This presentation provides an introduction into the basics of heat treating, primarily steel alloys. Heat treat processes for strengthening steel, or through hardening, using quench and temper, martempering, and austempering will be introduced and explained using the iron-carbon phase diagram and time-temperature-transformation diagrams to help understand the transformations occurring.
Precipitation hardening techniques will be introduced, which apply to one group of stainless steels, aluminum alloys and high performance materials. Common surface hardening techniques such as case hardening and carburizing will also be discussed. Various processes for reducing strength, or softening steel, will be presented. Preheat and post-heat treatments applied during welding will also be briefly discussed.
Material Engineering,
Heat treating (or heat treatment) is a group of industrial and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical. Heat treatments are also used in the manufacture of many other materials, such as glass. Heat treatment involves the use of heating or chilling, normally to extreme temperatures, to achieve a desired result such as hardening or softening of a material. Heat treatment techniques include annealing, case hardening, precipitation strengthening, tempering, carburizing, normalizing and quenching
This presentation provides an introduction into the basics of heat treating, primarily steel alloys. Heat treat processes for strengthening steel, or through hardening, using quench and temper, martempering, and austempering will be introduced and explained using the iron-carbon phase diagram and time-temperature-transformation diagrams to help understand the transformations occurring.
Precipitation hardening techniques will be introduced, which apply to one group of stainless steels, aluminum alloys and high performance materials. Common surface hardening techniques such as case hardening and carburizing will also be discussed. Various processes for reducing strength, or softening steel, will be presented. Preheat and post-heat treatments applied during welding will also be briefly discussed.
Material Engineering,
Heat treating (or heat treatment) is a group of industrial and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical. Heat treatments are also used in the manufacture of many other materials, such as glass. Heat treatment involves the use of heating or chilling, normally to extreme temperatures, to achieve a desired result such as hardening or softening of a material. Heat treatment techniques include annealing, case hardening, precipitation strengthening, tempering, carburizing, normalizing and quenching
In order for metal workpiece to have required working properties, a heat treatment process is often necessary. Heat treatment process generally includes three processes of heating, heat preservation and cooling. It is divided into quenching, tempering, normalizing, annealing, etc. depending on process. Can you distinguish it?
In order for metal workpiece to have required working properties, a heat treatment process is often necessary. Heat treatment process generally includes three processes of heating, heat preservation and cooling. It is divided into quenching, tempering, normalizing, annealing, etc. depending on process. Can you distinguish it?
This presentation gives the basics of engineering materials used in the power plant industry. It also gives the basics of the heat treatment processes and application of materials.
Different steels are majorly shown in the presentation. It starts from carbon steel and goes to advanced high-temperature materials.
Different heat treatments are also discussed. The property changes are observed after heat treatments are given.
IS 2062(2011) Seventh Revision: Hot rolled medium and high tensile structural...rajguptanitw
This Indian Standard (Seventh Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft
finalized by the Wrought Steel Products Sectional Committee had been approved by the Metallurgical
Engineering Division Council.
This standard was first published in 1962 and revised in 1969, 1975, 1984, 1992, 1999 and 2006. While reviewing
this standard, in the light of experience gained during these years, the Committee decided to revise it to bring
in line with the present practices being followed by the Indian steel industry, both in the integrated as well as
secondary sectors. The Committee further decided to harmonize the standard with the overseas standards on
carbon-manganese and high strength low alloy (HSLA) of structural steels.
In this revision, the following changes have been made:
a) Title has been modified and the word ‘low’ has been deleted, keeping in view the grades of steel
contained in the standard. Requirements of low tensile structural steel are covered in IS 15911 : 2010
‘Structural steel (ordinary quality) — Specification’.
b) Amendment No. 1 has been incorporated with suitable modifications.
c) Number of basic grades has been changed to nine. A new grade of E275, in line with European Standard,
has been incorporated to take care of the requirements of medium tensile structural steels in the
construction segment. Moreover, for each grade two to four sub-qualities have been introduced,
depending upon the grade, where sub-qualities A, BR, B0 and C, in line with other international standards,
indicate the mode of killing and impact test requirements.
d) The clause on ‘Manufacture’ has been modified, where the scope is suitably widened to include
different steel making and rolling practices in vogue.
e) Silicon content of semi-killed steel has been clearly specified.
For all the tests specified in this standard (chemical/physical/others), the method as specified in relevant
ISO Standard may also be followed as an alternate method.
While revising the standard, assistance has been derived from the following international specifications:
ASTM A 36 : 2008 Specification for structural steel
ASTM A 572 : 2007 Specification for high-strength low-alloy columbium-vanadium structural steel
EN 10025-2 : 2004 Hot rolled products of structural steels
The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given in Annex A.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)’. The number of significant places retained in
the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
Stainless steels are alloy steels with a nominal chromium (Cr) content of at least 11 weight percent (wt %), with or without other alloy additions. The oxidation and corrosion resistance of these alloy steels are attributed to the presence of a passive chromium-rich oxide film on the surface. The chromium-rich oxide can be damaged, but will quickly reform if oxygen is available. When exposed to conditions that damage the passive oxide film, stainless steels are subject to corrosive attack.
The rate at which a stainless steel develops a passive film in the atmosphere depends on its chromium content. Polished stainless steels remain bright and tarnish-free under most atmospheric conditions. Exposure to elevated temperatures increases the thickness of the oxide film.
Centrifugal Iso-Finishing is a high-speed, high-quality and hands-free method for deburring, smoothing, surface-0finishing, burnishing and polishing of work-pieces and parts. Contact Dave Davidson for additional technical information and assistance with getting your parts sample finished. Contact me at ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com See also dryfinish.wordpress.com
Technical article reprint on the high-speed and high-intensity and high-quality Centrifugal iso-Finishing method.. The methods used widely on aerospace, motorsports, automotive, medical, dental, orthodontic and jewelry manufactured parts. For additional information contact Dave Davidson at ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com. Ask about the free sample part finishing program.
See also the technical blog at https://dryfinish.wordpress.com
Modern machine-shop-apr-18 centrifugal isofinishing crnakshaftsDave Davidson
See the technical article on Centrifugal Iso-Finishing on surface finish and it's effect on engine components in the Motorsports Industry terms of performance improvement.
Contact D. A. (Dave) Davidson at ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com for additional information or help with free sample finishing.
Centrifugal Iso-Finishing Technical article as seen in Products Finishing mag...Dave Davidson
This high-speed, high-intensity mass finishing
method can improve part performance. Centrifugal iso-finishing can be used not only for deburring and edge-contour, but also to
develop surface finish attributes that improve the performance,
surface integrity and service life of components.
A High-Speed, High-Energy Alternative
Centrifugal iso-finishing is a high-speed and high-intensity
mass finishing method in which abrasive or polishing materials are caused to interact with part edges and surfaces
with 10 times the surface pressure of low-energy finishing
methods. What this means, in practical terms, is that it is
possible to produce very refined surface finishes in abbreviated process cycle times. It also means that parts with
complex and detailed geometries can be deburred with a
minimum of manual intervention.
Iso-Finishing sample part finishing application formDave Davidson
Free sample part processing and quotations for deburring, finishing or polishing of your production parts.
(1) Download the Word document form into your computer.
(2) Complete the form and include a paper copy with your sample parts to being shipped to the Isofinishing address shown on the form
MFI full finishing product catalog with technical assistance infoDave Davidson
Mass Finishing Equipment and Supply Catalog includes equipment, finishing media, supplies and accessories. Features Centrifugal Iso-Finishing equipment for high-speed and hands-free deburring, finishing and polishing. For technical assistance and help with arranging for free sample finishing of your parts contact Dave Dagvidson at ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com
It's the Finish that Counts. Technical Magazine article reprint.Dave Davidson
A conventionally produced surface (turned, milled,
ground, EDM) is typically Gaussian in nature, that is,
the peak and valley distribution is pretty much equal
in height. This type of surface can be very unstable and
unpredictable when wear and load bearing are considered. The images in Figure 1 demonstrate this type of
surface.
There are many ways to produce plateaued surfaces.
They are varied in approach but all have the ability to
control the surface peak characteristics separately for
the valley characteristics. Methods that are used to improve surfaces for performance and increased service life include centrifugal barrel finishing, turbo-abrasive machining (aka Turbo-Finish) and isotropic micro-finishing with vibratory finishing equipment. For additional technical information and/or elp with free sample part processing contact Dave Davidson at ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.om
Modern machine shop interviews Dave Davidson about Gear finishing processes. For additional technical information and assistance with sample part finishing contact Dave Davidson | ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com # #machining #polishing #finish #cnc #manufacturingengineering #automotiveindustry #finishing #deburring #leanmanufacturing #aerospace #massfinishing #grinding #automotive #leanmaufacturing #gears
BV PRODUCTS - Bowl and Tub Vibratory Finishing SystemsDave Davidson
Vibratory finishing machines designed, engineered and built-in Australia that out-perform and out-last vibratory finishing machines costing much more.
Robust design with direct-drive motor and integrated parts/media separation for economical vibratory finishing of metal parts. BV Products has been perfecting its unique all cast polyurethane vibratory finishing machines with direct-drive motion generators for almost 40 years to make them the most innovative and most cost-effective surface finishing solution in the industry. Contact Dave Davidson: ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com
BV PRODUCTS VIBRATORY FINISHING SYSTEMS FOR DEBURRING AND FINISHINGDave Davidson
Vibratory finishing machines designed, engineered and built-in Australia that out-perform and out-last vibratory finishing machines costing much more.
Robust design with direct-drive motor and integrated parts/media separation for economical vibratory finishing of metal parts. BV Products has been perfecting its unique all cast polyurethane vibratory finishing machines with direct-drive motion generators for almost 40 years to make them the most innovative and most cost-effective surface finishing solution in the industry. Contact Dave Davidson: ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com
BV Products - Vibratory Finishing machinery for deburring and polishingDave Davidson
Vibratory finishing machines designed, engineered and built-in Australia that out-perform and out-last vibratory finishing machines costing much more.
Robust design with direct-drive motor and integrated parts/media separation for economical vibratory finishing of metal parts. BV Products has been perfecting its unique all cast polyurethane vibratory finishing machines with direct-drive motion generators for almost 40 years to make them the most innovative and most cost-effective surface finishing solution in the industry. Contact Dave Davidson: ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com
Vibratory finishing machines designed, engineered and built in Australia that out-perform and out-last vibratory finishing machines costing much more. Robust design with direct-drive motor and integrated parts/media separation for economical vibratory finishing of metal parts. BV Products has been perfecting its unique all cast polyurethane vibratory finishing machines with direct-drive motion generators for almost 40 years to make them the most innovative and most cost-effective surface finishing solution in the industry. Contact Dave Davidson: ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com
Centrifugal Iso-Finishing for Additive Manufactured PartsDave Davidson
Centrifugal Iso-Finishing Technology is used on 3D Printed and conventional CNC precision machined components for deburring, finishing and polishing. It is a high-speed, high-quality hands-free finishing method that produces highly refined surface finishes in a fraction of the time required by other equipment (10 times faster, in many cases) Free sample finishing of your parts is available, contact Dave Davidson at ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com
Centrifugal iso finishing sample processingDave Davidson
High-Speed, Hands-free deburring, iso-finishing and polishing of manufactured and 3D printed parts. Contact Dave Davidson for free sample finishing, technical assistance and contract deburring and iso-finish polishing at dryfinish@gmail.com | https://dryfinish.wixsite.com/iso-finish https://lnkd.in/gFjetZk
Centrifugal iso finishing contract services Dave Davidson
High-Speed, Hands-free deburring, iso-finishing and polishing of manufactured and 3D printed parts. Contact Dave Davidson for free sample finishing, technical assistance and contract deburring and iso-finish polishing at dryfinish@gmail.com | https://dryfinish.wixsite.com/iso-finish https://lnkd.in/gFjetZk
High-Speed, Hands-free deburring, iso-finishing and polishing of manufactured and 3D printed parts. Contact Dave Davidson for free sample finishing, technical assistance and contract deburring and iso-finish polishing at dryfinish@gmail.com | https://dryfinish.wixsite.com/iso-finish https://lnkd.in/gFjetZk
Centrifugal iso finishing - part dividersDave Davidson
High-Speed, Hands-free deburring, iso-finishing and polishing of manufactured and 3D printed parts. Contact Dave Davidson for free sample finishing, technical assistance and contract deburring and iso-finish polishing at dryfinish@gmail.com | https://dryfinish.wixsite.com/iso-finish https://lnkd.in/gFjetZk
Final vibratory iso-finishing processesDave Davidson
High-Speed iso-finishing and polishing of manufactured and 3D printed parts. Contact Dave Davidson for free sample finishing, technical assistance and contract deburring and iso-finish polishing at dryfinish@gmail.com | https://dryfinish.wixsite.com/iso-finish https://lnkd.in/gFjetZk
High-Speed, Hands-free deburring, iso-finishing and polishing of manufactured and 3D printed parts. Contact Dave Davidson for free sample finishing, technical assistance and contract deburring and iso-finish polishing at dryfinish@gmail.com | https://dryfinish.wixsite.com/iso-finish https://lnkd.in/gFjetZk
Centrifugal iso finishing - Equipment descriptionDave Davidson
High-Speed, Hands-free deburring, iso-finishing and polishing of manufactured and 3D printed parts. Contact Dave Davidson for free sample finishing, technical assistance and contract deburring and iso-finish polishing at dryfinish@gmail.com | https://dryfinish.wixsite.com/iso-finish
https://lnkd.in/gFjetZk
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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dan4inlandmet,com www.intandmet.corn - cell: (509) 939-1590
2. What is the difference between
Iron, Steel, and Cast Iron??
► Iron – Elemental Fe
Limited engineering usefulness
Allotropic element – exists in more than one crystalline form
3. Alloying
► Alloying is the intentional addition of elements to a
metal.
Improvements to properties such as strength, fracture
toughness, corrosion resistance and other properties
Is steel an alloy?
What is the base metal?
What are the different alloying elements?
4. ►Steel – Alloy of Fe and other elements
Primary ingredient is carbon
Carbon capitalizes on the allotropic phenomenon of iron
and turns it from mediocrity into the position of the
world’s unique structural material.
- normally < 1% carbon, but can be as high as 2%.
- normally < 1% manganese, but can be higher.
5. Cast Iron– Alloy of Fe and other elements
• Carbon content exceeds the
solubility in the iron and
therefore forms graphite in
various forms within the structure.
• - normally 2.5 % - 4.0 % carbon
• - normally 1.0 % - 3.0 % silicon
6. Graphite in form of flakes
Engine cylinder blocks, flywheels,
gearbox cases, machine-tool bases
8. With a lower silicon content (graphitizing agent) and
faster cooling rate, the carbon in white cast
iron precipitates out of the melt as the metastable
phase cementite, Fe3C, rather than graphite
Too brittle for most structural components, but very useful
in wear applications.
9. Plain Carbon Steel
• Typical Composition
0.05 to 1.0 % Carbon
~ 0.25% Silicon
~ 0.5% Manganese
Maximum of 0.04% Sulfur
Maximum of 0.04% Phosphorus
• Also referred to as “mild steel”
• Examples are 1018, A36
Alloy Steel
• Plain carbon steel with intentional additions of chromium,
nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, etc.
• Examples are 4130, 4140, 4340, 8620
11. Alloy steel with > 12% chromium
300-series
• Examples are 304, 316, 321 (nickel and chromium)
400-series
• Examples are 410, 416, 420, 440A, 440B, 440C (no
nickel)
Precipitation-hardenable
• Examples are 13-8 PH, 17-4 PH, 15-5 PH, and 17-7 PH
(nickel and chrome)
12. • Generally any steel used
to manufacture tools or
dies.
• Specifically specialized
steels with chemistries
that are balanced for
given applications and
heat treatment.
Examples are O1, A2,
D2, S7, H13, M2, M4,
M42
14. American Society of Testing & Materials
All of the ASTM specs for steel start with “A”
• ie. ASTM A36, ASTM A514, ASTM A148
Chronological order of acceptance
The numbers don’t mean anything
Most common ASTM steel specs are:
• A36 – structural mild steel – 36,000 psi yield min
• A588 – structural mild steel - 50,000 psi yield min
• A514 – heat treated grade – 100,000 psi yield min
Also referred to as “T1”
• Except for stress relieving and some carburizing,
these steels are normally not heat treated.
15. 110ANNUAL BOOK OF ASTM STANDARDS
Listed by Section and Volume
Section I— Iron and Steel Products
Volume 01.01 Steel—Piping, Tubing, Fittings
Volume 01.02 Ferrous Castings; Ferroalloys
Volume 01.03 Steel—Plate, Sheet, Strip, Wire; Stainless Steel Bar
Volume 01.04 Steel—Structural, Reinforcing, Pressure Vessel, Railway
Volume 01.05 Steel—Bars, Forgings, Bearing, Chain, Springs
Volume 01.06 Coated Steel Products
Volume 01 07 Ships and Marine Technology
Section 2—Nonferrous Metal Products
Volume 02.01 Copper and Copper Alloys
Volume 02.02 Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys
Volume 02.03 Electrical Conductors
Volume 02.04 Nonferrous Metals—Nickel, Cobalt, Lead, Tin, Zinc, Cadmium, Precious, Reactive, Refractory Metals and
Alloys
Volume 02.05 Metallic and Inorganic Coatings; Metal Powders, Sintered P/M Structural Parts
Section 3— Metals Test Methods and Analytical Procedures
Volume 03.01 Metals—Mechanical Testing; Elevated and Low-Temperature Tests; Metallography
Volume 03.02 Wear and Erosion; Metal Corrosion
Volume 03.03 Nondestructive Testing
Volume 03.04 Magnetic Properties; Materials for Thermostats, Electrical Heating and Resistance, Contacts, and Connectors
Volume 03.05 Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials (I): C 571 7 E 354.
16. ( I D Designation: A 3 6 / 4 36M — 94
Standard Specification for
Carbon Structural Steel'
T h i s standard is issued under the fixed designation A 3 6 / A 361W the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or. In the case o f revision, the year of last revision. A n u m b e r in parentheses indicates the year o f last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon ( ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision o r reapproval.
This .vandarei has been a p p r m e d for use b y agencies o f the Depariment f DIICHNe. C a n s a l l t h e D f i l ) I n / e x ' / Spec 1;4:alums a n d
Standards for the specific year of issue which has been adapted by M c Department rtt Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 T h i s specification' covers carbon steel shapes, plates,
and bars o f structural quality for use i n riveted, bolted, o r
welded construction of bridges and buildings, and for general
structural purposes.
1.2 Supplemental requirements are provided where i m -
proved internal quality and notch toughness are important.
These shall apply only when specified by the purchaser in the
order.
1.3 W h e n the steel is to be welded, it is presupposed that a
welding procedure suitable f o r the grade o f steel a n d i n -
tended use o r service will be utilized. See Appendix X 3 o f
Specification A 6/A 6 M for information on weldabilitv.
1.4 T h e purchaser s h o u l d consider specifying supple-
mental requirements, such as fine austenitic grain size and
Charpy V- N o t c h I m p a c t requirements. w h e n G r o u p 4 o r
Group 5 wide flange shapes are specified f o r use i n other
than column or compression applications.
1.5 T h e values stated i n either inch-pound units o r SI
(metric) units are t o b e regarded separately as standard.
Within the text, t h e SI units are shown i n brackets. T h e
values stated i n each system a r e n o t exact equivalents,
therefore, each system m u s t b e used independent o f the
other. Combining values from the two systems may result in
nonconformance with this specification.
2, Referenced Documents
2.1 A S T M Standards.-
TA B L E 1 A p p u r t e n a n t Material Specifications
NOTE—The specifier should De satisfied o f the suitability of these materials for
true i n t e n d e d application. C o m p o s i t i o n a n d / o r mechanical properties m a y b e
different than specified in A 36/A 36M.
Material A S T M Designation
Steel rivets
Bolts
High-strength bons
Steel nuts
Cast steel
Forgings (carbon steel)
Hot-rolled sheets and strip
Cold-lormed
Hot-formec tubing
A 502, Grade 1
A 307, Grade A or F 568 C l a s s 4.6
A 325 or A 325M
A 563 or A 5 6 3 M
A 27/A 27M. Grade 6 5 - 3 5 [450-2401
A 668, Class D
A 570/A 570M. Grade 36
A 500, Grade B
A 501
A 500 Specification f o r Cold-Formed Welded and Seam-
less Carbon Steel Structural Tu b i n g i n Rounds a n d
Shapes°
A 50 I Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless
Carbon Steel Structural Tubing6 •
A 502 Specification f o r Steel Structural Rivets5
A 563 Specification f o r Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts5
A 563M Specification f o r Carbon and A l l o y Steel N u t s
[Metric]5
A 570/A 570M Specification f o r Steel, Sheet and Strip,
Carbon, Hot-Rolled, Structural Quality7
A 668 Specification f o r Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy,
for General Industrial Uses
F 568 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Externally
Threaded Metric Fasteners5
18. -
INITg The Engineering Society
— F o r Advancing Ilitobility
- L a n d Sea Air and Space®
: ) i N T E R N A T I O N A L M A T E R I A L
AEROSPACE
/ t D . g i U •
IsSued
400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001
SPECIFICATION
Submitted for recognition as an American National Standard 1
Aluminum Allay Alclad 7075, Plate and Sheet
NOTICE
ANIS-W.-A-250M 3
AUG 1997
UNS A87075
This document has been taken directly from Federal Specification QQ-A-250113E, Amendment 1, and
contains only minor editorial and format changes required to bring it into conformance with the
publishing requirements of SAE technical standards.
The original Federal Specification was adopted as an SAE standard under the provisions of the SAE
Technical Standards Board (TSB) Rules and Regulations (TSB 001) pertaining to accelerated adoption
of government specifications and standards. TSB rules provide for (a) the publication of portions of
unrevised government specifications and standards without consensus voting at the SAE Committee
level, (b) the use of the existing government specification or standard format; and (c) the exclusion of
any qualified product list (QPL) sections.
The complete requirements for procuring 7075 aluminum alloy alclad plate and sheet described herein
shall consist of this document and the latest issue of AMS-QQ-A-250.
1. SCOPE AND CLASSIFICATION:
1.1 S c o p e :
1
19. Developed by ASTM, SAE, and several other
technical societies, trade associations, and U.S.
Government agencies.
Consists of a letter and five numerals.
• The letter indicates the class of alloy
• The numerals define specific alloys within
the class
• Most carbon and alloy steels start with “G”,
stainless steels start with “S”, tool steels start
with “T”.
20. Most widely used system.
Carbon & Alloy Steels – four digits -
numbers actually mean something!!
• First two digits = alloy system
• Second two digits = carbon content in
hundredths percent
• ie. 1018, 1040, 4140, 4340, 8620, 52100
• Other letters are added in for different reasons
L, B, H, etc
21. Handout #1
SERIES
D E S I G N AT I O N
10XX
11X
2.xx
5xx
13xx
40xx
41xx
43xx
46xx
47xx
48xx
51xx
51xxx
5'2xxx
61xx
86xx
87xx
88xx
92xx
50Bxx
5lBxx
8lBxx
94Bxx
TYPE A N D A P P R O X I M AT E P E R C E N TA G E S OF
IDENTIFYING E L E M E N T S
Nonresururized, Manganese 1.00 per cent maximum
Resulturized
Rephosphonzed and Resultunzed
Nonresulturized, Margalese maximum over 1 00 per cent
Manganese 1.75
Molybdenum 0.25
Chromium 0.50, 0.80 or 0.95. Molybdenum 0.12, 0,16, 0.20 or 0.30
Nickel 1.83, Chromium 0.50 or 0.80, Molybdenum 0.25
Nickel 0.85 or 1.83, Molybdenum 0.20 or 0.25
Nickel 0.85 or 1.05, Chromium 0.55 or 0.45. Molybdenum 0.20, 0.35 or 0.52
Nickel 3.40, Molybdenum 0.25
Chromium 0.80, 0.88, 0.93, 0.95 or 1.00
Chromium 1.03
Chromium 1.45
Chromium 0.60, or 0.95, Vanadium 0.13 or min. 0.15
Nickel 0.55, Chromium 0.50, Molybdenum 0.20
Nickel 0.55, Chromium 0.50, Molybdenum 0.25
Nickel 0.55, Chromium 0.50, Molybdenum 0.35
Silicon 2.00, Silicon 1.00 or 1.40 8, Chromium 0.55
Chromium 0.28 or 0.50
Chromium 0,80
Nickel 0.30, Chromium 0.45, Molybdenum 0.12
Nickel 0.45, Chromium 0.40, Molybdenum 0.12
B denotes Boron Steel
,..1111F
22. Handout #2
IRONANDSTEEL
SAE-AISIsystemofdesignations
Numerals T y p e ofsteeland
anddigits n o m i n a l alloy content,%
Carbonsteels
10xx(a) P l a i n carbon(Mn1.00max)
11)0( R e s u l t u r i z e d
12>c<•• Resulfurized andrephosphorized
15xx P l a i n carbon(maxMn1.00-1.65)
Manganesesteels
13xx M n 1.75
Nickel steels
23)0( N i 3.50
25xx N i 5.00
Nickel-chromium steels
31)o( N i 1.25;Cr0,65and0.80
32)0( N i 1 . 7 5 ; Cr1.07
33xx N i 3.50;Cr1.50and1.57
34xx N i 3.00;Cr077
Molybdenum steels
40xx M o 0,20and0.25
44xx M o 0.40and0.52
Chromium-molybdenumsteels
41xx C r 0.50,0.80,and0.95;
Mo012,0.20,025,and0.30
Numerals T y p e ofsteeland
anddigits n o m i n a l alloy content,%
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
43xx N i 1.82;Cr0.50and0.80;Mo0.25
43BVxx N i 1.82;Cr0.50;Mo0.12and
0.25;V0.03min
47)0( N i 1.05;Cr0.45;Mo020and
•0.35
81)0( N i 0.30;Cr0.40;Mo0.12
86xx N i 0.55;Cr0.50;Mo0.20
87xx N i 0.55;Cr0.50;Mo025
88xx N i 0.55;Cr0.50;Mo035
93)0( N i 325;Cr1.20;Mo0.12
94xx N i 0.45;Cr0.40;Mo0.12
97)0( N i 0.55;Cr020;Mo0.20
98xx N i 1.00;Cr0.80;Mo0.25
Nickel-molybdenum steels
46xx N i 0•85and1.82;Mo020and0.25
48xx N i 3,50;Mo0.25
Chromium steels
50xx C r 0.27,0.40,0.50,and0.65
51xx C r 0.80,0.87,0.92,095,1.00,and1.05
(a)Thexxinthelasttwodigitsofthesedesignationsindicatesthatthecarboncontent(inhundredthsofapercent)istobeinserted.
Numerals T y p e ofsteeland
anddigits n o m i n a l alloy content,
Chromium (bearing)steels
50)0(x C r 0.50,C1.00min
51)00( C r 1.02,C1.00min
52)0(x C r 1 . 4 5 , C1.00min
Chromium-vanadiumsteels
61xx Cr 0.60,0.80,0.95;V0.10and0.15min
Tungsten-chromiumsteel
72xx W 1.75;Cr0.75
Silicon-manganesesteels
92xx S i 1.40and2.00;Mn0.65,0.82,
and0.85;Cr0and0.65
High-strength low-alloy steels
9xx V a r i o u s SAEgrades
Boronsteels
)0(Bxx B denotesboronsteel
Leadedsteels
xxLxx L denotesleadedsteel
1
,:oxcccoxccccoxcccox4ccox•xccox•xcco:oxcco:oxcox•xccox•xccox•xccox•xccox•xcco:oxcco:oxcox•xccox•xccox•xccox•xccox•xco:4:
23. Normally 3 numerals
Austenitic Stainless Steels – non-magnetic, not heat-
treatable, work-harden only
• Chrome and nickel
• 304, 316, 321
Ferritic Stainless Steels – magnetic, not heat-treatable
• Chrome, no nickel
• 405, 409, 430
Martensitic Stainless Steels – magnetic, heat-treatable
• Lower chrome than Ferritic, higher carbon, no nickel
• 410, 416, 420, 440A, 440B, 440C
Precipitation Hardenable Stainless Steels – magnetic,
heat-treatable.
• Chrome and nickel
• 17-4, 15-5, 13-8, 17-7
• Different hardening mechanism than most steels
24. •,
.
Table 1 Composition of Standard Grades of Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steels
Type
No.
UNS
No.
Chemical composition(a), %
C M n P 5 Si C r Ni Mo Other elements
201 S20100 0.15 5.50-7.50 0.060 0.030 1.00 16.00-18.00 3.50-5.50 0.'25 N
202 S20200 0.15 7.50-10,00 0.060 0.030 1.00 17.00-19.00 4,00-6,00 0.25 N
205 S20500 0.12-0.25 14.00-15.50 0.060 0.030 1.00 16.50-18.00 1.00-1.75 0.32-0.40N
301 S30100 0.15 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.00-18.00 6.00-8.00
302 S30200 0.15 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.00-19.00 8.00 10,00
302B S30215 0.15 2.00 0.045 0.030 2.00-3.00 17.00-19.00 8.00-10.00 ...
303 S30300 0.15 2,00 0.200 0 150111in 1 , 0 0 1 7 . 0 0 - 1 9 . 0 0 8.00-10.00 0.60(6) ....
303Se S30323 0.15 2.00 0.200 0.060 1.00 17.00-19,00 8.00-10.00 0.15 Se min
304 S30400 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.00-20.00 8.00-10_50 ...
304H 530409 0.04-0.10 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.00-20.00 8.00-1050
304L S30403 0.03 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.00-20.00 8.00-12.00 ...
304LN 530453 0.03 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.00-20.00 8.00-12.00 0.10-0.16N
304N S30451 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.00-20.00 8.00-10.50 0.10-0.16 N
305 S30500 0.12 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.00-19.00 10.50-13.00 ...
308 S30800 0.08 1,00 0.045 0.030 1.00 19.00-21.00 10.00-12.00
309 S30900 0.20 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 22.00-24.00 12.00-15.00
309S S30908 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 22.00-24.00 12.00-15.00
310 S31000 0.25 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.50 24.00-26.00 19.00-22_00
310S S31008 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.50 24.00-26.00 19.00-22.00
314 S31400 0.25 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.50-3.00 23.00-26.00 19.00-22.00 ...
316 S31600 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.00-18.00 10.00-14.00 2.00-3.00
31611 S31620 0.08 2,00 0.200 0 100 min 1.00 16.00-18.00 10.00-14.00 1.75-2.50
316H ... 0.04-0.10 2,00 0.045 0_035 1_00 16.00-18.00 10.00-14.00 2.00-3.00
316L S31 603 0.03 2.00 0.045 0.030 1,00 16.00-18.00 10.00-14.00 2.00-3.00 ...
316LN ... 0.03 2.00 0.045 0.035 1.00 16.00-18.00 10,00-14.00 2.00-3.00 0.10-0.16N
316N S31651 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.00-18.00 10.00-14.00 2.00-3.00 0.10-0.16 N
317 S31700 0.08 2,00 0.045 0,030 1.00 18.00-20.00 11.00-15.00 3.00-4.00
317L S31703 0.03 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.00-20.00 11.00-15.00 3.00-4.00 ...
321 S32100 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17,00-19.00 9.00-12.00 ... 5 x C T I min
32111 S32109 0.04-0.10 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.00-19.00 9.00-12.00 ... 5 x % C Ti m i n
329 S32900 0.10 2.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 25.00-30.00 3.00-6.00 1.00-2.00 . -
330 N08330 0.08 2.00 0.040 0.030 0.75-1.50 17.00-20.00 34.00-37.00 ... ...
347 S34700 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.00-19.00 9.00-13.00 10 ><CC134-Tamin
347H S34709 0.04-0.10 2.00 0_045 0_030 1,00 I 7.00-19.00 9.00-13_00 8 x %C min to 1.00 max Nb
348 S34800 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.00-19.00 9.00-13.00 10 x C O I + Ta min, 0.10 Ta
max, 0.20 Co max
348H S34809 0.04-0.10 2.00 0.045 0.030 1,00 17.00-19.00 9.00-13.00 8 x %C min to 1.0 max Nb,
0.10 Ta
384 S38400 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 15.00-17.00 17.00-19.00
(a) Maximum, unless otherwise noted. (D) May be added at the manufacturer's option. Source: AISI Steel Products Manual
25. Table 2 C o m p o s i t i o n o f S t a n d a r d G r a d e s o f W r o u g h t F e r r i t i c S t a i n l e s s S t e e l s
TYPe
U N S C h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n t a l , %
N o .
M n
M n S i C r M o O t h e r e l e m e n t s
405 S 4 0 5 0 0 0 . 0 8 1_00 0 . 0 4 0 0 _ 0 3 0 1 . 0 0 11 . 5 0 - 1 4 . 5 0
11 . 5 0 - 1 3 . 0 0
0 . 1 0 - 0 _ 3 0 A l
409 S 4 0 9 0 0 0 . 0 8 1_00 0_045 0 . 0 4 5 1 . 0 0 1 0 . 5 0 - 11 . 7 5
1 , 0 0
6 x C Ti m i n . 0.75 m a x
429 S 4 2 9 0 0 0_ 12 1 . 0 0 0_040 0 . 0 3 0 1 . 0 0 1 4 . 0 0 - 1 6 . 0 0
0 . 0 3 0 1 . 0 0
430 S 4 3 0 0 0 0 . 1 2 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 0_030 1 . 0 0 1 6 _ 0 0 - 1 8 . 0 0
0 . 0 6 0 0 . 1 5 0 m i n
430F S 4 3 0 2 0 0 . 1 2 1_25 0 . 0 6 0 0 . 1 5 0 m i n 1_00 1 6 . 0 0 - 1 8 . 0 0 0 . 6 0 ( b )
0 . 0 6 0
430FSe S 4 3 0 2 3 0 - 1 2 1.25 0 - 0 6 0 0 . 0 6 0 1_00 1 6 . 0 0 - 1 8 . 0 0
O v e r 0 . 1 5
0 . 1 5 Se m i n
434 S 4 3 4 0 0 0 . 1 2 1 . 0 0 0 _ 0 4 0 0 . 0 3 0 1.00 16_00-18_00 0 _ 7 5 - 1 . 2 5 _ -
436 S 4 3 6 0 0 0 . 1 2 1 . 0 0 0_040 0 . 0 3 0 1_00 1 6 _ 0 0 - 1 8 . 0 0 0 . 7 5 - 1 . 2 5 5 C C b ' F a m i n .
0 . 2 0 - 0 . 2 5 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 5 0 . 0 2 5 0-75 11 . 0 0 - 1 3 . 0 0 0 . 5 0 - 1 _ 0 0 0_75-1.25 0 . 1 5 - 0 . 3 0 V
0 . 7 0 m a x
439 S 4 3 0 3 5 0 . 0 7 1_00 0 _ 0 4 0 0 _ 0 3 0 1_00 1 7 . 0 0 - 1 9 . 0 0 0 . 5 0 N1,0_15 A l , 12 x
431 S 4 3 1 0 0 0_20 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 0 . 0 3 0 1_00 1 5 . 0 0 - 1 7 . 0 0 1 . 2 5 - 2 _ 5 0
% C r u i n - 1 - 1 0 Ti
442 5 4 4 2 0 0 0 . 2 0 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 0 . 0 3 0 1-00 1 8 . 0 0 - 2 3 . 0 0
1 6 . 0 0 - 1 8 . 0 0 _..
446 5 4 4 6 0 0 0 . 2 0 1 . 5 0 0 . 0 4 0 0 . 0 3 0 1 . 0 0 2 3 . 0 0 - 2 7 _ 0 0
1_00
0 . 2 5 N
Ty-pc
U N S
N o .
C h e m i c a l conap,ositiontal., %
M n S i C r N i M o O t h e r e l e m e n t s
403 S 4 0 3 0 0 0 . 1 5 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 0 . 0 3 0 0 5 0 11 . 5 0 - 1 3 . 0 0
410 S 4 1 0 0 0 0 . 1 5 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 0 _ 0 3 0 1 , 0 0 11 . 5 0 - 1 3 . 5 0
414 S 4 1 4 0 0 0_15 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 0 . 0 3 0 1 . 0 0 1 1 5 0 - 1 3 . 5 0 1 . 2 5 - 2 . 5 0 ...
416 S 4 1 6 0 0 0 . 1 5 1 . 2 5 0 . 0 6 0 0 . 1 5 0 m i n 1 . 0 0 1 2 . 0 0 - 1 4 . 0 0 ... 0.60(1,) ...
416Se S 4 1 6 2 3 0 . 1 5 1.25 0 . 0 6 0 0 . 0 6 0 1 . 0 0 1 2 . 0 0 - 1 4 _ 0 0 0 . 1 5 Se m i n
420 S 4 2 0 0 0 O v e r 0 . 1 5 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 0 . 0 3 0 1 . 0 0 1 2 . 0 0 - 1 4 . 0 0 _._ ...
420F S 4 2 0 2 0 O v e r 0 . 1 5 1.25 0 . 0 6 0 0 . 1 5 0 m i n 11 ) 0 1 2 . 0 0 - 1 4 . 0 0 0 . 6 0 ( b )
422 S 4 2 2 0 0 0 . 2 0 - 0 . 2 5 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 5 0 . 0 2 5 0-75 11 . 0 0 - 1 3 . 0 0 0 . 5 0 - 1 _ 0 0 0_75-1.25 0 . 1 5 - 0 . 3 0 V
0 _ 7 5 - 1 . 2 5 W
431 S 4 3 1 0 0 0_20 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 0 . 0 3 0 1_00 1 5 . 0 0 - 1 7 . 0 0 1 . 2 5 - 2 _ 5 0
440A S 4 4 0 0 2 0 . 6 0 - 0 . 7 5 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 0 . 0 3 0 1 . 0 0 1 6 . 0 0 - 1 8 . 0 0 _.. 0 . 7 5
440B S 4 4 0 0 3 0 . 7 5 - 0 . 9 5 1 . 0 0 0 , 0 4 0 0 . 0 3 0 1_00 1 6 . 0 0 - 1 8 . 0 0 0_75
440C S 4 4 0 0 4 0 . 9 5 - 1 . 2 0 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 0 . 0 3 0 1 . 0 0 1 6 . 0 0 - 1 8 . 0 0 0 . 7 5
3 l a r t , s i I i e t y p e
6l 0
Setnianstenitie t y p e s
A l s i U N S
(a) M a x i m u m , unless o t h e r w i s e n o t e d . ( b ) M a y h e a d d e d at the m a n u f a c t u r e r ' s o p t i o n . S o u r c e : A I S 1 Steel P r o d u c t s M a n u a l
Table 3 C o m p o s i t i o n o f S t a n d a r d W r o u g h t G r a d e s o f M a r t e n s i t i c S t a i n l e s s S t e e l s
Table 4 C o m p o s i t i o n o f S t a n d a r d G r a d e s o f P r e c i p i t a t i o n - H a r d e n i n g S t a i n l e s s S t e e l s
No. N o . C M a S i C r N i M o O t h e r e l e m e n t s
S I 7 4 0 0
(a) M a x i m u m , unless o t h e r w i s e n o t e d
0 . 0 7 1 . 0
C h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n t a l . %
1.0 1 7 . 0 4 . 0 4 _ 0 C u , 0 _ 1 5 - 0 . 4 5 C b T a
631 S 1 7 7 0 0 0 _ 0 9 1 _ 0 1 . 0 1 7 . 0 7 . 0 . . _ 1 . 0 A l
632 S 1 5 7 0 0 0 . 0 9 1 . 0 1 . 0 1 5 . 0 7 . 0 2 _ 2 1 . 2 A l
533 S 3 5 0 0 0 0 _ 0 g 0 _ 8 0 . 2 5 1 6 . 5 4 . 3 2 _ 7 5 0 . 1 N
634 S 3 5 5 0 0 0 _ 1 3 0 _ 9 5 0 . 2 5 1 5 . 5 4 _ 3 2 _ 7 5 0 . 1 N
Austenitic t y p e
660 1 ( 6 6 2 8 6 0 . 0 8 1 . 4 0 . 4 1 5 . 0 2 6 . 0 1 . 3 0 . 3 V . 2 O l t 0.35 A 1 , 0 . 0 0 3 Et
26. Tool Steels – letter followed by a number
• Letter = application or heat treatment method
• Number = chronological sequence of acceptance
Water-Hardening W1
Oil-Hardening O1, 02, 06
Air-Hardening A2, A6, A10
High-C, High-Cr D2 (air-harden), D3 (oil-harden)
Shock Resisting S1, S2, S5, S7
Hot Working H11, H13
Plastic Mold P6, P20 (pre-hardened)
High Speed Tungsten T1,T15
High Speed Molybdenum M2, M4, M42
There are literally “thousands” of proprietary grades
27. z44 4 44wr;Nw
08
p p o p p p
88888:L U-8888U•
N i d . - . 0 1 . b
0 0 , A 0 0 0
' 0 ° °
88g E 888t
oN x , 1 ; 4!A•!-• •
88 8 888888 •
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 p p o p p p o o p p o p o
.ifiN.46L4 N i d . - . 0 1 . b
0 0 , A 0 0 0
t 4 , , W w w 4
00(111.40 O V 0 0 - 4 0 , 1OV
x3xxxxx :xxxxxn m.o,roAgrit,. 232N0>>>>>>> q u o , mv2; “ “4 , w w w w w 0 . . , , , . 0 , 0 . - , . . , O N , 1 7 4 ( , ) , 4 , M N , - 0
Z Q - CMJ14,,WW..0 C 4 W W - 0 1 2 . 4
1 u 1 0 7 7 0 7 7 ;
0 ; l i • g = ; ' - '0 I 0 r ; 7 rt o ,
, o o 4 9 0 0 , g 00 0 0
--• 0 0 ' 0 7 E z 0 , , : a,, 9 , v 4 P E ' E e 0n cr F :
1 r % 5 ' , a E ! n of0 r r . . , •
'18 9 c • , , , a$ t 4 E i -
8 n
.-i-i a $ r F
0 J = E , =;jt',,t,,Wjj d d d ; = J d d i d d d Z - J = q
r i 0 F.9,09.9,29, o i ciF, ici oi : ,0,Ofs0,C,C, N N N ' - '0 0 E 4 . Nflo00.)v) r , r , ; i R ? ? ? 2 0 9 0 0 9 0 0 0 5 . „ L t . , „ 8 1 www,a0
cp,.-0,7i.')8,vu,s 8,9R29,2,9t9,5,.82,9,92E
g- 7
0 r o
ro $ o
rt
R , 4
o 2. 7ri
7 ; 7 s r , t h
i0 0 0 0 0
0 ? * N . . . N N . . , . ' 0 0NO!-. . . . . . 0 0 0 00 r 0 0 : . ? ?
....1- 7 i d i m i o i c L,JAblis)04; i J c l id,:p:0 „...„
0 , . L 4 O V I V I O , u 1 0 0 1 A 0 0 0 , u , 0 , - , 1 0 0 O V 1 0 0 0 0 i , 4 , .
R r r c c
A
A -' . -
n
. „ . ,
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0 0 ( A 0 0 0
• . P N
:88
0 7 ,
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,1888888 88H888 o :, N),!.00o
1.
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:
29. The heating and cooling of a solid
metal or alloy in such a way as to
obtain desired conditions or
properties.
Temperatures and cooling rates are
the main determining factors that
affect properties (ie. annealing,
hardening).
30. At room temperature, the iron is body-centered
cubic.
31. When we heat it up above a critical
temperature (~1400ºF), it transforms to face-
centered cubic.
32. If we continue to heat it, it will transform
back to body-centered cubic, and then it
will melt at ~2800ºF.
34. Heat the steel up to convert
the BCC structure to the FCC
structure, then quench it.
35. Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram Handout #7
Iron/Carbon Alloy P h a s e D i a g r a m
Te m p e r a t u r e (F)
3 0 0 0
2 8 0 2
2 8 0 0
2 7 2 0
2 6 0 0
255-2
2 4 0 0
2 2 0 0
2 0 6 6
2 0 0 0
1 8 0 0
1 6 7 0
1 6 0 0
1 4 0 0
1 3 3 3
1 2 0 0
1 0 0 0
4 1 0
0.50% 0 . 8 3 % 1 % 2 %
4 1 - - - 1 - H y p o - E u t e c t o l d - - - 0 . 1 1 — H y p e r - E u t e c t o i d — o •
S T E E L
C a r b o n C o n t e n t P r e s e n t ( b y w e i g h t )
Temperature (C)
a+
M a g n e t i c P o i n t
( 1 4 1 4 F)
A ,
Austenite Solid Solution of
Carbon in G a m m a Iron
Austenite
in Liquid
, a•••••••; A l
0.025 P e a r l i t e
• a n d
• F e r r i t e
I A o
I
NI- - 1 - I
„....-1-0.008%
Pearlite and Cementite
a+
L = L i q u i d
y = A u s t e n i t e
= F e r r i t e
= D e l t a I r o n
C M = C e m e n t i t e
2055 F
M i r
CM begins #
to solidify - .
1 -
Primary
Austenite 1
0 0 / b e g i n s to ,
solidify
Fe3C
Austentite, Ledeburite
and Cementite
A1.2,3
Austenite to
/ P e a r l i t e
Cementite, Pearlite and
transformed Ledeburite
Fe3C
,•e•—•••• M aan etic C h a r a e o f Fe3C
Fe3C.,„%lik
4.3 6 . 6 7
• • • • • • • • • „ 1 a . . Z • 4 1 a .
Cementite and
Ledeburite
1539
1492
1400
1130
910
760
723
210
3% 4 % 5 % 6 % 6 5 %
C A S T I R O N
36. The attempt by the steel to get back
to BCC is what creates the hardness.
The carbon atoms create stresses in
the lattice and form a structure
called martensite, which is body-
centered tetragonal, very hard, and
very brittle.
The steel is then tempered to soften
it to a hardness acceptable for the
application.
37. AS QUENCHED (BCT) STRAINED
0 F e atoms
• C atoms
( R a n g e of
I F e - a t o m
1 i
) displacements
40. Heat the BCC steel up above
the critical temperature and
transform it to austenite,
creating solid solution, then
slowly cool it down below the
critical temperature.
42. Hardness is the material’s resistance to
plastic deformation, usually by
indentation.
• ie. Rockwell, Brinell, Knoop,Vickers
Hardenability is the relative ability of
steel to harden.
• ie. depth of hardness
43. Brinell Hardness (HBW)
• 3000 Kg load, 10mm tungsten carbide ball, 10 seconds
dwell – standard conditions.
• Also can be used with 1500 Kg and 500 Kg loads,
different sized balls, different dwell times.
• 150 HBW (1500/10/30)
Stands for 150 brinell hardness using a 1500 Kg load, a 10 mm
tungsten carbide ball, and a dwell time of 30 seconds.
44. Rockwell Hardness
(HRA, HRB, HRC, etc)
• HRC scale – hard steels
Diamond indentor – 150 Kg load
• HRB scale – soft steels
1/16” steel ball indentor – 100 Kg load
• HRA – covers both scales
Diamond indentor – 60 Kg load
45. Rockwell Superficial Hardness
(lighter loads)
• HR15N, HR30N, HR45N – hard steels
Diamond indentor – 15, 30, 45 Kg loads
• HR15T, HR30T, HR45T – soft steels
1/16” steel ball indentor – 15, 30, 45 Kg loads
• Used for thin parts/materials or thin hard
layers (case hardening) where regular
Rockwell testing will push through.
46.
47. Knoop and Vickers
Microhardness (really
light loads)
• Knoop – 25 grams to
1000 grams – diamond
indentor
500 grams is standard
Designated as xxxHK500
• Vickers – 25 grams to
1000 grams – diamond
indentor
500 grams is standard
Designated as xxxHV500
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51. Alloying elements are the ingredients
that improve steel’s hardenability.
Hardenability is measured by standard
Jominy hardenability tests.
Graphs are then developed to signify
data.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59. Handout #13
Diameters of rounds with
same as-quenched hardness (I-IIRC), in. Location in round Quench
2 4 Surface
Mild
water
quench
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oil
quench
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65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 18 2 0
Distance from cluenched end, 1116 in.
22 24 26 28 30 32 34
Hardn
62. A destructive test to determine strength and
ductility.
Material is machined into various test bar
configurations.
Test bar is put into a machine and it is pulled
apart.
Ultimate Tensile Strength,Yield Strength,
Elongation, and Reduction of Area.
Strength and ductility contradict one another. As
one goes up, the other goes down.
63. Stress/Strain Diagrams Handout #14
St r
Strain,e S t r a i n , e
(1)
() 101
" / 0
True
/ k 1)
Nominal
81
7-71
V
Strain,e
(c
Strain,e
Fig.1-2.1 Stress-strain diagrams. (a) Nonductile material with no plastic deformation
(example: cast iron). (b) Ductile material with yield point (example: low-carbon steel).
(c)Ductile material without marked yield point (example: aluminum). (d) True stress-strain
curve versus nominal stress-strain curve. S„ - breaking strength: S, - tensile strength:
S y i e l d strength. ef •-• elongation (strain before fracture) X fracture: YP y i e l d point.
64. Ultimate Tensile Strength
• The maximum stress that a material can withstand.
• Direct relationship to hardness. (UTS ~ 1000 x HBW/2)
Yield Strength
• The stress at which there is a specified deviation from
proportionality of stress and strain.
Elongation
• Total change in length of a test bar during the test.
(measurement of ductility)
Reduction of Area
• Total change in diameter of a test bar during the test.
(measurement of ductility)
65. Most mis-used and mis-understood
material property.
A material’s ability to absorb energy and
deform plastically before fracturing.
Combination of strength and ductility.
Charpy and Izod impact testing.
Also represented by the area under the
stress/strain curve.
Affected by chemistry, microstructure, and
processing history.
66.
67.
68.
69. Dependent upon chemical composition
of the material.
The “alloying elements” determine the
transformation properties.
T-T-T (time-temperature-transformation)
curves tell the story.
70.
71.
72. When steel is heated up above the “critical”
temperature in air, decarb will occur.
Furnace atmospheres are necessary to
eliminate the oxygen from reacting with the
steel.
Endothermic
• Separate piece of equipment – endo generator.
• Natural gas & air are mixed and sent through a high
temperature nickel catalyst to create a chemical
reaction creating CO, H2, and N2.
73.
74.
75.
76. Vacuum
• Air is removed by a series of mechanical and
diffusion pumps.
• Vacuum level capable of <1 micron.
79. In addition to the endothermic
carrier gas in the atmosphere,
we must also be able to control
the amount of carbon in the
atmosphere.
Additions of natural gas through
a flow meter allow us to do so.
80. Performed in a neutral atmosphere.
Through hardening is normally desired.
For endothermic (oil-hardening)
equipment, carbon is controlled in the
atmosphere to be equal to the carbon
content of the steel.
For vacuum equipment, oxygen is not
present at all…no worries!
Quenching can be done with water, oil,
polymer, nitrogen gas, argon gas,
etc….depending upon the alloy.
Always followed by tempering!
81. Also referred to as “drawing”.
Temperatures below transformation (critical)
temperature, so it doesn’t matter how we
cool…normally air or fan cool.
Tempering is usually only done once, however
some tool steels are tempered twice or three
times…the first time to transform retained
austenite to martensite, the second time to
soften.
In medium carbon steels,“blue brittleness”
occurs when tempering between 400ºF and
700ºF…toughness is sacrificed in this
region…try to avoid it.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86. Surface Hardening
Carburizing versus Induction Hardening
Aka:“Case Hardening”
Carburizing = modify the steel so that it
has more carbon at the surface.
Induction = leave the steel alone, but only
heat up the areas you want hardened.
87. Carburizing
Performed in an endothermic atmosphere
furnace (gas carburizing).
Low carbon steel (<.25%C) placed in a
high-carbon atmosphere (.90%C or
higher)
Carbon diffuses into the surface of the
steel.
ie. 8620 in the core, 8670 on the surface.
Part is quenched, only the area with higher
carbon content will harden.
Should always temper after quenching.
88. Depths can be as low as .005” deep and
as high as .250” deep.
Case depth is temperature and time
dependent. The deeper the case, the
more expensive the process.
There are different methods for
measuring case depth.
Areas where machining and/or welding
are to be done can be masked.
89.
90.
91.
92. Advantages
• Through-hardening equipment can be used.
• Relatively inexpensive.
• No special tooling required.
• Shallow case depths can be achieved.
Disadvantages
• Entire part must be heated and quenched, core
hardness can not be controlled.
• Carburizing beyond ~0.060” deep can be time
consuming and expensive.
93. Use a steel with enough carbon to produce
desired hardness.
Localized hardening – only one area is heated up
and quenched.
No chemical changes are made. The carbon that
is already in the steel is sufficient.
94.
95.
96.
97. Advantages
• Uses less energy
• Causes less distortion
• Allows for stronger core strengths
• Deeper case depths than carburizing
Disadvantages
• Tooling can be expensive.
• Shallow case depths are difficult to achieve.
• Equipment is specialized.
98. Annealing
• Heat up to austenite range, let it slowly cool in the furnace at a
specified rate to below critical temp.
• Results in very soft material, softer than stress relieving.
Normalizing
• Heat up to austenite range, let it cool in still air or fanned air.
Stress Relieving
• Normally done in the 1000ºF to 1200ºF range.
• Relieves stresses that remain locked in a structure as a
consequence of a manufacturing sequence.
• Rate of heating and cooling only important if you are following
welding code specs.
99. Cracking often occurs due to geometry.
Avoid sharp corners and stress risers.
Consider using air-hardening vs. oil-hardening.
Liquid quenchants are more severe and cause more
cracking.
100. Parts can be racked, strung, nested, etc.
Vertical is almost always better.
Consider using air-hardening vs. oil-hardening.
Liquid quenchants are more severe and cause more
distortion.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108. It will either shrink, grow, or stay the
same!
Published data tells us what “should”
happen.
Leave as much material on the part as
economically possible.
109.
110. In general, the material most suitable for a given
use will be that material which most nearly
supplies the necessary properties and durability
with a satisfactory appearance at the lowest cost.
Mechanical Properties – strength, hardness,
ductility
Design Configuration
Material availability
Fabricability
Corrosion resistance
Stability
Cost