs. It spreads through airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include cough, fever, weight loss, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, sputum smears, and the tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotic medications daily for 6-9 months. Directly observed treatment is recommended to ensure compliance and prevent drug resistance. Nursing care focuses on monitoring symptoms, preventing spread, promoting nutrition and activity, and supporting the treatment regimen.
Meningitis
The document discusses meningitis, including its definition as an inflammation of the brain and spinal cord caused by bacterial or viral infection. It can be caused by various microorganisms entering the body. The document outlines the most common bacterial and viral causes. It then discusses the route of entry, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnostic evaluation, management including antibiotics, and nursing management focused on reducing fever, maintaining fluid balance, enhancing cerebral perfusion, and reducing pain.
Head injury ppt
This document discusses head injuries, including classification, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, management, and rehabilitation. Head injuries can be scalp injuries, skull fractures, or brain injuries including concussions and contusions. Risk factors include alcohol use, young age, and certain activities. Signs may include changes in behavior, vomiting, or seizures. Diagnostic tests include CT scans, MRI, and blood tests. Initial management focuses on airway, breathing, circulation, and external examination. Rehabilitation therapies aid recovery and may include cognitive, physical, speech, and occupational therapies.
Cerebro vascular accident
This document provides an overview of cerebrovascular accidents or strokes. It defines a stroke as the sudden death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen from a blocked or ruptured artery in the brain. Risk factors include hypertension, heart disease, smoking, obesity, and age. Strokes are classified as ischemic or hemorrhagic and treatment involves medications to break up clots, surgery, and rehabilitation to regain functions. Nursing care focuses on airway maintenance, communication, mobilization, and psychological support during recovery.
Movement disorder - HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE(Chorea)
Increased movement that can be voluntary (intentional) or involuntary (unintended) Decreased or slow voluntary movement.
Bronchial asthma Pediatrics Topic
This document provides information about bronchial asthma. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Common symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Triggers include allergens, infections, pollution, stress and certain drugs. The pathophysiology involves chronic inflammation and constriction of the airways. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and using tests like spirometry and imaging. Management consists of pharmacological treatments like bronchodilators and anti-inflammatories as well as nursing care focused on airway clearance, breathing exercises, nutrition, education and managing exacerbating factors.
Arthritis
Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are inflammatory joint diseases. Osteoarthritis is caused by mechanical stress and damage over time, causing cartilage loss and bone changes leading to pain and deformity. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease causing chronic inflammation of multiple joints, resulting in joint stiffness, pain, and deformity especially in hands, wrists and feet. Symptoms include tender and swollen joints, joint stiffness, and difficulty gripping objects. Complications may include rheumatoid nodules, Sjogren's syndrome, and Felty's syndrome. Treatment involves medications, exercise, joint protection, and lifestyle changes.
Meningitis
A 15-year-old male with leukemia was admitted with symptoms of disturbed gait, fever, vomiting, headache, and drowsiness. He also had nuchal rigidity and photophobia. These symptoms suggest a diagnosis of meningitis. Key aspects of managing meningitis include administering antibiotics based on the causative organism, monitoring for complications like seizures and impaired cognition, and providing supportive care. Nursing priorities involve assessing respiratory function, managing pain and mobility issues, ensuring adequate nutrition, and addressing patient anxiety. Lumbar puncture and CSF examination are important for confirming a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.
Head injury
Head injuries can range from minor scalp lacerations to severe traumatic brain injuries. The document defines different types of head injuries including closed and open injuries, skull fractures, and brain injuries such as concussions, contusions, and intracranial hemorrhages. Treatment depends on the severity but may include managing increased intracranial pressure, antibiotics, anti-seizure medications, surgery, and supportive care including monitoring neurological status, maintaining hydration and oxygenation, and preventing complications.
BRAIN ABSCESS.pptx
A brain abscess is a rare, life-threatening infection within the brain tissue that develops from a local or remote infection source. Common causes include ear, dental, sinus, or lung infections. Symptoms include severe headache, nausea, vomiting, and neurological deficits. Diagnosis involves imaging scans like MRI or CT scan to detect pockets of infected material. Treatment requires long-term antibiotics and potentially surgical drainage or resection of the abscess. Complications can include increased intracranial pressure, neurological damage, or disability if not properly treated.
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus
introduction
Hydrocephalus, also known years ago as “water on the brain”, is a condition where the circulation system of the body’s cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is not functioning properly. The CSF accumulates in the brain and causes intracranial pressure. A shunt is usually placed to equalize the flow of CSF, which requires surgery. The diagnosis and surgery can be very frightening for the parents as well as the child
definition
Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an excess of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces of the cranial cavity
INCIDENCE
It is found in 1-3 of every 1000 born children in world wide
Classification
Non communicating. In the non communicating type of congenital hydrocephalus, an obstruction occurs in the free circulation of CSF.
Communicating. In the communicating type of hydrocephalus, no obstruction of the free flow of the CSF exists between the ventricles and the spinal theca; rather, the condition is caused by defective absorption of CSF, thus causing increased pressure on the brain or spinal cord.
CAUSES
Obstruction. The most common problem is a partial obstruction of the normal flow of CSF, either from one ventricle to another or from the ventricles to other spaces around the brain.
Poor absorption. Less common is a problem with the mechanisms that enable the blood vessels to absorb CSF; this is often related to inflammation of brain tissues from disease or injury.
Overproduction. Rarely, the mechanisms for producing CSF create more than normal and more quickly than it can be absorbed.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Poor feeding. The infant with hydrocephalus has trouble in feeding due to the difficulty of his condition.
Large head. An excessively large head at birth is suggestive of hydrocephalus.
Bulging of the anterior fontanelles. The anterior fontanelle becomes tense and bulging, the skull enlarges in all diameters, and the scalp becomes shiny and its veins dilate.
Setting sun sign. If pressure continues to increase without intervention, the eyes appear to be pushed downward slightly with the sclera visible above the iris- the so-called setting sun sign.
High-pitched cry. The intracranial pressure may increase and the infant’s cry could become high-pitched.
Irritability. Irritability is also caused by an increase in the intracranial pressure.
Projectile vomiting. An increase in the intracranial pressure can cause projectile vomiting
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,,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
conclusions
DIARRHEAL DISEASE IN CHILDREN
This document discusses diarrheal disease, which is a major cause of death among children in developing countries. It defines diarrhea as three or more loose stools per day and outlines its various types including secretory, osmotic, and motility diarrhea. The main causes are intestinal infections from bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Diagnosis involves taking a thorough history and examining stool samples. Management focuses on oral rehydration therapy for mild to moderate cases and IV fluids for severe dehydration. Nursing care includes careful assessment and monitoring for dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and other complications.
Seizure
This document discusses epilepsy and seizures. It defines seizures and epilepsy, describes different types of seizures including partial and generalized seizures. Common causes of epilepsy including strokes, brain injuries, tumors are mentioned. Management of seizures focuses on preventing injuries, identifying and removing seizure triggers, and treating with anti-seizure medications to control seizures. Nursing care revolves around safety during seizures, airway management, education, and supporting patients' psychosocial needs.
Herniation of intervertbal disk
1. Herniation of an intervertebral disc occurs when the nucleus of the disc protrudes into the annulus, compressing nerves and causing pain. It most commonly affects the lumbar spine.
2. Risk factors include age, trauma, congenital predisposition, occupational stresses, obesity, and smoking. Symptoms depend on location and severity of compression but usually involve neck/back pain radiating into extremities.
3. Diagnosis is confirmed by CT/MRI imaging. Treatment involves rest, analgesics, physical therapy, steroid injections, and possibly surgery to decompress nerves if conservative measures fail. Patient education focuses on lifestyle changes and proper body mechanics to prevent recurrence.
Headache
Headache is one of the most common human complaints worldwide. There are two main types of headaches - primary and secondary. Primary headaches include migraines, tension headaches, and cluster headaches, which are caused by the condition itself rather than another cause. Migraines are severe headaches that can cause throbbing pain on one or both sides of the head along with nausea and sensitivity to light and sound. Tension headaches cause mild to moderate dull pain across both sides of the head that is often exacerbated by stress. Cluster headaches involve excruciating pain around one eye and are more common in men. Secondary headaches are caused by underlying conditions like infections, head injuries, or tumors. Diagnosis involves history and exams, while treatment
Cerebrovascular accident
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die.
Cholelithiasis
Gallstones are hardened deposits of bile that can form in your gallbladder. Bile is a digestive fluid produced in your liver and stored in your gallbladder. When you eat, your gallbladder contracts and empties bile into your small intestine (duodenum)
What's hot (20)
Similar to Encephalitis
Encephalitis
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viral infections or autoimmune responses. It occurs most commonly in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Symptoms vary depending on age but may include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and long-term neurological complications. Diagnosis involves imaging, spinal fluid analysis, and blood tests to identify potential causes. Treatment focuses on supportive care and antiviral medications or antibiotics depending on the suspected cause. Outcomes range from full recovery to permanent neurological deficits and risk of death is highest in cases of prolonged coma or infection with herpes simplex virus.
Encephalitis
1. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that is usually caused by a viral infection. It can affect the brain tissue itself as well as the meninges.
2. The most common symptoms include fever, headache, confusion, seizures and altered mental status. In newborns and infants, symptoms may be more subtle like irritability, poor feeding, or bulging fontanelles.
3. Diagnosis involves examination of cerebrospinal fluid, imaging like MRI or CT scan of the brain, and testing to identify the causal virus. Treatment focuses on supportive care and antiviral medications when indicated. Outcomes depend on the severity and underlying cause, but most children fully recover.
Diagnostic methods
The document discusses various topics related to neurology including:
1. Common neurological disorders such as headache, low back pain, and stroke.
2. Components of a neurological examination including signs, reflexes, and tests of sensory and motor function.
3. Diagnostic tools used in neurology such as CT, MRI, angiography, EEG, lumbar puncture, and PET.
4. Types of disturbances of consciousness including those caused by brainstem or cortical damage.
5. Criteria for determining brain death.
Encephalitis. Shuweina Said roll no 50..pptx
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that is usually caused by a viral infection. Common viruses that cause encephalitis include herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, and arboviruses. Symptoms include fever, headache, seizures, confusion, and behavioral changes. Diagnosis involves blood tests, MRI or CT scan of the brain, and examination of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying cause, managing symptoms like seizures, and using antiviral medications for viral infections. Complications can include long-term neurological deficits, epilepsy, and even death in severe cases. Prognosis depends on the cause - prompt diagnosis and treatment often leads to full recovery but some cases result in
ACUTE ENCEPHALITIS SYNDROME by DR.LIKITHA
This document discusses neonatal brain injury, including causes like prematurity, stroke, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. It describes how oxidative stress and excitotoxicity can lead to cell death through free radical damage. Hypoxic-ischemia can cause primary energy failure initially, followed by secondary energy failure hours later through additional injury cascades. Strategies to reduce brain injury include preventing preterm birth, antenatal steroids, therapeutic hypothermia initiated within 6 hours, and other neonatal care practices.
CNS infection
This document discusses central nervous system infections. It begins by classifying infections as acute (<1 week), subacute (1-4 weeks), or chronic (>4 weeks) and noting the infecting organism and site of involvement. Common causative microbes are then listed for various types of infections including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and prions. The sites of central nervous system infection are described as meningitis, encephalitis, meningoencephalitis or focal infections. Diagnostic tests for cerebrospinal fluid are outlined including tests to identify organisms, antibodies and nucleic acids. Treatment approaches are also summarized.
Febrile encephalopathy
This document discusses acute febrile encephalopathy in children. It defines key terms, outlines the differential diagnosis, and describes the epidemiology, investigations, management, and specific treatments for various potential causes. These include infections like viral encephalitis, autoimmune encephalitis, ADEM, seizures, and metabolic disorders. Identification of the specific etiology is important to guide therapy but often a definite diagnosis remains unknown in many cases.
AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALITIS.pptx
Autoimmune encephalitis a term used in children presenting with neurological syndrome associated with serum and/ or cerebrospinal fluid antibodies directed against ion channels, receptors and associated proteins.
It comprises group of clinical syndrome that can occur at all ages but preferentially affect younger adult and children.
Auto antibodies against:
Neuronal cell surface protein
Synaptic receptors involved in transmission ,plasticity ,excitability.
Triggers: Tumors, Post viral infections, Post vaccination.
Autoimmune encephalitis includes ADEM
Anti NMDAR encephalitis
Encephalitis a/w GABA R antibodies
NMOSD
Opsoclonus-myoclonus & cerebellar - brainstem encephalitis
Bickerstaff encephalitis
Hashimoto encephalitis
Rasmussen encephalitis
Basal ganglia encephalitis
CLIPPERS
ROHHAD.
ADEM is MC cause of autoimmune encephalitis in children and adolescents.
Acute onset of polyfocal neurological deficit accompanied by encephalopathy and changes compatible with demyelination on MRI brain.
Cns Infxs
The document discusses various types of meningitis and encephalitis. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Bacterial meningitis presents with fever, headache, neck stiffness, and other neurological symptoms. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and microbiological testing of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment focuses on antibiotics and supportive care. Encephalitis also causes inflammation in the brain and can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or other infectious agents. It presents with fever, headache, and neurological deficits depending on the area of brain involvement. Diagnosis involves imaging, CSF analysis, and PCR testing. Treatment aims to
Brain Infxn 71609
This document discusses various types of meningitis and encephalitis. It begins by defining meningitis as an inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It then describes the different causes of meningitis including bacterial, viral, fungal and others. It discusses the signs and symptoms, diagnostic findings, medical and nursing management of different types of meningitis and encephalitis.
Encephalitis
Encephalitis is a rare yet serious disease that can be life-threatening.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
The most common cause is viral infections.
In rare cases it can be caused by bacteria or even fungi.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
Primary encephalitis- It occurs when a virus directly infects the brain and spinal cord.
Secondary encephalitis- It occurs when an infection starts elsewhere in the body and then travels to your brain.
Older adults
Children under the age of 1 year
People with weak immune systems
Primary (infectious) encephalitis
Common viruses, including HSV (herpes simplex virus) and EBV (Epstein-Barr virus)
Childhood viruses, including measles and mumps
Arboviruses (spread by mosquitoes, ticks, and other insects), including Japanese encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis
Secondary encephalitis: could be caused by a complication of a viral infection.
Meningitis in children.pptx
This document discusses meningitis and encephalitis in children. It begins by defining meningoencephalitis, meningitis, and encephalitis. It then discusses the various etiologies of encephalitis and encephalopathies in children, which can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and other pathogens. It provides details on specific viral meningoencephalitides like Japanese encephalitis and herpes simplex encephalitis. It also discusses acute bacterial meningitis and tubercular meningitis in children, including their presentations, investigations, and management.
Approach to coma
This document discusses non-traumatic coma in children. It begins by providing incidence rates for non-traumatic coma (30 per 100,000 children per year) and traumatic brain injury (670 per 100,000). The rest of the document discusses the definition, causes, evaluation, management, and outcomes of non-traumatic coma in children. Infection is the most common cause. Mortality depends on the underlying etiology and can range from 3-84%. Overall mortality in studies is around 46%.
Infections of the CNS: Meningitis
The document discusses central nervous system infections, listing the main causes as bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal. It then provides more detailed information on specific types of infections, including listings of examples for each category. It also includes sections on meningitis that describe the introduction, clinical features, types (pyogenic bacterial, tubercular, and viral), investigations, treatment, and physical therapy management goals for meningitis patients.
Infeksi hiv
This document discusses various neurological complications of HIV/AIDS, including:
- Primary complications like HIV-Dementia and neuropathy. Secondary complications include opportunistic infections like cerebral toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis meningitis, and cryptococcal meningitis.
- HIV enters the central nervous system early in infection and can progress to HIV encephalitis, manifesting as cognitive, motor, and behavioral dysfunction.
- Highly active antiretroviral therapy can arrest disease progression and even reverse some neurological disability. Neurologists should be competent in antiretroviral prescribing.
- Cerebral toxoplasmosis is the most common central nervous system lesion in AIDS. It presents as multiple ring-
Encephalitis
- The document summarizes a presentation on viral encephalitis given by Dr. Lucy Strens.
- It discusses the causes, clinical presentation, investigations, and management of viral encephalitis, with a focus on Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 encephalitis.
- Key points include that HSV-1 is the most common cause of viral encephalitis in developed countries. Clinical presentation typically includes fever, headache, and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves MRI, lumbar puncture for CSF analysis and viral PCR testing. Treatment is with intravenous aciclovir. Prognosis is poor if untreated but mortality can be reduced with antiviral treatment.
Viral encephalitis
This document provides an overview of acute viral encephalitis. It defines encephalitis and meningoencephalitis, and discusses the causes, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of viral encephalitis. The most common causes are viruses like herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, enteroviruses, and arboviruses. Diagnosis involves CSF analysis, imaging, and PCR. Management involves supportive care, antiviral drugs like acyclovir, and controlling raised intracranial pressure. Prognosis depends on factors like age, severity of symptoms, and time to treatment initiation. Rehabilitation is often needed due to potential neurological sequelae. Early diagnosis and treatment are emphasized to
Encephelitis and brain abcess
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma that is usually caused by viral infection. Common viruses include herpes simplex virus type 1 and West Nile virus. Clinical features include altered mental status, seizures, and focal neurological deficits. Diagnosis involves CSF analysis showing pleocytosis and identifying the virus through PCR or serology. Treatment involves antivirals for suspected viruses and managing increased intracranial pressure and seizures. Prognosis depends on the specific virus and early initiation of treatment.
Acute viral encephalitis.pptx
This document provides an overview of acute viral encephalitis, including:
1. It defines acute viral encephalitis and distinguishes it from postinfectious encephalomyelitis. The most common causes in adults and children are also mentioned.
2. Risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, investigations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment are outlined. Diagnostic criteria for acute encephalitis requires an altered mental status lasting over 24 hours with no alternative cause identified.
3. Key diagnostic tests include CSF analysis, pathogen-specific assays, neuroimaging and EEG. MRI often shows temporal lobe involvement in HSV encephalitis. LP typically shows a pleocytosis while PCR and antibody tests in CSF can
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Movementdisorder 190831154841 (1)
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Intervertebraldiscprolapseivdp 171013100709-converted
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Bellspalsy 130915141951-phpapp02-converted
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Enable children to articulate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
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Help children identify and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others.
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"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
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Empyema is a disease of respiratory system It is defines as the accumulation of thick, purulent fluid within the pleural space, often with fibrin development.
Empyema is also called pyothorax or purulent pleuritis.
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Health Tech Market Intelligence Prelim Questions -
The Ultimate Guide to Setting up Market Research in Health Tech part -1
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
This lays foundation of scoping research project what are the
Before embarking on a research project, especially one aimed at scoping and defining parameters like the one described for health tech IT, several crucial considerations should be addressed. Here’s a comprehensive guide covering key aspects to ensure a well-structured and successful research initiative:
1. Define Research Objectives and Scope
Clear Objectives: Define specific goals such as understanding market needs, identifying new opportunities, assessing risks, or refining pricing strategies.
Scope Definition: Clearly outline the boundaries of the research in terms of geographical focus, target demographics (e.g., age, socio-economic status), and industry sectors (e.g., healthcare IT).
3. Review Existing Literature and Resources
Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research, market reports, and relevant literature to build foundational knowledge.
Gap Analysis: Identify gaps in existing knowledge or areas where further exploration is needed.
4. Select Research Methodology and Tools
Methodological Approach: Choose appropriate research methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or data analytics.
Tools and Resources: Select tools like Google Forms for surveys, analytics platforms (e.g., SimilarWeb, Statista), and expert consultations.
5. Ethical Considerations and Compliance
Ethical Approval: Ensure compliance with ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects.
Data Privacy: Implement measures to protect participant confidentiality and adhere to data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
6. Budget and Resource Allocation
Resource Planning: Allocate resources including time, budget, and personnel required for each phase of the research.
Contingency Planning: Anticipate and plan for unforeseen challenges or adjustments to the research plan.
7. Develop Research Instruments
Survey Design: Create well-structured surveys using tools like Google Forms to gather quantitative data.
Interview and Focus Group Guides: Prepare detailed scripts and discussion points for qualitative data collection.
8. Sampling Strategy
Sampling Design: Define the sampling frame, size, and method (e.g., random sampling, stratified sampling) to ensure representation of target demographics.
Participant Recruitment: Plan recruitment strategies to reach and engage the intended participant groups effectively.
9. Data Collection and Analysis Plan
Data Collection: Implement methods for data gathering, ensuring consistency and validity.
Analysis Techniques: Decide on analytical approaches (e.g., statistical
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Encephalitis
- 2. DEFENITION Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain, is a serious and sometimes fatal disease.
- 3. Etiology Virus Herpes Simplex virus HSV 1(children and adults) HSV 2(neonates) Arbo virus Cytomegalo virus encephalitis(AIDS)
- 4. Fungus : Cryptococcus neoformans Histoplasma capsulatum Candida
- 5. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION FEVER HEADACHE NAUSEA VOMITING
- 6. CNS abnormality include Hemiparesis Tremors Seizures Personality changes Memory impairment Amnesia Dysphasia
- 7. Diagnostic measures LP CSF pressure – normal or slight increase(60-150mmof water) WBC count- 500/microlitre(0-8/microlitre) Protein – slight increase(15-45mg/dl) Glucose – normal(45-75mg)
- 8. Brain imaging techniques MRI,PET,EEG Helps in early detection of HSV(Swelling of the brain) Blood / Urine/ Excretions from the back of the throat- can be tested for virus EEG- abnormal patterns Blood test will detect viral RNA
- 9. MANAGEMENT Symptomatic and supportive management Mosquito control Acyclovir and vidarabine Anti seizure drugs For maximal benefit antiviral agents should be started before the onset of coma
- 10. BRAIN ABSCESS Is an accumulation of pus within the brain tissue that can result from a local or systemic infection.
- 11. ETIOLOGY Direct extension from ear, tooth, mastoid, or sinus infection Spread from distant sites(pulmn infection, bacterial endocarditis) Skull fracture Prior brain trauma surgery
- 12. Staphylo coccus aureus and strepto cocci
- 13. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION Headache Fever Nausea Vomiting Signs of increased ICP include drowsiness, confusion and seizures
- 14. Focal symptoms Temporal lobe abscess Visual field defects Psychomotor seizures Occipital abscess Visual impairement Hallucinations
- 15. Diagnostic measures CT MRI Verifying the presence size and number of abscess
- 16. MANAGEMENT Antimicrobial therapy(6-8weeks) Penicillin Chloramphenicol Metronidazole Third generation cephalosporin Draining of abscess or removal of abscess Abscess larger than 2.5cm are excised and aspirated Corticosteroids