In this PPTs you will get in depth information about insulin and the first class of oral hypoglycemic agents , Sulfonylurea.
useful for GPAT and Third Year B.Pharm students.
5-Hydroxytryptamine & it’s Antagonist is a Topic in Pharmacology which will defiantly Help You in pharmacy field All information is related to pharmacology drug acting and it's effect on body. it is collage project given by our department i would like to share with you.
Oral hypoglycemic drugs are used only in the treatment of type 2 diabetes which is a disorder involving resistance to secreted insulin. Type 1 diabetes involves a lack of insulin and requires insulin for treatment. There are now four classes of hypoglycemic drugs:
Histamine is a biogenic amine present in many animal and plant tissues that function as neurotransmitters and are also found in non-neural tissues, have complex physiologic and pathologic effects through multiple receptor subtypes, and are often released locally.
It is also present in venoms and stinging secretions. It is synthesized by decarboxylation of the amino acid, histidine. Histamine is mainly present in storage granules of mast cells in tissues like skin, lungs, liver, gastric mucosa, placenta, etc. It is one of the mediators involved in inflammatory and hypersensitivity reactions.
5-Hydroxytryptamine & it’s Antagonist is a Topic in Pharmacology which will defiantly Help You in pharmacy field All information is related to pharmacology drug acting and it's effect on body. it is collage project given by our department i would like to share with you.
Oral hypoglycemic drugs are used only in the treatment of type 2 diabetes which is a disorder involving resistance to secreted insulin. Type 1 diabetes involves a lack of insulin and requires insulin for treatment. There are now four classes of hypoglycemic drugs:
Histamine is a biogenic amine present in many animal and plant tissues that function as neurotransmitters and are also found in non-neural tissues, have complex physiologic and pathologic effects through multiple receptor subtypes, and are often released locally.
It is also present in venoms and stinging secretions. It is synthesized by decarboxylation of the amino acid, histidine. Histamine is mainly present in storage granules of mast cells in tissues like skin, lungs, liver, gastric mucosa, placenta, etc. It is one of the mediators involved in inflammatory and hypersensitivity reactions.
Introduction.
Biosynthesis
Types of Thyroid diseases
Thyroid Drugs
Antithyroid Drugs
Mechanism of action
Structure
Adverse Drug Reactions and Uses.
Reference
Detailed information of all terms like Thyroid gland, Thyroxine, Triidothyronine, Calcitonine, growth and development , propylthiouracil, Calorigenesis, tadpole to frog, Oligomenorrhoea, snehal chakorkar, pharmacology, Cretinism, Myxoedema coma, Graves disease, Thiocynates, Perchlorate, Nitrates.
Radioactive iodine, I131
coagulants in detail with all drugs, mechanism of action, advantages, adverse effect, contraindication with example and pictures.
in simplified manner , easy to understand
Introduction.
Biosynthesis
Types of Thyroid diseases
Thyroid Drugs
Antithyroid Drugs
Mechanism of action
Structure
Adverse Drug Reactions and Uses.
Reference
Detailed information of all terms like Thyroid gland, Thyroxine, Triidothyronine, Calcitonine, growth and development , propylthiouracil, Calorigenesis, tadpole to frog, Oligomenorrhoea, snehal chakorkar, pharmacology, Cretinism, Myxoedema coma, Graves disease, Thiocynates, Perchlorate, Nitrates.
Radioactive iodine, I131
coagulants in detail with all drugs, mechanism of action, advantages, adverse effect, contraindication with example and pictures.
in simplified manner , easy to understand
This ppt highlights the discussion pertaining to the drugs acting on endocrine system. This include the discussions on insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents and glucagon. This is based according to Vth semester syllabus.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
1. Presented by;-
Mr. Tejas Mahendra Bhatia.
Third Year (Fifth Semester) B.Pharmacy,
Appasaheb Birnale College of Pharmacy, Sangli.
Insulin & Oral Hypoglycemic Agents.
Pharmacology-2
3. Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases
in which a person has high blood sugar levels,
either because,
The pancreas do not produce enough INSULIN.
Cells do not respond to INSULIN produced.
The high blood sugar level produces classical
symptoms:-
POLYURIA
POLYDIPSIA
4. Diagnosis for DM:-
DM is diagnosed by :-
Fasting blood glucose if exceeds 6.1-7.0
mmol.(126mg/dl).
Postprandial glucose if exceeds
200mg/dl.
HBA1C (glycosylated hemoglobin)
exceeds 6.5gm%.
5. Types of DM:-
Type 1 DM.
It results from the body’s failure to
produce insulin, and requires the person
to inject insulin or insulin pump.
Is due to BETA CELLS destruction in pancreas.
Is LESS COMMON.
Is known as IDDM or JUVENILE diabetes.
Treatment by INSULIN only.
6. TYPE 2 DM:-
Results from INSULIN RESISTANCE, a
condition in which cells fail to use insulin
properly. Sometimes combined with an
ABSOLUTE INSULIN DEFICIENCY.
Moderate destruction in beta cells.
MORE COMMON.
Is known as NIDDM or Adult-Onset Diabetes.
Treatment by orally active drugs or injection.
8. OVER 90% CASES OF DIABETES are of
TYPE 2 DM.
Causes may be:-
Abnormality in Gluco Receptor of beta cells so
they respond at higher glucose levels.
Reduced sensitivity of peripheral tissue to
insulin receptors.
Excess RELEASE of HYPERGLYCEMIC
HORMONES (glucagon).
Gestational Diabetes refers to onset of glucose
intolerance in women during pregnancy. It
excludes women who were diabetic before
9. Pancreas:-
The pancreas is an organ located in the abdomen, The
pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function
that helps in digestion and an endocrine function that
10. Pancreas at a glance:-
ALPHA CELLS:-
Hormone:- GLUCAGON.
Function:- Stimulates the conversion of stored
glycogen (stored in liver) to glucose.
Stimulates GLYCOGENOLYSIS.
Disorder:- Hypo secretion causes hypoglycemia.
BETA CELLS:-
Hormones:- INSULIN.
Function:- Controls blood sugar level by signaling the
liver, muscle and fat cells to take in glucose from
blood and stimulates GLYCOGENESIS.
Disorder:- Hypo secretion causes DM.
11. DELTA CELLS:-
Hormone:- SOMATOSTATIN.
Function:- Suppresses release of INSULIN &
GLUCAGON.
F CELLS:-
Hormone:- Pancreatic Polypeptide.
Function:- Inhibit the release of digestive secretions
of the pancreas.
12. The external secretions of PANCREAS is
digestive in function, and ENDOCRINE
functions are performed by ISLETS OF
LANGERHANS.
Islets of Langerhans:-Small, highly vascularized
masses of cells scattered throughout pancreas,
forming only 1-3 % of entire organ.
Contains 4 types of secretary cells, viz ALPHA,
BETA, DELTA, F CELLS.
Insulin secreting Beta cells are the most
numerous (70-80%)
Alpha cells-20%
Delta cells:- 4%
F cells:- Less than 2%.
13. INSULIN:-
Discovered by BANTING & BEST.
There are 51 AMINO ACID in an insulin
molecule.(ACTIVE FORM ONLY).
TWO CHAIN POLYPEPTIDES.
Chain A:- has 21 Amino Acids.
Chain B:- has 30 Amino Acids.
BOTH CHAINS ARE CONNTECTED BY
DISULPHIDE BRIDGES. (P.Y GPAT).
14.
15. Isolated in 1921, used in treatment of DM in 1922.
Polypeptide with MW of about 6000.
A chain is ACIDIC & B chain is BASIC.
Disulphide bridges are essential for biological
activity.
Immediate precursor of insulin, PROINSULIN is
within the pancreatic beta cells in which A & B
chains are joined by connecting peptide (C-Peptide)
COMPOSED OF 31 AA.
The pig(porcine) insulin closely resembles human
16. Insulin is soluble in water, but undergoes molecular
aggregatation at extremes of pH 3.2 and 10).
Such aggregations are also encouraged by presence of
Zinc which brings about crystallization of insulin.
Isoelectric point:- 5.3
Insoluble between pH 4 & 7.
It can combine with proteins like globin and protamine,
whereby its activity is retained and duration of
action is prolonged.
Recently human insulin has been successfully produced
through E.COLI by rDNA technology or by chemical
modification of pork insulin to replace AA that is different
17. Glucose is the main stimulus for release of insulin from
BETA CELLS OF PANCREAS.
Glucose stimulates GLUT-2 and inhibits ATP
sensitive Potassium channels: factors that are
responsible for depolarization of beta cells and
release of insulin.
ALPHA 2 receptor stimulation inhibits insulin
secretion.
Beta 2 Agonist and vagal stimulation enhances
insulin release.
Somatostatin inhibits whereas glucagon stimulates
the release insulin.
18. Insulin is synthesized from BETA CELLS of
pancreatic islets, from a precursor
preproinsulin.(110 AA)
The connection or C PEPTIDE (35 AA) is split off
by proteolysis in GOLGI APPARATUS .
Both insulin and C peptide are stored in granules
within the cells , C peptide is secreted in cells.
Half life of insulin:- 4-6 minutes.
19. Actions of Insulin:-
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
(By stimulating entry of glucose into cells by increasing
synthesis of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4)
FAT METABOLISM
PROTEIN METABOLISM
(Anabolic Effect).
20. MODE OF ACTION_INSULIN:-
Attachment of insulin molecule to a specific
insulin receptor on cell surface.
Insulin lowers cAMP in some tissues by inhibiting
adenylate cyclase enzyme
It also stimulates cyclic nucleotide
phosphodiesterase (enzyme destroying cAMP)
21. Lowering cAMP contents of cells.
Due to less cAMP in cells glycogen breakdown
decreases and glycogen synthesis increases.
Facilitates potassium transport in cells.
23. ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS:-
These are agents used in the treatment of type 2
DM.
These are classified into several groups based on
MOA or structures as follows:-
1) ENHANCED INSULIN SECRETION:-
(Acts as potassium channel blockers causing
depolarization of beta cells)
A) Sulphonylurea:-
First generation: Chlorpropamide, Tolbutamide.
Second Generation:- Glipizide, Glibenclamide.(More
potent)
B) Meglitinides/Phenylalanine Analogues:-
Nateglinide
27. SULFONYLUREA:-
Chemically related to sulphonamides, but with no
antibacterial action.
MODE OF ACTION:-
Inhibits ATP sensitive Potassium channels and
causes DEPOLARIZATION of beta cells.
This results in release of insulin.
Effective only if 30% or more of beta cells in the
pancreas are functional.
Effective in TYPE-2 DM only.
28. Second Generation are more potent than first
generation drugs.
All causes HYPOGLYCEMIA (maximum with
chlorpropamide).
Chlorpropamide can cause dilution hyponatremia
(ADH like action), Cholestic jaundice, and dilsulfiram
like action.
Gliclazide has additional ant platelets activity.
Contraindicated in liver and kidney failure due to risk of
hypoglycemia.
Tolbutamide is safest and is DOC in renal diseases due
to it’s shorter duration of action and is contraindicated in
pregnancy and lactation.
Tolbutamide: Shortest Acting Sulfonylurea.
T-Half:- 6-8 hours.
29. Glycburide (Glibenclamide) has maximum
insulinotropic potency whereas tolbutamide has
least.
MECHANISM OF ACTION:-
Drugs acts on the sulfonylurea receptor on
pancreatic beta cell membrane.
Inhibits ATP sensitive Potassium channels.
Causes depolarization of beta cells.
Enhance Calcium reflux.
Resulting in INSULIN SECRETION.