Pericarditis causes characteristic ECG changes including initially elevated T waves that later invert and flat or concave ST elevation. Substantial pericardial effusion with pericarditis can produce low voltage QRS complexes and electrical alternans. Pulmonary embolism results in the S1Q3T3 pattern on ECG with large S waves in lead I, deep Q waves in lead III, and inverted T waves in lead III. Pacemakers, electrolyte imbalances, and medications like digoxin can also impact the ECG with changes like pacing spikes, peaked T waves, prolonged QT, and downward ST segments.
This presentation is about heart, it tells about how Cardiac muscles produce rhythmical beats, how the impulse are generated and conducted. This presentation tries to make Electrocardiogram easy to understand. Thank you
This presentation is about heart, it tells about how Cardiac muscles produce rhythmical beats, how the impulse are generated and conducted. This presentation tries to make Electrocardiogram easy to understand. Thank you
A rapid guide for short-term learning of electrocardiography history and the applications of electrocardiogram in cardiac monitoring and the diagnosis of heart pathologic conditions. Would be useful for the students who want to begin to learn this topic and the healthcare practitioners who need a review.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
4. ECG Changes in Pericarditis
• T wave initially upright and elevated but then during
recovery phase it inverts
• ST segment elevated and usually flat or concave
5. Pericardial Effusion
• Can occur with
pericarditis
• Can cause low-
voltage QRS
complexes in all
leads and
electrical
alternans
7. Pulmonary Embolism
• Acute blockage of one of the pulmonary
arteries
• Leads to obstruction of blood flow to the
lung segment supplied by the artery
• Produces large S wave in lead I, deep Q
wave in lead III, inverted T wave in lead III
– Called the S1 Q3 T3 pattern
A
9. Pacemakers
• Implanted pacemakers regulate heart rate
• Patients often have:
– A condition which causes the heart rate to
occasionally slow down
– A complete heart block where the ventricular
escape rate is too low
• Artificial devices produce an impulse and
convey it to the myocardium
I
12. Hyperkalemia
• Key characteristics include:
– T wave peaking
– Flattened P waves
– 1st-degree AV heart block
– Widened QRS complexes
– Deepened S waves
– Merging of S and T waves
17. Digoxin
• Slows influx of sodium while allowing a greater
influx of calcium
• Increases myocardial contractility and improves
the heart’s pumping ability
• Slows heart rate and AV conduction
• Useful in the treatment of fast atrial dysrhythmias
19. Digoxin
• Very narrow therapeutic margin
• Excreted from the body slowly
• Excessive levels can cause slower heart
rates, faster heart rates and PVCs
24. Summary
• Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium.
• In pericarditis the T wave is initially upright and elevated
but then during the recovery phase it inverts. The ST
segment is elevated and usually flat or concave.
• Substantial pericardial effusion can occur with
pericarditis and produce ECG changes which include low
voltage QRS complexes in all leads and electrical
alternans.
25. Summary
• A pulmonary embolism is an acute blockage of one of
the pulmonary arteries.
• Characteristic ECG changes seen with massive
pulmonary embolus include a large S wave in lead I, a
deep Q wave in lead III and an inverted T wave in lead
III.
26. Summary
• A pacemaker is an artificial device that produces an
impulse and conveys it to the myocardium.
• The firing of a pacemaker produces one or two small
spikes on the ECG.
• Increases or decreases in the potassium and calcium
serum levels can have a profound effect on the ECG.
• Key characteristics of hyperkalemia include T wave
peaking, flattened P waves, 1st-degree AV heart block,
widened QRS complexes, deepened S waves and
merging of S and T waves.
27. Summary
• Key ECG characteristics of hypokalemia include ST
segment depression, flattening of the T wave and
appearance of U waves.
• In hypocalcemia the QT interval is slightly prolonged.
• Digoxin slows the influx of sodium while allowing a
greater influx of calcium.
• A characteristic gradual downward curve of the ST
segment is seen with digoxin.
