This presentation is about heart, it tells about how Cardiac muscles produce rhythmical beats, how the impulse are generated and conducted. This presentation tries to make Electrocardiogram easy to understand. Thank you
Topics included :- Steps involved in generation and conduction of cardiac impulse; Electrocardiogram; arrthymia - symtoms and it's types - bradycardia and tachycardia; Factors affecting heart's rhythm,
definition of conductive system of heart brief explanation of components of conductive system
ECG interpretations major waves of ECG ,intervals of ECG ,
segments of ECG brief explanation
This presentation is about heart, it tells about how Cardiac muscles produce rhythmical beats, how the impulse are generated and conducted. This presentation tries to make Electrocardiogram easy to understand. Thank you
Topics included :- Steps involved in generation and conduction of cardiac impulse; Electrocardiogram; arrthymia - symtoms and it's types - bradycardia and tachycardia; Factors affecting heart's rhythm,
definition of conductive system of heart brief explanation of components of conductive system
ECG interpretations major waves of ECG ,intervals of ECG ,
segments of ECG brief explanation
Salient features of the book are -
- The book provides a shortcut to understand and remember certain specific formulae and points you require to interpret the 12-lead ECG.
- Treatment protocols (in green boxes) for most of the important conditions are also included.
- View sample ECGs as you read along the topics.
- The content is explained in a very simple language to provide good conceptions, written from a student’s point of view.
- People can gain their belief in the book after going through sample ECGs which would be available at www.themedicalpost.net/ecg
- The book competes with the other books available in the market in simplicity, summaries, treatment protocols, live diagrams and regularly updated sample ECGs on the website.
An electrocardiogram(ECG) is a simple test that can be used to check your heart's rhythm and electrical activity. Sensors attached to the skin are used to detect the electrical signals produced by your heart each time it beats.
The ECG is an essential tool for health professionals in making a diagnosis of abnormal heart rhythms when one is suspected. It is a routine investigation in people who complain of symptoms such as chest pain as well as breathlessness. The findings of the ECG can also have an effect on treatment of certain conditions, for example it is helpful in deciding some aspects of treatment in people who have suffered from a heart attack.
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. WA V E A N D I N T E R V A L C O N C E P T S
EKG TRACINGS
2. WHAT IS AN EKG?
• Noninvasive medical procedure
• Used to monitor the heart’s electrical activity
• Collects information through the use of leads
• Transmits signals to a machine
• Machine creates a tracing
3. EKG TRACING BASICS
• Consists of waves and intervals
• Visual representation of cardiac conduction
• Demonstrates chamber depolarization
• Used to evaluate heart health
• Abnormalities used to identify specific diseases
4. HEART STRUCTURE
• Four total chambers
• Two small chambers known as atria
• Force blood into larger chambers
• Located at the top of the heart
• Two large chambers known as ventricles
• Force blood to the lungs and the body
• Located at the bottom of the heart
• Chambers separated by walls and valves
• Coordinated contraction moves blood in the
proper direction
5. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION
• Electrical signal causes contraction
• Contractile signal begins in the right atrium
• Travels through atria toward ventricles
• Pace set by nodes
• Travels through ventricles along nerve fibers
• Moves rapidly between cells to ensure that all cells
in a chamber contract together
6. EKG WAVES
• P wave = atrial depolarization
• QRS complex = ventricular depolarization
• T wave = ventricular repolarization
• Cycle repeats 60 – 100 times per minute
• Each cycle is one complete cardiac contraction
• Abnormalities may indicate disease
7. EKG INTERVALS
• Distances between waves
• Used to evaluate conduction
• Most common are PP, RR, QT, QRS
• Waves that are too short or too long may be a sign
of cardiac disease
• Must be evaluated by trained physician
8. ROLE OF THE EKG TECHNICIAN
• Administer electrocardiogram
• Educate patients
• Perform initial quality assessment
• Assist with invasive procedures
• Improve public awareness
• The EKG Technician is an important member of the
medical team who allows facilities to provide
efficient and effective care