1. The document discusses the chemical properties of hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. It describes different types of chemical reactions such as combustion, addition, substitution, bromination, hydrogenation, and hydration.
2. Specific reactions are discussed including the combustion of hydrocarbons producing carbon dioxide and water. Addition reactions like bromination, hydrogenation, and hydration that involve adding atoms to alkenes and alkynes are also covered.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate combustion reactions, bromination of cyclohexene, hydrogenation of sunflower oil to produce solid fats, and the hydration of symmetrical and asymmetrical alkenes following Markovnik
This power point work describe about polar and nonn polar compounds and how to find it very easily and it also explain dipole moment and its calculation...this includes some workout problems
This power point work describe about polar and nonn polar compounds and how to find it very easily and it also explain dipole moment and its calculation...this includes some workout problems
Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. Organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic molecules. The production of many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, fabrics depend on organic reactions.
Chemistry power point presentation on Hydrocarbons, which covers all the basic topics and sub- topics. Including Alkane,alkene and alkyne. This power point also consists of preparation of hydrcarbons.
This a 90 page power point.
GooD LucK !!!
Basic concepts of organic chemistry such as structural formulas, different kinds of representation, types of isomerism, examples, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes etc.
This presentation describes the concept of Hyperconjugation in simple words, gives definition of hyperconjugation, explains why it is called as 'No bond Resonance' and gives the effects of hyperconjugation on the chemical properties of compounds: alkyl cations and their relative stability, alkyl radicals and their relative stability, alkenes and their relative stability, bond length, anomeric effect and Baker - Nathan effect.
Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. Organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic molecules. The production of many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, fabrics depend on organic reactions.
Chemistry power point presentation on Hydrocarbons, which covers all the basic topics and sub- topics. Including Alkane,alkene and alkyne. This power point also consists of preparation of hydrcarbons.
This a 90 page power point.
GooD LucK !!!
Basic concepts of organic chemistry such as structural formulas, different kinds of representation, types of isomerism, examples, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes etc.
This presentation describes the concept of Hyperconjugation in simple words, gives definition of hyperconjugation, explains why it is called as 'No bond Resonance' and gives the effects of hyperconjugation on the chemical properties of compounds: alkyl cations and their relative stability, alkyl radicals and their relative stability, alkenes and their relative stability, bond length, anomeric effect and Baker - Nathan effect.
B.phram
Semester .4
Subject : Organic chemistry - III
Use as reference and also usable for examination prearation.
gtu afflitited phramacy college's student may using this ppt.
Learning Objectives:
1. Know that Crude Oil is a compound of Hydrogen and Carbon Only
2. Know that a fuel is a substance that, when burned, releases heat energy.
3. Understand the origins of Crude Oil
4. Describe how the industrial Process of Fractional Distillation separates crude oil into fractions
Learning Objectives:
1. Understand the usage of moles
2. Know the calculations of molar mass
3. Understand how to use molar mass, and Avogadro's number
4. Practice calculations
Preparation and Chemical Properties of Carboxylic AcidsKamran Mammadli
Learning Objectives:
1. Write the typical reactions of carboxylic acids
2. Explain how the reactions happen
3. Discuss the application of carboxylic acids
Learning Objectives:
1. Describe States of Matter
2. Understand the difference between elements and compounds
3. Identify separation methods
4. Deduce the types of reactions from the given chemical equations
5. Practice balancing chemical equations
Learning Objectives
1. Know that Carboxylic acids contain the functional group -COOH
2. Understand how to draw structural and displayed formulae for Carboxylic Acids
3. 3. Predict physical properties of Carboxylic Acids
Learning Objectives:
1. Understand what is chemical bond, why and how it is formed
2. Learn how charges of elements are determined
3. Revise how chemical formulas are defined
4. Understand which factors make matter gas, liquid or solid
5. Learn what ionic crystals are and which properties they have
Learning Objectives:
1. Understand what is valency
2. Learn how to define valences of elements
3. Learn normal and excited states of atoms
4. Learn how to determine chemical formula of molecules
5. Understand why atoms are grouped in molecules
Aldehydes physical properties and preparationKamran Mammadli
1. List and explain the physical properties of aldehydes
2. Differentiate application areas of various Aldehydes
3. Explain methods of various aldehyde preparation methods by using chemical reactions
4. Recognize preparation reactions of Aldehydes
Explain chemical properties of alcohols by various chemical reactions
Define and explain preparation of ethers from alcohols by using chemical equations
Understand periods & groups
Identify s,p,d,f elements
Identify metals, semimetals, and nonmetals
Differentiate Families of elements
Atomic radius & Ionic Radiues
Learn Periodic Laws
The slides contains information Regarding Electron Configuration.
1. How electrons arranged in shells
2. Atomic orbitals
3. Electronic Configuration
4. Sublevels
5. Hunds rule
6. Pauli Rule
Introduction to Alcohols.
1. What are Alcohols ?
2. Functional Group
3. Classification
4. Monoatomic, diatomic alcohols
5. Monohydric, dihydric alcohols
6. Nomenclature of Alcohols
The Presentation Includes:
1. Introduction to Atom
2. Atomic Number & Atomic Mass Calculations
3. Understanding Isotopes
4. Deducing Mass Spectra
5. Relative Atomic Mass Calculations
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
3. Introduction: Learning Objectives
2. Predict the products of reactions of
Hydrocarbons
3. Describe each type of Chemical
Reaction
1. Understand the chemical properties of
Hydrocarbons
4. Give examples of each type of
Chemical Reaction
3
5. Chemical Properties: Hydrocarbons
Alkanes
Single Bonds 𝜎 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Note: Addition Reaction (synthesis): A + B C Substitution Reaction: AB +CD AC + BD (replacement of atoms)
Alkenes &
Alkynes
Double &
Triple Bonds
𝜋 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Stable and Strong
Addition Reaction:
Substitution Reaction:
Unstable
Addition Reaction:
Substitution Reaction:
5
6. Combustion Reactions
Note: Combustion is reaction (burning) of a compound with oxygen gas (O2) from the air and transferring
energy to surroundings as light and heat.
CxHx + O2 CO2 + H2O
General Reaction
• Burning
• O2 needed
6
7. Combustion Reactions: Types
Complete
Combustion
Incomplete
Combustion
CxHx + O2 CO2 + H2O CxHx + O2 CO + H2O
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O 2CH4 + 3O2 2CO + 4H2O
Due to Low amount of Oxygen (for 1 mole
CH4 1.5 mole O2), CO produced
Due to High amount of Oxygen (for 1 mole
CH4 2 mole O2), CO2 produced
Note: You can think of CO2 as a complete bicycle with two tires and CO as an incomplete bicycle with only 1 tire,
because there wasn’t enough tires left to build it completely. 7
8. Combustion Reactions
A blue flame means complete combustion of the gas and more
heat is released.
Orange, yellow or red flames means incomplete combustion
of the gas. Less heat is produced
Please see the Video
8
10. Bromination
Bromination Addition of
Bromine (Addition Reaction)
• Chemical test for an
unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Note: Bromine water is decolorized when shaken with an alkene.
b) Cyclohexene+ Br2 ?
10
12. Hydrogenation: Recall Preparation of Alkanes
Saturation of alkene with hydrogen atoms with the help of a catalyst (Ni, Pd or Pt)
Alkene +H2 Alkane
Ni, Pd, or Pt
+ H2 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
2-Butene Butane
Pd,
12
13. Hydrogenation reaction can be used in food industry to convert liquid oils (like sunflower) to their solid
alternatives.
A molecule below is found in sunflower oil. Double bonds in the chains are targets of hydrogenation reaction.
Due to density change in the molecule chains, liquid oil becomes solid.
Hydrogenation
13
14. Hydrogenation
Oleic Acid: found in olive oil and other unsaturated fats
(liquid)
Stearic Acid: found in saturated fats (solid)
+ H2
Pd
14
15. 15
Hydration
• Hydration Addition of Water to Unsaturated Hydrocarbons : Used for Alcohol Production in Industry
• Dehydration Removal of Water from Alcohols : Used for Alkene Production
Alkene
Symmetrical Asymmetrical
CH2=CH2, CH3-CH=CH-CH3, etc. CH3-CH=CH2, CH3-CH=CH-CH2-CH3
Draw imaginary line through the double bond and compare the sides. If they are exactly same, then it is
symmetrical hydrocarbon, if the sides are different, then asymmetrical.
16. 16
Hydration: Symmetrical Alkenes
In hydration reaction strong acid (H2SO4) is used. Sulfuric acid produces H+ ion in water. This H+ ion adds to one
of carbons adjacent to the double bond. The other carbon adds OH- group from H2O. Double bond between
carbons breaks and single bond remained as new compound is formed.
18. 18
Hydration: Asymmetrical Alkenes
In hydration reaction with asymmetrical alkenes, the H+ ion adds to the carbons adjacent to the double bond and
that has the greatest number of hydrogen. The other carbon with lower number of hydrogens, add OH- group
from H2O. Double bond between carbons breaks and single bond remained as new compound is formed. This is
called Markovnikov’s rule. We also can say: “The rich get richer”.
CH3-CH = CH2 + H2O CH3-CH- CH2
OH H
H2SO4
+ H2O
H2SO4
?
19. 19
Oxidation: Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)
•KMnO4 is a salt with purple colour. It is a solid compound. Dissolves in
water.
•This reaction is used in laboratory for a chemical test of unsaturated
hydrocarbons.
•Unsaturated hydrocarbons change the colour of KMnO4 solution.
CH2 = CH2 + KMnO4 + H2O CH2OH – CH2OH + MnO2 + KOH
ethene ethandiol-1,2 or
ethylene glycol
antifreeze
CH2 = CH2 + [O] KMnO4 CH2OH – CH2OH
Ethylene glycol is a colorless viscous hygroscopic liquid used as an antifreeze.
This reaction is applied in the industry to produce an antifreeze, which is used in cars.
20. Reading Material & Conclusions
Question: Why does alkyne and alkene undergo addition reaction whereas alkane does not?
Alkanes are already bonded strongly, while alkenes and alkynes have weak π-bonds. They want to
undergo addition reactions to turn π-bonds to stronger σ's and become more stable.
Explanation:
Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated - they have π-bonds, so don't have the full number of hydrogen
that they could have.
This means that they are more unstable than alkanes, since π-bonds aren't as strong as σ-bonds. The
alkenes and alkynes want to form more σ-bonds and have a structure more like an alkane, so they
undergo addition reactions.
Addition reactions are where more atoms are added to the molecule, not swapped or taken away. This
means that the π-bonds have to be taken away and used as σ-bonds with the new atoms, rather than
the σ-bonds already there being reattached - it's easier to break π than σ.
Alkanes do not undergo this reaction because they already only have single σ-bonds, and so they
cannot become more stable or stronger structurally - they are already at the peak, and so can only
swap things around in substitution reactions.
20
21. 21
Addition of hydrogen to a carbon-carbon double bond is called hydrogenation. The overall effect of such
an addition is the reductive removal of the double bond functional group. Regioselectivity is not an issue,
since the same group (a hydrogen atom) is bonded to each of the double bond carbons. The simplest
source of two hydrogen atoms is molecular hydrogen (H2), but mixing alkenes with hydrogen does not
result in any discernible reaction. Although the overall hydrogenation reaction is exothermic, a high
activation energy prevents it from taking place under normal conditions. This restriction may be
circumvented by the use of a catalyst, as shown in the following diagram.
An example of an alkene addition reaction is a process called hydrogenation. In a hydrogenation reaction,
two hydrogen atoms are added across the double bond of an alkene, resulting in a saturated alkane.
Hydrogenation of a double bond is a thermodynamically favorable reaction because it forms a more
stable (lower energy) product. In other words, the energy of the product is lower than the energy of the
reactant; thus it is exothermic (heat is released). The heat released is called the heat of hydrogenation,
which is an indicator of a molecule’s stability.
Reading Material & Conclusions
Link
22. 22
Reading Material & Conclusions
For the Hydration of Alkenes please go to the the Link
