Prostaglandins

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Prostaglandins and related compounds called eicosanoids are locally-acting hormones produced from arachidonic acid. They have various roles including in inflammation, fever, blood pressure regulation, and reproduction. Prostaglandins are synthesized through a cyclic pathway involving the enzyme prostaglandin H2 synthase and a linear pathway using lipoxygenases. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis to reduce inflammation, pain, and fever.

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PROSTAGLANDINS FEROSEKHAN S FISHERIES SCIENCE CIFE,MUMBAI

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PGE 2 (prostaglandin E 2 ) is an example of a prostaglandin, produced from arachidonic acid .

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1st discovered in human serum in 1930, were found to be stimulate uterine contraction and reduce pressure. Presumed to be synthesized by prostate gland hence the name. Later found that synthesized in all tissue except erythrocytes. It have a cyclopentane ring (formed from 8 to 12 carbon atoms) and two side chains, with carboxyl group on one side. They differ In their structure due to substituent group double bond on cyclopentane ring. Prostaglandins are structurally resemble with prostanoic acid, 20-carbon fatty acid. Abbreviated as PG, with the class designated by a capital letter A,B,D,E,F,G,H and I, followed by a number. PGE and PGF; 1st isolated from the biological fluids. The letters refer to the different ring structure, except in PGG and PGH: same ring structure (cyclo endohydroperoxide). In the same series, depending upon double bonds on the side chains designated as PGE1, PGE2, PGE3..etc The number of double bonds varies from 1-3. PROSTAGLANDINS RECEPTORS They function close to the site of synthesis and are deactivated to inactive metabolites before moving into the circuation. Act locally in very low concentration, and acts on GPCR receptors. INHIBITION OF PROSTAGLANDINS Corticosteroids (e.g. cortisol) prevent the formation of arachidonic acid by inhibiting the enzyme phospholipase A2. Anti inflammatory drugs inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins. They block the action of cyclooxygenase. Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase. DEGRADATION OF PROSTAGLANDINS All eicosanoids are metabolized rapidly. Degradation mainly occurs in liver and lung. Two enzymes, namely 15-α-hydroxy PG dehydrogenase & 13-PG reductase, convert hydroxyl group at C15 to keto group & then to C13 and C14 dihydroderivative. BIOCHEMICAL ACTION OF PROSTAGLANDINS The Prostaglandins (PGE, PGA, & PGI2) are vasodilator in nature. So they decreases blood pressure. PGE1 & PGE2 induce the symptoms of inflammation (redness, swelling, edema etc.) due to arteriolar vasodilator, and cause rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis etc. so Corticosteroids are used to treat these conditions. PGE2 & PGF2 are used for the medical termination of pregnancy and induction of labor. Pyrogens (fever causing) promote PG synthesis leading to the formation of PGE2. Migraine is also due to PGE2. PGE2 along with histamine and bradykinin causes pain. PGI2 inhibit platelet aggregation. They are used in the treatment of gastric ulcers, hyoertention, thrombosis, asthma etc. Prostaglandins are also employed in the medical termination of pregnancy, prevention of conception, induction of labor etc. Leukotrienes are synthesized by leucocytes, mast cells, lung, heart, spleen etc. by lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid. Leukotrienes are 20- Carbon polyenoic fatty acids having a number of substituents. Depending upon the substitutions, they are divided into LTA, LTB, LTD, and LTE. Each type is divided into sub-groups depending upon the number of double bonds which vary from 3-5. Leukotrienes possess

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Prostaglandins

1. PROSTAGLANDINS FEROSEKHAN S FISHERIES SCIENCE CIFE,MUMBAI

5. PGE 2 (prostaglandin E 2 ) is an example of a prostaglandin, produced from arachidonic acid .

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Prostaglandins

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