This document discusses a study on the effect of martempering heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of nodular cast iron. Martempering was performed at oil temperatures of 60°C, 80°C, and 100°C for durations of 60, 120, and 180 seconds. Microstructural analysis found the presence of martensite decreased with longer times at higher temperatures. Hardness increased with higher oil temperatures and longer times, with a maximum of 512 BHN. Tensile strength and hardness also increased with higher oil temperatures and longer times, reaching a maximum of 1635 N/mm2, while elongation generally decreased with these conditions except at 100°C for 180 seconds.
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FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
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# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
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Heat treatment 1 By
P.SENTHAMARAI KANNAN,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ,
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
KAMARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
VIRUDHUNAGAR, TAMILNADU.
INDIA.
This Presentation covers the basic concepts of Hot cracks and cold cracks in welding. For more information, please refer the books mentioned in the references slide.... Thank you
Heat treatment defects &and its remediesNIAJ AHMED
Heat Treatment involves various heating and cooling procedures performed to effect structural changes in a material, which turn affect its mechanical properties
various types of steel basically low carbon steels and alloy steels and how the alloying elements alter the various properties of steels , a detailed study & analysis
Strengthening Mechanisms of Metals and alloysDEVINDA MAHASEN
In this presentation, I have explained 4 types of strengthening processes of metals.
Grain-size reduction
Solid-solution alloying
Strain hardening (work hardening or cold working)
Annealing of deformed metals
Electron Beam Welding is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high-velocity electrons is applied to the material to be joined. The work-piece melt as the kinetic energy of the electrons is transformed into heat upon impact. The EBW process is well-positioned to provide industries with highest quality welds and machine designs that have proven to be adaptable to specific welding tasks and production environments.
Carburzing and Different Types of CarburzingMelwin Dmello
This Presentation covers the Basic concepts of Carburzing and Different Types of Carburzing in a easy version. For more information, please refer the books mentioned in the references slide.... Thank you
Microstructure anlaysis and enhancement of nodular cast iron using digital im...eSAT Journals
Abstract Digital image processing is the technique to process pixel variations on digital images. This paper employs the digital image processing procedure for microstructure analysis and enhancement of nodular cast iron properties inorder to determine the quality factors. This processing made to sharpen and enhance the microstructure before quantitative analysis. This analysis taken in the analog form of nodular cast iron was performed manually such that, it is time consuming for multiple set of images. To avoid this criteria probably, Digital Image Processing techniques are being used. Often the nodular cast iron images are corrupted or defected during transmission by impulse noise which is often filtered using median filters. In this paper, some of processing steps as pre-processing, segmentation, filtering process and edge detection are done on these images for effective and lossless transmission ensuring the counting of nodules in microstructure and detailed study of grain properties that correlates with the mechanical properties such as ductility, malleability and brittleness. Only 30% restoration of image applicable to an acceptable level is limited. A new filtering method – Resolution Based Median Filter (RBMF) is proposed which achieves more than 95% restoration of nodular cast iron images to an acceptable level. This method optimizes further microstructure analysis of grain smoothening and grain boundary detection using finite element simulation model by varying the intensity level of images. Keywords – Digital Image Processing, Material Microstructure, Edge Detection, Grain Boundary, Resolution Based Median Filter (RBMF).
Heat treatment 1 By
P.SENTHAMARAI KANNAN,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ,
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
KAMARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
VIRUDHUNAGAR, TAMILNADU.
INDIA.
This Presentation covers the basic concepts of Hot cracks and cold cracks in welding. For more information, please refer the books mentioned in the references slide.... Thank you
Heat treatment defects &and its remediesNIAJ AHMED
Heat Treatment involves various heating and cooling procedures performed to effect structural changes in a material, which turn affect its mechanical properties
various types of steel basically low carbon steels and alloy steels and how the alloying elements alter the various properties of steels , a detailed study & analysis
Strengthening Mechanisms of Metals and alloysDEVINDA MAHASEN
In this presentation, I have explained 4 types of strengthening processes of metals.
Grain-size reduction
Solid-solution alloying
Strain hardening (work hardening or cold working)
Annealing of deformed metals
Electron Beam Welding is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high-velocity electrons is applied to the material to be joined. The work-piece melt as the kinetic energy of the electrons is transformed into heat upon impact. The EBW process is well-positioned to provide industries with highest quality welds and machine designs that have proven to be adaptable to specific welding tasks and production environments.
Carburzing and Different Types of CarburzingMelwin Dmello
This Presentation covers the Basic concepts of Carburzing and Different Types of Carburzing in a easy version. For more information, please refer the books mentioned in the references slide.... Thank you
Microstructure anlaysis and enhancement of nodular cast iron using digital im...eSAT Journals
Abstract Digital image processing is the technique to process pixel variations on digital images. This paper employs the digital image processing procedure for microstructure analysis and enhancement of nodular cast iron properties inorder to determine the quality factors. This processing made to sharpen and enhance the microstructure before quantitative analysis. This analysis taken in the analog form of nodular cast iron was performed manually such that, it is time consuming for multiple set of images. To avoid this criteria probably, Digital Image Processing techniques are being used. Often the nodular cast iron images are corrupted or defected during transmission by impulse noise which is often filtered using median filters. In this paper, some of processing steps as pre-processing, segmentation, filtering process and edge detection are done on these images for effective and lossless transmission ensuring the counting of nodules in microstructure and detailed study of grain properties that correlates with the mechanical properties such as ductility, malleability and brittleness. Only 30% restoration of image applicable to an acceptable level is limited. A new filtering method – Resolution Based Median Filter (RBMF) is proposed which achieves more than 95% restoration of nodular cast iron images to an acceptable level. This method optimizes further microstructure analysis of grain smoothening and grain boundary detection using finite element simulation model by varying the intensity level of images. Keywords – Digital Image Processing, Material Microstructure, Edge Detection, Grain Boundary, Resolution Based Median Filter (RBMF).
THE EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT PARAMETERS AND GRAIN REFINEMENT ON MICROSTRUCTUR...dbpublications
Aluminium A357 alloy is widely used
at automobile and aircraft industries in the form of
cast component with varying section size. This study
investigates how the microstructure and mechanical
properties of A357 alloy before and after heat
treatment processes. Solutionising at 5000C-5h
followed quenching in water at room temperature
and Ageing at 1700C-3h alloy. Aluminium ingot is
melted using a furnace and poured in to the mold
having mold cavities of varying dimensions. In
order to investigate the effect of heat treatment and
aging processes microstructure and mechanical
properties such as hardness, and tensile strength
were analyzed as-cast condition and after solution
treatment process. The aim of present study is to
evaluate the effect on the microstructure and
mechanical properties of Combined Grain Refined
and Modified aluminum alloy A357
What is cast iron, its process, properties and applicationsSearchnscore
Cast Iron is a ferrous alloy consisting of 2 to 4.5 % of Carbon, 0.5 to 3 % Silicon and small amount of Sulphur, Manganese and Phosphorous. It is generally cast as soft and strong or as hard and brittle iron. Usually made from Pig Iron, cast iron is formed by liquefying it, followed by pouring it in a mould and allowing it to cool.
Stainless steel is one of the most widely used materials in dentistry for the production of dental instruments, e.g. scalpel blades and forceps, orthodontic wires, denture bases and partial denture clasps, endodontic posts and as stainless steel crowns for the treatment of severely decayed primary molars.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
This presentation provides an introduction into the basics of heat treating, primarily steel alloys. Heat treat processes for strengthening steel, or through hardening, using quench and temper, martempering, and austempering will be introduced and explained using the iron-carbon phase diagram and time-temperature-transformation diagrams to help understand the transformations occurring.
Precipitation hardening techniques will be introduced, which apply to one group of stainless steels, aluminum alloys and high performance materials. Common surface hardening techniques such as case hardening and carburizing will also be discussed. Various processes for reducing strength, or softening steel, will be presented. Preheat and post-heat treatments applied during welding will also be briefly discussed.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
1. “ Effect of MarTempering Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nodular Cast Iron”
U.V.PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
GANPAT UNIVERSITY
GUIDEDBY : Prof.N.A.MODI PREPAREDBY: CO-GUDIDED BY: Prof.V.P.PATEL Rathod Pratik.
(M11AMT013)
2. Industrial background
Grey Nodules Pvt Ltd was established in the year 1992 in Gujarat and located at kathwada GIDC, ahmedabad.
•Under the valuable headship of our CEO’s, Mr. Mukund Shah & Mr. Kamlesh Patel, we have been able to done our project with great knowledge and proper guidance.
Industrial Castings Products
Ductile And Cast Iron Castings For Pump
Ductile Iron Castings for Flanges
Electric Motor Body and Parts Castings
Gas and Petroleum Pump Products Castings
Grey Iron Castings
Iron Castings for Hydraulic and Pneumatic Components
3. •Cast irons usually contain 2 to 6.67% C but in general industry its take 2.5 to 4.3% C.
•Cast iron also contain varying quantities Mn, Si and P.
•Additions of manganese, depending on the desired microstructure .
•Sulphur and phosphorus are also present in small amounts as residual impurities.
Cast iron
4. Types of Cast Iron
•Gray cast iron
•Malleable Cast iron
•White cast iron
•Nodular cast iron
5. Ductile Cast Iron
•Ductile cast iron, also known as
Nodular iron or Spheroidal graphite (SG) iron, is very similar in composition to grey cast iron, but the free graphite in these alloys precipitates from the melt as spherical particles rather than flakes.
•This is accomplished through the addition of small amounts of magnesium or cerium to the ladle just before casting.
•The spherical graphite particles do not disrupt the continuity of the matrix to the same extent as graphite flakes, resulting in higher strength and toughness compared with grey cast iron of similar composition.
6. Average Composition of S.G. Cast Iron
•Carbon – 3.0 - 4.0 %
•Silicon – 1.8 – 2.8 %
•Manganese – 0.1 – 1.00 %
•Sulphur – 0.03% max.
•Magnesium – 0.01 – 0.10 %
Properties of S.G Cast Iron
•Easy to cast
•Tensile strengths of up to 900N/mm2
•Ductility
•Elongations of in excess of 20%
•Excellent Corrosion Resistance when compared to other ferrous metals.
•Ease of Machining
7. Steps in Production of S.G Iron
•Desulphurization: Sulphur helps to form graphite as flakes. Thus, the raw material for producing S.G Iron should have low sulphur
•Nodulising : Magnesium is added to remove sulphur and oxygen still present in the liquid alloy and provides a residual 0.04% magnesium, which causes growth of graphite to be Shperoidal.
•Inoculation: As magnesium is carbide former, ferrosilicon is added immediately as inoculants. Re-melting cause’s reversion to flake graphite due to loss of magnesium
8. Various grade of S.G. irons
Grade
Tensile
Strength
(N/mm2)
Hardness
(BHN)
Elongation
(%)
ISO 1083/JS/800-2/S
800
245-335
2
ISO 1083/JS/700-2/S
700
225-305
2
ISO 1083/JS/600-3/S
600
190-270
3
ISO 1083/JS/500-7/S
500
170-230
7
ISO 1083/JS/450-10/S
450
160-210
10
ISO 1083/JS/400-15/S
400
130-180
15
ISO 1083/JS/400-18/S
400
130-180
18
10. •Ferritic Ductile Iron: ferrite provide an iron with good ductility and affected resistance and with a yield and tensile strength equivalent to low carbon steel.
•Austenitic Ductile Iron : Alloyed to form an austenitic matrix, this ductile iron offers good corrosion and oxidation resistance and good strength and dimensional stability at elevated temperatures.
•Ferritic Pearlitic Ductile Iron: Properties are intermediate between ferritic and pearlitic grades, with good machinability and low production costs.
•Pearlitic Ductile Iron: pearlite result in an iron with good wear resistance, high strength and moderate ductility and impact resistant.
•Martensitic Ductile Iron: martensite matrix improves very wear resistance and high strength but with lower levels of ductility.
11. Heat Treatment
The heat treatments can be carried out on Spheroidal Graphite Iron to achieve the following:
Increase toughness and ductility.
Increase strength and wear resistance.
Increase corrosion resistance.
Stabilize the microstructure, to minimize growth.
Equalize properties in castings with widely varying section sizes.
Improve consistency of properties.
Improve machinability and Relieve internal stresses.
12. •The most important heat treatments and their purposes are:
Stress relieving, a low-temperature treatment, to reduce or relieve internal stresses remaining after casting.
Annealing, to improve ductility and toughness, to reduce hardness, and to remove carbides.
Normalizing, to improve strength with some ductility.
Austempering, to yield a microstructure of high strength, with some ductility and good wear resistance.
Surface hardening, by induction, flame, or laser, to produce a locally selected wear-resistant hard surface.
Martempering, to increase hardness or to improve strength and to reduce internal stress.
13. Martempering Process
•Martempering is a metallurgical production process intended to control martensite characteristics in ductile iron and alloys.
•Martensite is hard and brittle and require a reduction of the martensite characteristics to usable levels.
•The process of martempering is used to manipulating martensite levels and consists of heating and a sequential series of cooling cycles which gradually reduce the extent of martensite characteristics in the metal.
•It is beneficial to begin the process with a high level of martensite formation and to reduce the level gradually because the process minimizes distortion and cracking of the metal.
16. Advantages Of MDI
•The advantage of martempering lies in the reduced thermal gradient between surface and center.
•Residual stresses developed during martempering are lower than those developed during conventional quenching.
•Minimize distortion
•Eliminate cracking
•it also greatly reduces the problems of pollution and fire hazard as long as nitrate-nitrite salts are used rather than martempering oils.
17. Literature Review
•Oyetunji Akinlabi and Barnabas A. Was investigated on “Development of Martempered Ductile Iron by Step-Quenching Method in Warm Water” in 2012.
•S.G.iron normalized at 850˚C for 60 minutes. The normalized specimens were subsequently heat-treated in muffle furnace at 850˚C for 30 min, then step-quenched in warm water at of 80˚C for 40 sec followed by tempering at tempering temp. (175˚C – 425˚C) and times (30-180 minutes).
•The results showed that the developed MDI has a high hardness value of 53 Rc at the lowest temperature, and 19.6 Rc at the highest temperature.
•Metallographic analysis showed that untempered martensite was obtained at holding temp. below 250˚C, tempered martensite at 250˚C to 325˚C, tempered martensite at holding temp. of 350˚C for short holding times, above which the specimen is over-tempered.
18. •R. Aristizabal and R. Foley was studied on “Inter-critically Austenized Quenched and Tempered Ductile Iron” in 2012.
•Ductile iron was produced using 0.7 wt % manganese and 0.5 wt % nickel. Three different volume percentages of martensite (16, 24 and 37 vol. %) were formed by austenitizing then quenching in a polymeric solution to room temperature.
•The material was austenitized at 900˚C for 480 seconds and then quenched in water. Tempering was performed at 400-500˚C for 60 to 120 minutes.
•The results indicated that ferritic-martensitic microstructures in ductile iron provided larger elongation than fully martensitic microstructures. Also, strength and hardness increased and elongation decreased as martensite increased. Tempering significantly increased the elongation with only a small decrease in the strengths.
19. •Y. Sahin , M. Erdogan and M. Cerah were investigated on “Effect of martensite volume fraction and tempering time on abrasive wear of ferritic ductile iron with dual matrix” in 2008.
•Austenitized in the two-phase region at temperatures of 795˚C and 815˚C for 20 min and then quenched in oil at 100˚C. The specimens were subjected to tempering at 500˚C for 1 and 5 h.
•The results showed that weight loss resistance and strength increased and ductility decreased with increasing MVF. At constant MVF, weight loss increased with increasing tempering time.
•The lowest weight loss in sample having 90% MFV, while the highest weight loss in sample having 25% MFV.
•The weight loss increased with increased applied load for all tested samples. Abrasive wear has slight changes occurred with increased tempering time.
20. •O. Eri, M. Jovanovi and D. Rajnovi was investigated on “Microstructure and mechanical properties of CuNiMo austempered ductile iron” in 2004.
•Samples were austenitized at 860˚C for 1h and then austempered at 320˚C and 400˚C in the interval from 0.5 to 5h.
•Austempering at 320˚C in between 2 and 5h, microstructure typical for austempered ductile iron was produced, i.e. a mixture of free bainitic ferrite and highly carbon enriched retained austenite.
•The characteristic of the whole range of austempering at 400 ˚C is the appearance of martensitic structure.
•maximum volume of austenite that was obtained after 2.5 h of austempering at 320 ˚C.
•The appearance of martensite during austempering at 400 ˚C is the main cause for much lower tensile properties than at 320 ˚C.
21. •Mehmet Erdogan, Suleyman Tekeli were investigated on “The effect of martensite volume fraction and particle size on the tensile properties of a surface-carburized AISI 8620 steel with a dual-phase core microstructure” in 2003.
•This study is focused on the production of a dual-phase steel structure in the core of a surface-carburized steel and the effect of martensite volume fraction (MVF) and martensite particle size (MPS) on tensile properties.
•Experimental results showed that, compared with specimens with a fully martensitic microstructure in the core, those with a dual-phase microstructure in the core exhibited slightly lower tensile and yield strength but superior ductility without sacrificing surface hardness.
•In specimens with a dual-phase microstructure in the core, the tensile strength increased and ductility decreased with increasing MVF. Both the tensile strength and the ductility increased with decreasing MPS at constant MVF. The best combination of tensile strength and ductility was obtained with a fine MPS at a constant MVF of 25%.
22. Objective
•From the literature review, MDI material has found increasing applications over the years since its discovery because of its excellent mechanical properties such as high strength, hardness, good wear resistance and all that at low cost.
•The excellent mechanical properties of MDI material are due to its unique microstructure which consists of high carbon martensite and some amount of pearlite with graphite nodules dispersed in it. achieving excellent mechanical properties depends on selection and control of proper martempering time and temperature.
•Therefore, an attempt has been made in the present work to study the effect of martempering temperature and time on the mechanical properties of martempered ductile iron such as tensile strength, % elongation and hardness by carrying out martempering treatment of ductile iron at 60°C, 80°C, and 100°C oil temp. for 60, 120 & 180 second.
23. Design of Experimental
•The experimental procedure for the project work can be listed as :
•Sample casting.
•Specimen preparation.
•Heat treatment process.
•Mechanical testing.
•Micro structural observation.
24. Sand Casting
•Experiments were carried out in induction furnace with 500 kg Capacity Crucible furnace.
•Metallic charge were composed of pig iron, commercially ferro silicon, steel scrap .
•Nominal composition of the experimental alloy is given below.
Material
C
Si
Mn
P
S
Mg
SGI
(400/15)
3.680
2.030
.0380
0.030
0.014
0.038
26. Different Martempering condition
Austenitic temperature
Oil temperature
Time
(second)
Tempering
850˚C
60˚C
60
300˚C
(for 1hr)
120
180
80˚C
60
120
180
100˚C
60
120
180
27. Result and Discussion
•The experiment has been carried out with an aim of effect of mar-tempering heat treatment on mechanical property and microstructure of the ductile iron. As per the experimental process done on sample the result of mechanical testing and microstructure is shown
28. Micro-structural observations
•Before and after heat treatment, the samples were prepared for micro structural analysis.
•slice of 4 mm is cut to determine the microstructure. These slices are firstly polished in SiC paper of different grades then in 1 μ m cloth coated with diamond paste.
•The samples were etched using 2% nital.
•Then the microstructures were taken for different heat treated specimen by using Image Analyzer microscope.
29. Microstructure and Phase analysis of casting at 60°C of oil temp.
At 120 sec
At 180 sec
At 60 sec
30. Microstructure and phase analysis of casting at 80°C of oil temp.
At 60 sec
At 120 sec
At 180 sec
31. Microstructure and phase analysis of casting at 100°C of oil temp.
At 180 sec
At 120 sec
At 60 sec
41. Conclusion
•Due to the Mar-tempering Heat treatment at 60˚C oil temperature at different time phase, hardness are 395, 427 and 444 BHN with respect to 60, 120 and 180 sec and UTS are 840, 955 and 1033 N/mm² at 60, 120 and 180 second time period.
•At 80˚C oil temperature and different time period of martempering heat treatment, Hardness value are 461, 470 and 512 BHN and UTS are 981, 1228 and 1204 N/mm² with respect to 60, 120 and 180 sec time phase.
•At last 100˚C oil temperature heat treatment process, hardness value are 458, 465 and 470 BHN and UTS are 1279, 1546 and 1635 N/mm² with respect to 60, 120 and 180 sec.
42. •The microstructure in as cast condition shows the pearlitic and ferrite matrix with graphite nodules in both grades of samples, while after quenching and tempering the matrix converted into the martensite and tempered pearlite. Thus, the strength and hardness was increased in tempered samples, but elongation decreases.
•The martempering temperature is moderate the hardness value is maximum. ( 80 degree temperature).
•As the martempering period of holding time increase percentage of martensite increase before the transfer to the tempering process.
•The martempering temperature is higher, it’s give best result of the tensile strength.(100 degree)
•Percentage increase in pearlite transformation increase the value of tensile strength.
43. Future Work
•Engineering applications of ductile iron in as cast and different heat treated conditions are growing day by day. MDI’s application has increased tremendously in many industrial areas.
•MDI is increasingly the material of choice of designers and engineers because of their cost effective performance. It has started to replace steel in some structural applications.
•It has also found its tremendous applications in automobile sector which includes crankshafts, disc-brake calipers, axle housings, roller, gear etc.
•For all these applications, we need to take into consideration many other mechanical properties like, wear and erosion resistance, impact resistance, fracture toughness, creep resistance, noise reduction and energy saving properties, etc.
•So in future, we can measure the above mentioned mechanical properties to optimally select a material for its specific application. We can also add inoculants into sample for better result and then measure above mechanical properties.
44. References
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal
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•O. P. Khana, “Material science”
•http://eprints.iisc.ernet.in/id/eprint/14622
•http://www.materialsengineer.com/E Steel%20Properties%20Overview.htm
•Oyetunji Akinlabi and Barnabas A. A., on “Development of Martempered Ductile Iron by Step-Quenching Method in Warm Water”, The Federal University of Technology, Akure Nigeria in 2012
•R. Aristizabal and R. Foley, “AUSTENITIZED QUENCHED AND TEMPERE D DUCTILE IRON”, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia in 2012
45. • C. Hakan Gür, Melika OZER and Mehmet ERDOGAN,”The Evaluation of Structure – Property Relationships in the Dual Matrix Ductile Iron by Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Analysis”, Middle East Technical Univ., Metallurgical & Materials Eng. Dept. Ankara, Turkey in 2008
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