various types of steel basically low carbon steels and alloy steels and how the alloying elements alter the various properties of steels , a detailed study & analysis
this ppt is useful for understanding the concept of heat treatment process in steel.
it gives the idea about the various stages of heat treatment process in details
This presentation will provide the non-metallurgist with a basic understanding of carbon and low alloy steels. First we'll describe the carbon and low alloy steels by examining the iron-carbon binary phase diagram and understand the basic microstructures as related to carbon content. We'll discuss the nomenclature of the different carbon and alloy steel groups. We will then examine how mechanical properties are influenced through carbon content, alloy additions and heat treatment. We will also discuss the differences in carbon and low alloy steels that are specified as structural steels and high strength-low alloy (HSLA) steels. Finally, we will address the issues of material selection, processing and finishing.
various types of steel basically low carbon steels and alloy steels and how the alloying elements alter the various properties of steels , a detailed study & analysis
this ppt is useful for understanding the concept of heat treatment process in steel.
it gives the idea about the various stages of heat treatment process in details
This presentation will provide the non-metallurgist with a basic understanding of carbon and low alloy steels. First we'll describe the carbon and low alloy steels by examining the iron-carbon binary phase diagram and understand the basic microstructures as related to carbon content. We'll discuss the nomenclature of the different carbon and alloy steel groups. We will then examine how mechanical properties are influenced through carbon content, alloy additions and heat treatment. We will also discuss the differences in carbon and low alloy steels that are specified as structural steels and high strength-low alloy (HSLA) steels. Finally, we will address the issues of material selection, processing and finishing.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Dear All, Best Greetings! This presentation is very useful to all of you to understand the steel basics, background, history, steel making process video, characteristics, metallurgical properties, iron carbon diagram, different phases in steel, effects of alloying elements, high carbon steel introduction, and application of low, medium and high carbon steel.
Crystal Material, Non-Crystalline Material, Crystal Structure, Space Lattice, Unit Cell, Crystal Systems, and Bravais Lattices, Simple Cubic Lattice, Body-Centered Cubic Structure, Face centered cubic structure, No of Atoms per Unit Cell, Atomic Radius, Atomic Packing Factor, Coordination Number, Crystal Defects, Point Defects, Line Defects, Planar Defects, Volume Defects.
work measurement, the uses of work measurement, the techniques of work measurement, time study, time study form, methods of timing, work sampling, allowances, predetermined motion time and systems (P.M.T.S.),
Method Study, Objective of method study, Pre-requisites for method study, Steps/basic procedure in method study, different method recording techniques,
Definition of Productivity, Measurement of productivity, benefits of productivity, the role of management, government and labour to improve the productivity, factors affecting the productivity
Production Planning and Control, Objective of production planning and control, Function of PPC, Types of the Production Systems, Process Planning, Sales Forecasting, Sequencing, Loading, and Scheduling, Line of Balance, Progress control, Economic Order Quantity (EQC), Goods Service Tax (GST)
Site Selection, nature of the location, Factors affecting the location, Selection of the location, Importance of the plant location, choice of site for selection, Gov policies on decentralization, Industrial estates, Comparision of location, Plant layout, Principles of Plant Layout, Objective of Plant Layout, Flow pattern, Technique used in plant layout, Sample of different layout
Introduction to generalized measurement system, primary sensing element, data conversion element, data transfer element, manipulation element, data presentation element, the functional element of bourdon tube pressure gauge, the functional element of the pressure-actuated thermometer, static characteristics of instruments, dynamic characteristics of instruments
Standards of measurement, Historical developments of standards of measurements, material length standard, international yard, international prototype meter, Lightwave or optical length standards, primary standards, secondary standards, tertiary standards, working standards, line standards, end standards,
Definition of Metrology, Scientific or fundamental metrology, Applied or Industrial Metrology, Legal Metrology, Need of Inspection, Process of Measurement, Direct measurement, indirect measurement, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Measurement, Instruments and Classification of Instruments, selection of measuring instruments,
Automobile Brakes, Functions of Brakes, Requirements of a good braking system, Types of Brakes, Mechanical Brakes, Internal Expanding Brake, Hand Brake, Disk Brake, Hydraulic Brake, Power Brakes, Air Brake, Air-Hydraulic Brake, Vacum Brake, Exhaust Brake, Electric Brake, Antilock Braking System (ABS), Brake Effectiveness
Safety in automobile, requirements of safety in automobile, airbags, seat belt, working of airbags, working of seat belts, radio ranging (radar), night vision, GPS, Emergency braking system, auto-dimming mirrors, heads up display, back up sensing system, energy-absorbing steering system.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. Ferrous Material
• Ferrous material include steel and pig iron (with a carbon content of a
few percent) and alloys of iron with other metals (such as stainless steel).
"Non-ferrous" is used to describe metals and alloys that do not contain
an appreciable amount of iron.
Metal Alloys
Ferrous Non-Ferrous
4. Steel
• Steel is an alloy of iron with a few percent of carbon to improve its
strength and fracture resistance compared to iron. Many other additional
elements may be added.
• Stainless steels that are corrosion and oxidation resistant need an
additional 11% chromium.
• Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is used in
buildings, tools, ships, trains, cars, machines, electrical appliances, and
weapons.
• The carbon content of steel is between 0.008% and 2% by weight for
plain carbon steel
5. Classification of Steel
Steels can be classified by a variety of
different systems depending on:
• The composition, such as carbon, low-alloy,
or stainless steels
• The manufacturing methods, such as open
hearth, basic oxygen process, or electric
furnace methods
• The finishing method, such as hot rolling or
cold rolling
• The product form, such as bar, plate, sheet,
strip, tubing, or structural shape
• The de-oxidation practice, such as killed,
semi-killed, capped, or rimmed steel
6. Classification of Steel
• The microstructure, such as ferritic, pearlitic, and
martensitic.
• The required strength level, as specified in ASTM
standards.
• The heat treatment, such as annealing,
quenching and tempering, and thermo-
mechanical processing.
• Quality descriptors, such as forging quality and
commercial quality
7.
8. Role of Carbon
• Understanding is Important what types are used in certain applications
and which are used for others.
• Most commercial steels are classified into one of three groups: plain
carbon, low-alloy, and high-alloy.
• Carbon is the most important commercial steel alloy. Increasing carbon
content increases hardness and strength and improves hardenability.
• Increases brittleness and reduces weldability because of its tendency to
form martensite.
• Most steel contains less than 0.35% percent carbon.
• 0.35 to 1.86 % carbon content range can be hardened using a heat-
quench-temper cycle.
9. 1. Plain Carbon Steels
• Iron with less than 1% carbon, plus small amounts of manganese,
phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon.
• Plain carbon steels are further subdivided into three groups:
a) Low carbon steels
b) Medium carbon steels
c) High carbon steels
10. Low carbon steels/ Mild steels
• Often called as mild steels.
• Less than 0.30% carbon with up to 0.4% Mn.
• They machine and weld nicely and are more
ductile than higher-carbon steels.
• The largest category of this class of steel is flat-
rolled products (sheet or strip) usually in the
cold-rolled and annealed condition.
Properties:
• Tensile strength: 390-555 N/mm2
• Hardness: 115-140 BHN
11. Low carbon steels/ Mild steels
Uses and Applications :
• Automobile body panels, tin plate, and wire
products.
• For rolled steel structural plates and sections,
the carbon content may be increased to
approximately 0.30%, with higher manganese
up to 1.5%.
• May be used for stampings, forgings, seamless
tubes, and boiler plate.
12. Medium carbon
steels
• 0.30 to 0.70 % carbon with
manganese from 0.60 to 1.65%
• Increased carbon means increased
hardness and tensile strength,
decreased ductility
• More difficult machining.
Properties:
• Tensile strength: 750-1230 N/mm2
Uses and Application:
• Connecting rods, wires, shift and
brake levers, Spring clips, Gear
shaft, Axles, Set screws, Crank pins,
Crank shaft, Drop forging dies, Die
blocks, Clutch disc, Valve springs.
13. High carbon steels
• percent carbon steels contain from 0.70 to 1.5%
with manganese contents ranging from 0.30 to
0.90%.
• Can be challenging to weld.
• Preheating, post heating , and sometimes even
heating during welding become necessary to
produce acceptable welds and to control the
mechanical properties of the steel after welding.
Properties:
• Tensile strength: 1400 N/mm2
Uses and Application:
• spring materials and high-strength wires, Cold
chisels, Wrenches , Jaws for vises, Shear blades,
Hacksaws, Pneumatic drill bits, Wheels for railway
service, Automatic clutch discs.
14. 2. Low Alloy Steels
• Designed for welded applications.
• Usually Carbon 0.2 - 0.4 % and alloy element up to 3.99 %.
• Including nickel, chromium, molybdenum, manganese, and silicon, which
add strength at room temperatures and increase low-temperature notch
toughness.
• Combination: improve corrosion resistance and influence the steel's
response to heat treatment.
15. 2. Low Alloy Steels
Advantages
• Greater harden ability.
• Less distortion and cracking.
• Greater stress relief at given
hardness.
• Less grain growth.
• Higher elastic ratio and endurance
strength.
• Greater high temperature strength.
• Greater ductility at high strength.
Disadvantages
• Cost
• Special Handling.
• Tendency towards austenite
retention.
• Temper brittleness in certain grades.
16. Purpose of alloying
• Strengthening of the ferrite
• Improved corrosion resistance
• Better hardenability
• Grain size control
• Greater strength
• Improved machinability
• Improved high or low temperature
stability
• Improved ductility
• Improved toughness
• Better wear resistance
• Improved cutting ability
• Improved case hardening properties
17. Effect of alloying elements
Carbon:
• Increases Hardness
• Increases Tensile strength
• Reduces Machinability
• Reduces Melting point
Nickel:
• Increases toughness and resistance to impact
• Lessens distortion in quenching
• Lowers the critical temperatures of steel and widens the range of successful
heat treatment
• Strengthens steels
• Does not unite with carbon.
18. Effect of alloying elements
Chromium:
• Joins with carbon to form chromium carbide, thus adds to depth hardenability
with improved resistance to abrasion and wear.
Silicon:
• Improves oxidation resistance
• Strengthens low alloy steels
• Acts as a deoxidize
Titanium:
• Prevents localized depletion of chromium in stainless steels during long heating
• Prevents formation of austenite in high chromium steels
• Reduces martensitic hardness and hardenability in medium chromium steels.
19. Effect of alloying elements
Molybdenum:
• Promotes hardenability of steel
• Makes steel fine grained
• Makes steel unusually tough at various hardness levels
• Counteracts tendency towards temper brittleness
• Raises tensile and creep strength at high temperatures
• Enhances corrosion resistance in stainless steels
• Forms abrasion-resisting particles.
Vanadium:
• Promotes fine grains in steel
• Increases hardenability (when dissolved)
• Imparts strength and toughness to heat-treated steel
• Causes marked secondary hardening.
20. Effect of alloying elements
Tungsten:
• Increases hardness (and also red-hardness)
• Promotes fine grain
• Resists heat
• Promotes strength at elevated temperatures.
Manganese:
• Contributes markedly to strength and hardness (but to a lesser degree than carbon)
• Counteracts brittleness from Sulphur
• Lowers both ductility and weld ability if it is present in high percentage with high carbon content in
steel.
Copper: Copper (0.2 to 0.5%) added to steel
• Increases resistance to atmospheric corrosion
• Acts as a strengthening agent.
21. Effect of alloying elements
Cobalt:
• Contributes to red-hardness by hardening ferrite
• Improves mechanical properties such as tensile strengths, fatigue strength and
harness
• Refines the graphite and pearlite
• Is a mild stabilizer of carbides
• Improves heat resistance
• Retards the transformation of austenite and thus increases hardenability and freedom
• From cracking and distortion.
22. Effect of alloying elements
Boron:
• Increase hardenability or depth to which steel will harden when quenched.
Aluminum:
• Acts as a dioxide
• Produces fine austenitic grain size
• If present in an amount of about 1 %, it helps promoting nitriding.
Vanadium: Vanadium (0.15 to 0.5 %)
• Is a powerful carbide former
• Stabilizes cementite and improves the structure of the chill.
23. 3. High-alloy Steels
• Most important commercial high-alloy steel.
• Stainless steels are at least 12 percent chromium, and many have high
nickel contents.
• The three basic types of stainless are:
A. Austenitic
B. Ferritic
C. Martensitic
24. Austenitic stainless steels
• C = 0.08 - 0.25 %, Mn = 2 %, Si = 1 – 2 %, Cr = 15 – 25 %, Ni = 5 – 20 %
• Offer excellent weldability, but austenite isn't stable at room
temperature.
• Specific alloys must be added to stabilize austenite.
• The most important austenite stabilizer is nickel, and others include
carbon, manganese, and nitrogen.
• Corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, and strength at high
temperatures.
• Carbon can add strength at high temperatures, it can also reduce
corrosion resistance by forming a compound with chromium.
• Austenitic alloys can't be hardened by heat treatment.
26. Austenitic stainless steels
Properties:
• 300 series steels are yield strengths of 205 to 275 MPa (30 to 40 ksi),
ultimate tensile strengths of 520 to 760 MPa (75 to 110 ksi), and
elongations of 40 to 60%.
• Annealed 200 series alloys have higher yield strengths ranging from 345
to 480 MPa (50 to 70 ksi).
• Higher strengths are possible in cold-worked forms, especially in drawn
wire, in which a tensile strength of 1200 MPa (175 ksi) or higher is
possible.
27. Ferritic stainless steels
• C = 0.08 - 0.2 %, Mn = 1 - 1.5 %, Si = 1 %, Cr = 15 – 30 %
• Body-Centered Cubic (bcc) crystal structures.
• Chromium content is usually in the range of 11 to 30%.
• Sulfur or selenium can be added to improve machinability.
• Chromium: Ferrite stabilizer
28. Ferritic stainless steels
Properties:
• The ferritic alloys are ferromagnetic.
• Good ductility and formability, but high-temperature strengths are
relatively poor compared to those of the austenitic grades.
• Toughness may limited at low temperatures and in heavy sections.
• Unlike the martensitic stainless steels, the ferritic stainless steels cannot
be strengthened by heat treatment.
• Typical annealed yield and tensile strengths for ferritic stainless steels are
35 to 55 ksi (240 to 380 MPa) and 60 to 85 ksi (415 to 585 MPa),
respectively. Ductilitiy tend to range between 20 and 35%.
29. Ferritic stainless steels
Applications:
• Automotive exhaust systems
• Automotive trim
• The super ferritics are often used in heat exchangers and piping systems
for chloride-bearing aqueous solutions and seawater.
30. Martensitic stainless steels
• C = 0.15 - 1.2 %, Mn = 1 %, Si = 1 %, Cr = 10 – 18 %, Fe = balance
• Body-centered tetragonal crystal structure (martensitic) in the
hardened condition.
• High hardenability.
• More brittle compare to Austenitic and Ferritic steel.
• Require both pre- and post heating when welding to prevent cracking in
the heat-affected zone.
31. Martensitic stainless steels
Properties:
• Tensile yield strength of approximately 275 MPa (40 ksi) and can be
moderately hardened by cold working.
• Heat treated by both hardening and tempering to yield strength levels
up to 1900 MPa (275 ksi)
• These alloys have good ductility and toughness properties, which
decrease as strength increases.
32. Martensitic stainless steels
Application:
• Steam piping and steam generator re-heater and super heater tubing
used in fossil fuel power plants.
• Type 420 and similar alloys are used in cutlery, valve parts, gears, shafts,
and rollers.
• Other applications for higher carbon-level grades (type 440 grades)
include cutlery, surgical and dental instruments, scissors, springs,
valves, gears, shafts, cams, and ball bearings.
34. Cast Iron
• The carbon content of cast iron is 2 percent or more.
• There are four basic types of cast iron:
1. Gray cast iron
2. White cast iron
3. Malleable cast iron
4. Ductile cast iron
Sr.
No.
Type of Iron Typical Composition
C% Si% Mn% P% S%
1. White Cast Iron 2.50–3.50 0.40–1.00 0.50-0.70 0.15 max 0.4 max
2. Grey Cast Iron (FG) 2.00–4.00 1.00–3.00 0.40-1.00 0.06-0.25 0.10-1.00
3. Ductile Cast Iron (SG) 3.00–4.00 1.80–2.80 0.10–1.00 0.01–0.10 0.01–0.03
4. Malleable Cast Iron(TG) 2.00–3.00 0.60-1.60 0.25-1.25 0.18 max 0.18 max
35. Gray Cast Iron
• Characterized by its graphitic
microstructure
• Fractures of the material to
have a grey appearance
• Chemical composition of 2.5–
4.0% carbon, 1–3% silicon, and
the remainder is iron
36. Gray cast iron
Properties:
• Less tensile strength and shock resistance than steel, but its
compressive strength is comparable to low and medium carbon steel.
• Cast iron tends to be brittle, except for malleable cast irons
• Relatively low melting point
• Good fluidity: Castability
• Excellent machinability, resistance to deformation and wear resistance
• It is resistant to destruction and weakening by oxidation (rust).
37. Gray cast iron
Applications:
• Convenient to provide the building with an iron frame, largely of cast
iron, replacing flammable wood.
• Cast iron columns enabled architects to build tall buildings without the
enormously thick walls required
• Pipes
• Machines and automotive industry parts, such as cylinder heads,
cylinder blocks and gearbox cases.
38. White Cast Iron
• It is the cast iron that displays
white fractured surface due to the
presence of cementite
• Offer hardness at the expense of
toughness
• Too brittle for use in many
structural components, but with
good hardness and abrasion
resistance and relatively low cost,
39. White Cast Iron
Properties:
• Displays white fracture surface
• Compressive strength of more than 200,000 pounds per square inch
(PSI)When it's annealed, it becomes malleable cast iron.
• Hard and Brittle
• Good wear resistance
40. White Cast Iron
Applications:
• Wear surfaces (impeller and volute) of slurry pumps
• Shell liners and lifter bars in ball mills and autogenous grinding mills,
balls and rings in coal pulverizes
• The teeth of a backhoe's digging bucket
41. Malleable Cast Iron
• Malleable iron is cast as White iron
• Through an annealing heat
treatment, the brittle structure as
first cast, is transformed into the
malleable form
• Roughly spherical aggregates of
graphite
42. Malleable Cast Iron
Properties:
• It can be welded, machined, is ductile, and offers good strength and
shock resistance
• Good ductility
• Better fracture toughness properties in low temperature environments
than other nodular irons
• The ductile to brittle transformation temperature is lower than many
other ductile iron alloys
• Good tensile strength and the ability to flex without breaking (ductility).
43. Malleable Cast Iron
Applications:
• Electrical fittings
• Hand tools
• Pipe fittings, washers, brackets, fence fittings
• Power line hardware
• Farm equipment
• Mining hardware, and machine parts.
44. Ductile Cast Iron
• Sometimes called nodular or
spheroidal graphite cast iron.
• Carbon is in the shape of small
spheres, not flakes.
• Inhibiting the creation of cracks and
providing the enhanced ductility that
gives the alloy its name
• Nodulizing elements, most commonly
Magnesium and, less often now,
Cerium
45. Ductile Cast Iron
Properties:
• Weldable
• Ductile and malleable
Properties:
• Ductile iron pipe
• Automotive components
• Off-highway diesel trucks, agricultural tractors, and oil well pumps.